短期高温对感染Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂发育和繁殖的影响

感染了沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura营孤雌产雌生殖方式,但高温可能影响这一特性。为了模拟该赤眼蜂在田间遇到短期高温后的受影响情况,研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的Wolbachia感染了Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂孤雌产雌品系,于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h32,35,38℃高温单次冲击处理,对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率、寿命4个指标和处理子代羽化出蜂率、有效繁殖个体、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率4个指标的影响。结果表明,短期高温刺激会对孤雌产雌的松毛虫赤眼蜂产生不利影响,尤其是38℃高温不利影响明显,主要表现在羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低;高温冲击对子代蜂各指标影响不明显。2代赤眼蜂均未有雄峰出现,表明短期高温冲击不能对Wolbachia调控其宿主生殖方式的作用产生影响。     

四环素对孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖表型及适合度的影响

共生菌Wolbachia能够诱导许多节肢动物发生产雌孤雌生殖现象。由于该菌无法在宿主细胞外离体培养,人们常采用抗生素处理获得Wolbachia去除或滴度降低的宿主种群,用以研究Wolbachia对宿主的调控作用,但抗生素可能会对宿主产生附加效应。前人研究主要集中在抗生素处理是否可以恢复感染寄生蜂的两性生殖,较少关注抗生素对宿主适合度的影响。本研究利用不同浓度四环素(0、5 mg/mL、15 mg/mL和25 mg/mL)连续饲喂5代来明确四环素对产雌孤雌生殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi适合度的影响。研究结果如下:(1)随各浓度四环素处理世代的增加,雌蜂的繁殖力先降低后升高。在F_1代、F_2代和F_5代中,雌蜂繁殖力随四环素浓度的增加而显著下降,但在F_3代和F_4代中,抗生素浓度对雌蜂繁殖力无显著差异;(2)在四环素不同浓度处理下,F_1代和F_3代的羽化率与对照无显著差异,在F_2代、F_4代和F_5代中,四环素对羽化率存在负面影响;(3)经四环素处理的松毛虫赤眼蜂子代雄性比显著高于对照组。在5 mg/mL的四环素处理条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂子代雄性比随处理世代的增加而升高,但在25 mg/mL的四环素处理条件下随世代的增加先升高后下降。结果表明:四环素能够使孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂恢复两性生殖,但对松毛虫赤眼蜂的适合度存在不利影响。此外,随着四环素处理世代的增加,松毛虫赤眼蜂对抗生素产生了一定的适应能力。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系在不同品种柞蚕卵中的寄生和生长发育表现

【目的】明确两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi在不同品种柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵中的寄生及发育表现,为以柞蚕卵为替代寄主更好地规模化繁育赤眼蜂提供依据。【方法】测定两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系雌蜂在6个品种柞蚕卵［抗大(KD)、大四(DS)、高新(GX)、988(NEE)、青大(QD)和特大(TD)］上的寄生率、子代蜂窝蜂数(单窝羽化子代蜂数)和子代蜂雌性比等生物学指标,以及6个品种柞蚕卵的质量指标(单卵湿重、蛋白质含量、总糖含量和甘油三酯含量);利用主成分分析揭示柞蚕卵质量指标与赤眼蜂生物学指标间的相关性。【结果】NEE品种柞蚕卵育出的两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂子代蜂个体显著大于除KD和QD品种以外的其他柞蚕品种卵育出的两性品系子代蜂。柞蚕品种对两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄生率、子代蜂窝蜂数和子代蜂雌性比均无显著影响。在孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂中,KD品种柞蚕卵育出的松毛虫赤眼蜂子代蜂窝蜂数最多,显著高于NEE和QD品种育出的子代蜂窝蜂数,但与DS, GX和TD品种育出的子代蜂窝蜂数相比无显著差异。柞蚕品种对孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄生率和子代蜂个体大小均无显著影响。TD品种柞蚕卵的蛋白质含量最高,显著高于除GX品种以外的柞蚕品种。KD品种柞蚕卵的总糖含量和QD品种柞蚕卵的甘油三酯含量最高,均分别显著高于其余柞蚕品种。主成分分析表明,两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生率、柞蚕卵蛋白质含量和甘油三酯含量均与柞蚕卵总糖含量呈负相关;两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂子代蜂个体大小和柞蚕卵甘油三酯含量与单卵湿重呈负相关;孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生率和柞蚕卵甘油三酯含量与松毛虫赤眼蜂子代蜂窝蜂数、柞蚕卵总糖含量和单卵湿重呈负相关;孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂子代蜂个体大小和柞蚕卵总糖含量与蛋白质含量呈负相关。【结论】本研究通过筛选适宜两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系赤眼蜂繁育的柞蚕卵品种,初步明确了卵内主要营养指标与子代蜂生物学指标间的相关性。研究结果为利用柞蚕卵更好地规模化繁育松毛虫赤眼蜂提供依据与数据支撑。     

阿维菌素对广赤眼蜂（Trichogramma evanescens）不同发育阶段的毒性和实验种群动态的影响

研究了阿维菌素对广赤眼蜂不同发育阶段的毒性和实验种群动态的影响.结果表明,阿维菌素田间推荐剂量喷雾处理可显著降低米蛾卵内广赤眼蜂的羽化率;除卵期外,其它3种发育阶段经该药处理,羽化后的雌蜂寿命显著缩短,其中预蛹和蛹期处理雌蜂前翅畸形率高达43.3%～47.2%,影响程度随着其生长发育的进行呈增大趋势.根据药膜法剂量与效应测定结果,广赤眼蜂成蜂对阿维菌素比较敏感,LC50值为2.1991mg·L-1.温室盆栽试验表明,1.8%阿维菌素乳油对广赤眼蜂成蜂的持效期为10d,具有一定程度的残留毒性.广赤眼蜂的蛹经阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC35处理后,发育至成蜂,除羽化后的雌蜂产卵量显著减少外,雌蜂寿命、子代羽化率和子代性比与对照并无显著差异.生命表参数显示,LC35处理后的广赤眼蜂净增值率和世代平均历期明显地低于对照,但内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群倍增时间与对照差异不明显.可以认为阿维菌素亚致死剂量对广赤眼蜂的种群没有重要影响.     

短时高温胁迫对斑痣悬茧蜂发育指标的影响

全球气候变化不仅包括平均气温上升,而且诸如热浪的极端天气事件出现的频率和程度也增大。寄生蜂虽在寄主体内完成生长发育,也会受到极端气温的影响。为探究短时高温对寄生性天敌斑痣悬茧蜂(Meteorus pulchricornis)幼虫发育表现的影响,以斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)幼虫为寄主,分别对1—6日龄子代蜂进行39℃、持续4h的高温胁迫处理,以发育全程进行适温(昼29℃、夜26℃)处理为对照,观察子代存活、发育历期、羽化和成虫寿命等发育指标。高温胁迫处理1日和5日龄子代蜂幼虫使幼虫存活率下降,与对照相比分别降低36.1%和28.6%;高温胁迫可延长子代蜂幼虫发育历期,与对照相比,高温处理2、3、5日和6日龄子代蜂幼虫使幼虫发育历期分别延长了5.0%,5.2%,7.0%和12.1%;高温胁迫处理5、6日龄子代蜂幼虫使羽化出的成虫体型(用后足胫节长度表示)比对照分别减小1.8%和2.6%。高温胁迫处理对子代蜂蛹发育历期、羽化率以及成虫寿命等均没有显著影响。研究结果说明,短时高温胁迫对斑痣悬茧蜂高龄幼虫的负面影响比对低龄幼虫大。     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力和种间竞争

在实验室内研究了本地天敌拟澳洲赤眼蜂和外来天敌短管赤眼蜂在不同卵龄和不同空间条件下对小菜蛾卵的寄生和种间竞争.结果表明,在0～62 h的小菜蛾卵上,拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率随卵龄下降,而后代发育死亡率则随卵龄增加.短管赤眼蜂对各龄小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率均较拟澳洲赤眼蜂高,而子代蜂的发育死亡率则较拟澳洲赤眼蜂低.两种蜂对小菜蛾卵龄的要求都不太严格,在小于48 h的小菜蛾卵上都能产卵寄生,且寄生率高于50%,但短管赤眼蜂寄生对小菜蛾卵龄的要求更宽松.在两种蜂混合接蜂时,后代中短管赤眼蜂的比例在各处理中都高于50%,且随寄主卵龄增加,当小菜蛾卵龄大于48 h后,短管赤眼蜂的比例高达100%,说明短管赤眼蜂对小菜蛾有更强的寄生能力和竞争能力.拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时,在4～22cm^3空间范围内,各处理间对小菜蛾卵的寄生率没有显著差异,而短管赤眼蜂的寄生率(76.4%～86%)略低于拟澳洲赤眼蜂(88.7%～92.3%).当空间大于53 cm^3时,寄生率显著下降,在102cm^3空间时显著降低到50%.混合接蜂时各处理间寄生率差异不显著.两种接蜂方式对后代羽化率和雌蜂百分率没有太大影响,蜂的后代发育死亡率在两种蜂单独接蜂时随空间而增加.在4～102cm^3空间范围内,混合接蜂后代雄蜂中短管赤眼蜂从80%以上降低到20%以下,说明短管赤眼蜂的竞争能力随接蜂空间的加大而降低.     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

转Bt基因玉米Bt11花粉对玉米螟赤眼蜂繁殖和存活的影响

在室内评价了表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的转基因抗虫玉米Bt11花粉作为食物对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae雌蜂寿命、繁殖力、子代羽化数和性比的影响。结果显示,Bt11玉米花粉中含有115.13±7.29 ng/g FW Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。饲喂水+Bt玉米花粉和水+对照玉米花粉的雌蜂寿命、繁殖力和子代羽化数明显高于只提供水的处理,但性比没有显著差异。饲喂10%蜂蜜水的雌蜂寿命、繁殖力和子代羽化数与饲喂10%蜂蜜水+Bt玉米或10%蜂蜜水+对照玉米花粉的处理雌蜂相似,没有显著差异。饲喂水+玉米花粉和只提供水的各处理的寿命、繁殖力和子代羽化数均显著低于蜂蜜水+玉米花粉和只提供蜂蜜水的各个处理,但性比显著高。饲喂水+Bt玉米花粉与水+对照玉米花粉之间以及蜂蜜水+Bt玉米花粉与蜂蜜水+对照玉米花粉之间的寿命、繁殖力和子代羽化数没有显著差异。由此得出结论,同只提供水相比,玉米花粉可以提高玉米螟赤眼蜂的寿命和繁殖力。表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt11玉米花粉对玉米螟赤眼蜂的寿命、繁殖力、子代羽化数和性比无不利影响。     

东北地区四种本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾寄生能力及适应性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是新入侵我国的重大危险性入侵害虫,赤眼蜂是我国生物防治的优势卵寄生蜂,可用于防治多种农林作物上的鳞翅目害虫。为检测东北地区本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的生防潜能,筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的有效蜂种,本研究比较研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、黏虫赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和发育适合度。结果表明,4种赤眼蜂均能寄生草地贪夜蛾卵,并完成发育,但其寄生能力和发育适合度存在显著差异。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵块寄生率均高于80%,但仅松毛虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵表现出较高的卵粒寄生量。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂子代羽化率和雌性比无显著差异,但松毛虫赤眼蜂比其它3种赤眼蜂的发育历期更短,而稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和适合度均最差。研究结果将为应用本地赤眼蜂生物防治潜在入侵东北地区的草地贪夜蛾提供技术支撑。     

不同赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的偏好性比较

在实验室条件下,利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.对灰白蚕蛾Ocinnara varians选择性和灰白蚕蛾对其适合性的差异,筛选防治灰白蚕蛾的有效蜂种和品系,结果表明,在供试的8种赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogramma closterae、暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma euproctidis和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum 5种赤眼蜂较其它3种赤眼蜂更偏好寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵,每雌蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的接触次数、寄生卵数都相对较多,且羽化率也都较高.广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数最多,为6.60次/雌,但寄生卵数却很少,为4.55粒/雌,羽化率也很低,为27.86%.玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵比较多,为14.35粒/雌,但对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数很少,仅1.20次/雌,羽化率也很低,为24.17%.卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数和寄生卵数最少的,分别为0.60次/雌和2.20粒/雌,且被寄生卵全部不能发育成功.综合分析结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂是最适合寄生灰白蚕蛾卵的赤眼蜂种,可作为其生物防治的潜在寄生蜂.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.