磺胺类抗生素在土壤-植物系统中的迁移特征

通过土柱淋溶实验和盆栽实验,以小白菜为供试植物,对两种磺胺类抗生素——磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT)在土壤(黑土、棕壤)-植物系统中的迁移特性及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:SDZ在土柱中的迁移能力高于SMT,两者在土柱中的迁移能力均随土层深度的增加而减弱;延长淋溶时间和增加抗生素浓度,可增强SDZ和SMT在相同深度土层的迁移能力;磺胺类抗生素在不同类型土壤中的迁移能力不同,SDZ和SMT在棕壤中的迁移能力高于黑土;磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的迁移能力会影响农作物对其的吸收和转移,SDZ从土壤迁移至小白菜体内的能力高于SMT,两者主要分布在小白菜的茎叶部分,随SDZ和SMT淋溶浓度的增加,小白菜体内残留的抗生素浓度也随之升高;与黑土相比,种植于棕壤中的小白菜体内残留的SDZ和SMT浓度较高。     

多环芳烃在土壤中的行为

多环芳烃（PAHs)在土壤中达到吸附平衡时存在“快”和“慢”两个吸附过程,植物能够从土壤中吸收低分子量的PAHs并向植物的地上部分迁移转化,但PAHs在植物体内主要的累积方式是植物地上部分的空气污染,微生物对PAHs的降解依然是去除PAHs的主要方式,主要通过微生物产生的酶的作用,本文详细分析了影响PAHs生物去除的各种因素。     

植物对锑的吸收和代谢及其毒性的研究进展

锑(Sb)是一种有毒致癌元素, 一些自然和人为因素已造成我国部分地区土壤、水体及农产品受到严重的锑污染。环境中高含量的锑不仅影响农作物生长、降低其产量, 如果通过食物链被人体大量吸收, 还会引起严重的健康问题。研究锑在植物体内的富集特征, 对于保护环境与人体健康具有重要的现实意义。该文对当前锑在环境中的含量、污染状况、植物对锑的吸收、代谢以及锑对植物的毒害作用等方面的研究现状进行了综述。同时建议今后应加强以下3方面的研究: (1) 锑在生物圈迁移与转化特征; (2) 植物对锑的吸收、转运和代谢机制及锑的毒害作用机理; (3) 锑污染土壤及水体的植物修复技术。     

放牧牲畜粪便降解及其对草地土壤养分动态的影响研究进展

放牧牲畜粪便沉积是影响草地土壤养分动态的重要途径之一,粪便降解过程调控着其养分返还效率,从而可能对草地土壤养分平衡和植被生长的养分供应等产生重要影响。针对放牧牲畜排粪行为特性、牲畜粪便的物质组成及其降解过程、以及粪便养分归还对土壤养分动态的影响等进行了系统论述,阐明了牲畜粪便降解与其养分迁移转化的关系,以及粪便养分输入对放牧草地生态系统养分生物地球化学循环的影响效应和可能的作用机制,以期为加深对牲畜粪便降解的养分动态变化过程的认知和厘清粪便-植物-土壤体系养分迁移和转化的影响机制积累理论基础,进而为优化牲畜粪便管理模式、维持土壤养分平衡和促进草地生态系统的健康协调和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

硫对土壤重金属形态转化及植物有效性的影响研究进展

生源要素硫在土壤中的化学循环不仅会直接影响土壤重金属元素的环境行为,也可通过调控植物根际微环境间接影响植物对重金属元素的吸收累积.土壤中的硫被植物根吸收后在植株中合成的有机硫化合物如植物螯合素(PCs)和金属硫蛋白(MTs)可与重金属形成毒性较低的络合物,构成植物重金属解毒的重要机制之一.我国部分土壤缺硫现象严重,为保证作物高质高产,硫肥的使用逐渐被重视,而硫与重金属的交互作用机制也逐渐成为研究热点.本文综合相关研究,介绍了硫在土壤中的生物化学转化,探讨了土壤硫的化学转化对土壤重金属形态转化及植物有效性的影响,并对今后硫在土壤重金属控制的应用提出展望.
     

碳同位素技术在森林生态系统碳循环研究中的应用

碳同位素技术对碳素在生态系统中的迁移动态具有很好的示踪作用,在生态学各领域研究中应用广泛。土壤、大气、植物是森林生态系统的重要碳库,植物是大气和土壤交换碳元素的重要介质。本文简要总结了碳同位素技术在研究碳元素在植物体内以及植物、土壤、大气碳库之间的迁移规律和生态学过程中的应用,展望了该技术在森林界面学中的应用前景。     

采用浇灌方式施用甲酸钙消减当季叶菜镉污染

中轻度Cd污染农业土壤修复多采用以pH调控为主的钝化措施,但在pH中性土壤中综合效果不佳。本研究提出在蔬菜生长时期用甲酸钙溶液强化根际土壤交换态Cd向碳酸盐结态Cd的转化,在基本不改变土壤pH的情况下,阻控蔬菜对pH中性土壤Cd的吸收。室内模拟实验表明,低浓度甲酸钙(1.3~3.9 g·L~(-1))可以促使土壤交换态Cd转化为水溶态Cd;24 h内甲酸根生物降解后,土壤碱度有所提高,但pH变化不大,利于土壤交换态Cd转化为水溶态Cd后继续转化为生物有效性相对更低的碳酸盐结合态Cd。采用全Cd含量为1.03 mg·kg~(-1)、pH为7.3的棕壤开展油菜盆栽实验,结果显示,在油菜生长中后期2次以灌溉形式按76、152或228 mg·kg~(-1)土的剂量添加甲酸钙后,收获时油菜Cd含量分别比对照组减少31.6%、32.7%和39.4%,但不同处理土壤pH变化很小;在第二茬盆栽实验中,不同处理油菜Cd含量差异消失。甲酸钙阻控当季蔬菜吸收土壤Cd的作用主要归因于其对土壤交换态Cd向碳酸盐结合态Cd转化的促进作用,但土壤交换性阳离子组成与含量、铁锰氧化物和有机质等因素对甲酸钙阻控效果的影响还有待进一步研究。     

稻田硒循环转化与水稻硒营养研究进展

稻田土壤氧化还原电位的交替变化和土壤组分的特殊性决定了硒在稻田环境中的循环转化机制明显有别于旱地土壤,并且影响到土壤硒的有效性及水稻对硒的吸收与积累.深入研究稻田土壤硒的循环转化及水稻硒营养吸收对实现土壤无机硒向有机硒的转化具有重要意义.本文对稻田土壤硒的循环机制及形态转化、水稻体内硒的代谢机制及吸收积累特性进行综述,分析硒在土壤 水稻系统中转化及向水稻体内迁移的研究现状与发展趋势,为土壤硒有效性研究及培育富硒营养稻米提供参考.     

李花粉教授团队介绍

正本团队主要研究硒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化以及硒对重金属的解毒作用,建立了硒形态测定与分析技术。近年来在"New Phytologist","Plant and Soil","Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"等刊物上发表多篇论文。相关科研项目有国家自然科学基金"水稻根际硒形态转化及吸收转移机理研究"和"硒缓解水稻累积镉的根际调控机制研究"以及公益性行业(农业)科研专项"优质高效富硒农产品关键技术研究与示范"等。     

土壤-植物-大气连续体系中氮的研究进展

氮素是植物最需要的重要养分元素之一.近年来,土壤-植物-大气这一连续体系(SPAC)中的氮循环成为研究的热点之一.大气中的氮素可以通过生物固定和N沉降等作用进入土壤和植物内,同时土壤和植物内的氮素又会以氨挥发和氮氧化物等方式排放到大气中.氮素通过生物固持和植物吸收等方式进入植物体内,植物器官脱落使植物损失一部分的氮素,另外雨水的淋洗和植物溢出液也会造成植物的N损失.植物氮素在植物体内的积累和分布随着生长时期和各营养器官而有所不同.另外,植物吸收氮素的过程又受到大气状况和土壤状况的制约.土壤中氮素经过矿化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用进行转化,一部分把氮素转化成植物能吸收的营养形态,另一部分则从土壤中损失.凋落物的分解和N沉降能补充土壤中的氮素,而植物吸收、微生物固持、水文流失和N溢出等方式使氮素从土壤中损失出去.另外,凋落物的分解和根际土壤、CO2浓度和臭氧对氮素循环有着重要的作用.N污染、N沉降、碳氮循环的耦合作用是今后研究的热点问题.     

水稻土施硅对土壤-水稻系统中镉的降低效果

水稻中镉的积累造成人类健康的风险,增加水稻硅素能减轻镉中毒症状,降低稻米镉积累,但是硅对重金属的作用机理尚不清楚。主要研究了在中度和高度镉污染的土壤中,通过施用固态和液态的富硅物质对土壤-水稻系统中镉的吸收和转运的影响,探明决定镉和硅在根与芽的质外体和共质体中的作用机理。试验结果表明:(1)在中度和高度污染的土壤中,镉在土壤-作物系统中的转移和积累情况是不同的,可以通过富硅物质中的单硅酸与镉离子的相互作用,增加镉在硅物质表面的吸附来减少镉在土壤中的流动;(2)富硅物质可以降低水稻根和芽中镉的积累,在高度镉污染的情况下,施用硅可以使镉大量积累在水稻根及其共质体中,并降低根及其共质体中镉的转换和积累;(3)新鲜土壤中水萃取态的单硅酸含量与镉在土壤-作物系统中的流动性、转运以及积累等主要参数密切相关。     

Metalloids in plants: A systematic discussion beyond description

Metalloids represent a wide range of elements with intermediate physiochemical properties between metals and non-metals. Many of the metalloids, like boron, selenium, and silicon are known to be essential or quasi-essential for plant growth. In contrast, metalloids viz. arsenic and germanium are toxic to plant growth. The toxicity of metalloids largely depends on their concentration within the living cells. Some elements, at low concentration, may be beneficial for plant growth and development; however, when present at high concentration, they often exert negative effects. In this regard, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the uptake of metalloids by roots, their subsequent transport to different tissues and inter/intra-cellular redistribution has great importance. The mechanisms of metalloids' uptake have been well studied in plants. Also, various transporters, as well as membrane channels involved in these processes, have been identified. In this review, we have discussed in detail the aspects concerning the positive/negative effects of different metalloids on plants. We have also provided a thorough account of the uptake, transport, and accumulation, along with the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of plants to these metalloids. Additionally, we have brought up the previous theories and debates about the role and effects of metalloids in plants with insightful discussions based on the current knowledge.     

Influx and accumulation of Cs(+) by the akt1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. lacking a dominant K(+) transport system.

An extensive literature reports that Cs(+), an environmental contaminant, enters plant cells through K(+) transport systems. Several recently identified plant K(+) transport systems are permeable to Cs(+). Permeation models indicate that most Cs(+) uptake into plant roots under typical soil ionic conditions will be mediated by voltage-insensitive cation (VIC) channels in the plasma membrane and not by the inward rectifying K(+) (KIR) channels implicated in plant K nutrition. Cation fluxes through KIR channels are blocked by Cs(+). This paper tests directly the hypothesis that the dominant KIR channel in plant roots (AKT1) does not contribute significantly to Cs(+) uptake by comparing Cs(+) uptake into wild-type and the akt1 knockout mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Wild-type and akt1 plants were grown to comparable size and K(+) content on agar containing 10 mM K(+). Both Cs(+) influx to roots of intact plants and Cs(+) accumulation in roots and shoots were identical in wild-type and akt1 plants. These data indicate that AKT1 is unlikely to contribute significantly to Cs(+) uptake by wild-type Arabidopsis from 'single-salt' solutions. The influx of Cs(+) to roots of intact wild-type and akt1 plants was inhibited by 1 mM Ba(2+), Ca(2+) and La(3+), but not by 10 microM Br-cAMP. This pharmacology resembles that of VIC channels and is consistent with the hypothesis that VIC channels mediate most Cs(+) influx under 'single-salt' conditions.     

The role of fungi in biogenic weathering in boreal forest soils

In this article we discuss the possible significance of biological processes, and of fungi in particular, in weathering of minerals. We consider biological activity to be a significant driver of mineral weathering in forest ecosystems. In these environments fungi play key roles in organic matter decomposition, uptake, transfer and cycling of organic and inorganic nutrients, biogenic mineral formation, as well as transformation and accumulation of metals. The ability of lichens, mutualistic symbioses between fungi and photobionts such as algae or cyanobacteria, to weather minerals is well documented. The role of mycorrhizal fungi forming symbioses with forest trees is less well understood, but the mineral horizons of boreal forests are intensively colonised by mycorrhizal mycelia which transfer protons and organic metabolites derived from plant photosynthates to mineral surfaces, resulting in mineral dissolution and mobilisation and redistribution of anionic nutrients and metal cations. The mycorrhizal mycelia, in turn provide efficient systems for the uptake and direct transport of mobilised essential nutrients to their host plants which are large sinks. Since almost all (99.99 %) non-suberised lateral plant roots involved in nutrient uptake are covered by ectomycorrhizal fungi, most of this exchange of metabolites must take place through the plant–fungus interface. This idea is still consistent with a linear relationship between soil mineral surface area and weathering rate since the mycelia that emanate from the tree roots will have a larger area of contact with minerals if the mineral surface area is higher. Although empirical models based on bulk soil solution chemistry may fit field data, we argue that biological processes make an important contribution to mineral weathering and that a more detailed mechanistic understanding of these must be developed in order to predict responses to environmental changes and anthropogenic impact.     

Remediation of lead and cadmium-contaminated soils

The research was designated to study the ability of plants to bio-accumulate, translocate and remove the heavy metals, lead and cadmium from contaminated soil. The herbal plant ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum was investigated as a bio-accumulator plant for these metals. The translocation of these heavy metals in the herbal plant was compared considering root to shoot transport and redistribution of metals in the root and shoot system. The trace metal contents from root and shoot parts were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that the percent of lead and cadmium transferred to ryegrass plant were averaged as 51.39, and 74.57%, respectively, while those remained in the soil were averaged as 48.61 and 25.43% following 60 days of treatment. The soil-plant transfer index in root and shoot system of ryegrass was found to be 0.32 and 0.20 for lead, and 0.50 and 0.25 for cadmium. These findings indicated that the herbal plant ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum is a good accumulator for cadmium than lead. The soil-plant transfer factor (the conc. of heavy metal in plant to the conc. in soil) indicated that the mechanism of soil remedy using the investigated plant is phytoextraction where the amounts of heavy metals transferred by plant roots into the above ground portions were higher than that remained in the soil. The method offers green technology solution for the contamination problem since it is effective technology with minimal impact on the environment and can be easily used for soil remedy.     

Cadmium and nickel accumulation in rice plants. Effects on mineral nutrition and possible interactions of abscisic and gibberellic acids

Rice plants accumulate high quantities of Cd and Ni when grown for 10 days in a medium containing these heavy metals. Accompanying Cd and Ni uptake, a decrease in shoot and root length was observed, though dry matter accumulation was not affected accordingly. Metal treatments also induced a decrease in K, Ca and Mg contents in the plants, particularly in the shoots, indicating that Cd and Ni interfered not only with nutrient uptake but also with nutrient distribution into the different plant parts. Addition of abscisic acid (ABA) or gibberellic acid (GA₃) to the external solution could not overcome the depressing effects of the metals on nutrient acquisition, and even induced a further decrease of Ca content in Ni-treated plants. Both hormones also reduced, significantly, heavy metal incorporation into the plants. Additionally, hormonal applications affected the transport of Cd and Ni to the shoots, resulting in a higher percentage of the metals taken up remaining in the roots.     

Effect of lipids on chloride and sodium transport in bean and cotton plants

This paper describes experiments on Cl transport into the roots, stem and leaves of bean plants, the roots of which have been exposed to lipids in the root solution. Monoand digalactose diglyceride strongly increased Cl transport into all plant parts, probably by transport of the glycolipids further into the plant. Phosphatidyl choline increased Cl absorption by the roots, but transport into the stem and leaves was not affected. This phospholipid was only absorbed by the root tissue. ³²P-glycerophosphoryl choline added to the root solution was readily transported and esterified as phospholipid in all plant parts. This chemical did increase Cl uptake by the roots but Cl accumulation in the leaves was reduced by as much as 40%. Phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, and sulfolipid increased Cl transport into roots, stem, and leaves, and a high mobility of ³²P-phosphatidyl glycerol was demonstrated. Generally no significant effect of the above lipids on Na transport in beans and cotton was noted except that monogalactose diglyceride did increase Na transport in cotton.     

Research Advances on the Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants

Heavy metals impact on the cytoplasmic function in a number of different ways, principally by their binding to protein sulflhdryl groups, by producing a deficiency of essential ions and, eventually, by substituting the essemial ions. Other modes of toxicity are possible, including disruption of cell transport processes and oxidative damage by free radicals generated by metal redox cycling. Plants have developed a variety of biochemical defense strategies to prevent heavy metal poisoning. The possible defense mechanism in plant may involve: metal binding to cell walls, avoidance of uptake these toxic metal ions, reduction of heavy metal transport across the cell membrane, active efflux, compartmentalization and metal chelation. Phytochelatins that can tightly bind and sequester metals may play an important role in the accumulation of heavy metals and preventing them from entering the cell metabolic pathway, the rates of high molecular weight (HMW) metal phytochelatin complexes (Cd-Sa-complex) formation may be an important determinant of the plant tolerance. In addition, plants possess several antioxidant defense systems to protect themselves from the oxidative stress by heavy metals.     

非均匀水势下作物根系吸水模型分析

根据土壤-根系统中水分守恒和水势对水分运输作用的原理, 建立了土壤中非均匀水势作物根系吸水模型。在该模型中, 分别对一次函数和指数函数两种不同的非均匀土壤水势的表达形式建立模型, 并对非均匀水势和均匀水势下模型的解析解之间的关系进行了探讨; 利用该模型讨论根系的吸收阻力和木质部传导阻力的比率对根吸水的影响; 运用阻力比率的合理生理范围确定根生长的优化长度。结果表明: 在特定情况下, 非均匀水势下的根系吸水模型可以用于均匀水势, 对Poiseuille公式进行修正后得到的根的优化长度接近实际值。     

高等植物重金属耐性与超积累特性及其分子机理研究

由于重金属污染日益严重, 重金属在土壤_植物系统中的行为引起了人们的高度重视。高等植物对重金 属的耐性与积累性, 已经成为污染生态学研究的热点。近年来, 由于分子生态学等学科的发展, 有关植物对重金属的解毒和耐性机理、重金属离子富集机制的研究取得了较大进展。高等植物对重金属的耐性和积累在种间和基因型之间存在很大差异。根系是重金 属等土壤污染物进入植物的门户。根系分泌物改变重金属的生物有效性和毒性, 并在植物吸收重金属的过程中发挥重要作用。土壤中的大部分重金属离子都是通过金属转运蛋白进入根细胞, 并在植物体内进一步转运至液泡贮存。在重金属胁迫条件下植物螯合肽 (PC) 的合成是植物对胁迫的一种适应性反应。耐性基因型合成较多的PC, 谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 是合成PC的前体, 重金属与PC螯合并转移至液泡中贮存, 从而达到解毒效果。金属硫蛋白 (MTs) 与PC一样, 可以与重金属离子螯合, 从而降低重金属离子的毒性。该文从分子水平上论述了根系分泌物、金属转运蛋白、MTs、PC、GSH在重金属耐性及超积累性中的作用, 评述了近 10年来这方面的研究进展, 并在此基础上提出存在的问题和今后研究的重点。