贵州八郎寒武系“清虚洞组”三叶虫Nangaops danzhaiensis Zhou in Lu et al., 1974的蜕壳研究

产于贵州剑河县八郎松山剖面“清虚洞组”的褶颊虫类三叶虫丹寨南皋盾甲虫Nangaops danzhaiensis (Zhou in Lu et al., 1974)化石标本共36块, 通过对化石的详细观察将其保存状态分为3种: 32块为完整保存的状态, 身体各部分没有发生移位; 3块标本头部均没有活动颊保存; 1块标本头部没有活动颊保存, 第4–11节的胸节左右位置出现活动颊, 与胸节重叠, 于背甲之下。活动颊的颊刺朝向头盖方向, 明显经过180°的翻转。根据化石保存状态判断后4块为蜕壳标本, 推测蜕壳过程如下: 面线开裂, 海水进入体内, 活动颊和腹边缘板向下翻转, 新虫体爬出, 留下老壳。三叶虫蜕壳是原地埋藏的证明, 本文描述的Nangaops danzhaiensis 的蜕壳现象, 为剑河生物群是原地埋藏为主提供了新证据。     

湘西—鄂西中-晚奥陶世头足类动物群*

贵州剑河八郎寒武系苗岭统乌溜阶凯里组中保存了大量三叶虫化石, 并见有众多三叶虫蜕壳记录。本文从308块贵州东方褶颊虫(Eosoptychoparia guizhouensis)中选取出25块蜕壳标本进行研究, 根据头盖、活动颊及腹边缘板等结构单元的保存状态将这些标本归为Somersault模式、Harrington模式及Henningsmoen模式, 并对其形成过程进行简要讨论。E. guizhouensis蜕壳标本的保存模式常表现为活动颊与腹边缘板连接为一个整体从头甲中脱落后置于老壳之下或四周, 头盖多与胸甲保持连接状态或轻微裂开。现有材料表明E. guizhouensis主要通过头部缝合线(面线及腹边缘线)的断开来完成蜕壳, 由于在蜕壳过程中不同的运动方式而形成以Somersault模式、 Harrington模式及Henningsmoen模式保存。文中通过对E. guizhouensis蜕壳标本的保存模式、蜕壳方式及蜕壳过程进行阐述, 为褶颊虫类三叶虫的蜕壳模式及蜕壳过程研究提供重要依据。     

辽东寒武纪三叶虫Redlichia (Pteroredlichia) murakamii Resser et Endo的蜕壳

华北辽东本溪寒武纪三叶虫Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)murakamii蜕壳标本完好地保存了头盖向下翻转的蜕壳状态,为寒武纪Redlichia的蜕壳模式提供了新的视角。此标本自由颊未保留,胸尾相连,头盖与胸部分离,头盖向下翻转,基本保持原位,为原地埋藏的蜕壳标本。蜕壳过程如下:面线裂开,头盖耸起卷曲并翻转,与胸部分离,胸部扭动,虫体摆脱老壳向前爬出。此蜕壳方式在McNamara(1986)报道的澳大利亚寒武纪Redlichia的蜕壳类型中并未出现。     

贵州八郎寒武系清虚洞组三叶虫Protoryctoce phalus arcticus的蜕壳研究

研究标本均为Protoryctoce phalusarcticus Geyer and Peel,2011的蜕壳标本,保存于贵州剑河八郎村寒武纪第2世的清虚洞组中,头部、胸部、尾部都得以保存,且胸部与尾部未分离。该类三叶虫可能经历了3个时期的蜕壳过程:1)头部进行上下弯曲,水阻力造成两侧活动颊受到的压力明显大于头盖,这种压力可能导致面线出现裂缝,之后海水通过裂缝进入头部,新头部活动范围增大,并利用水压力降低旧头盖与新头盖的连接程度;2)虫体携带着旧胸尾及其他相连接的部分向前爬行,并在短距离内将旧头盖与虫体分开;3)虫体通过不同的爬行方式摆脱旧壳。本文还重点讨论三叶虫蜕壳过程中首断裂缝的产生、胸尾是否分离的原因、头部运动方向对旧壳保存的影响、以及水动力和水压力在蜕壳过程中的作用。该研究补充oryctocephalids三叶虫的蜕壳研究,为三叶虫的系统演化、个体发育的再研究提供一定的支撑。     

Leonaspis guangxiensis Zhou in Zhou and Liu,1977的蜕壳埋葬学研究

在广西南丹罗富的塘丁组上部,Ductina(Illaenula)vietnamica Maxi mova层之下采到一块Leonaspis guangxiensis Zhou in Zhou and Liu,1977较完好的蜕壳后的原地埋葬标本,标本上反映了它的面线起机能作用,在蜕壳时裂开,在蜕壳过程中,头盖、活动颊、胸节2、3节的裂开并错动,尾部掀开并被推移到左侧。     

桨肋虫的卷曲

桨肋虫(Remopleurides Portlock,1843)是奥陶纪常见的三叶虫。(1974)统计过桨肋虫的种,大部分产于中、上奥陶统。绝大部分的描述,都是根据分散的头部、胸部和尾部。 Whittington(1950)曾详细地描述了桨肋虫的各种构造。(1961)描述了 Remopleurides pisiformis的卷曲标本,但胸后部及尾节保存不好。(1975)描述了一些保存零散的标本。一些国家的学者研究了不少酸解泡出的标本(如Webby,1973;Bergstrom,1973;Chatterton and Ludvigsen,1976),虽然保存完整的很少,但对头部腹边缘、颊角腹边缘、肋腹边缘和尾腹边缘的构造,基本上已经清楚。Bergstrom(1973)在论三叶虫形态、生活及分类时,专门讨论了桨肋虫的卷曲,但所用标本卷曲不完善。Beoep(1948)描述了哈萨克斯坦     

广西泥盆纪三叶虫Plagiolaria nandanensis Chang的腹边缘

描述Plagiolaria nandanensis Chang的头、胸肋和尾的腹边缘,指出它的颊角腹边缘与Phacops guang-xiensis Chang近似,头前腹边缘宽,并靠后。胸肋腹边缘保存较好,肋腹边缘上的潘杰尔脊形态变化不大,但前后则有微小差异。尾腹边缘分两部分,在近外侧有一较明显的凹槽,这是当三叶虫卷曲时与头腹边缘结合的相适应的构造。没有发现卷曲标本,在南丹,90%以上几乎全是蜕壳标本,头与胸尾部分离。但是从腹边缘构造看,比Plagiolaria具更完善的卷曲能力,像其他的phacopids一样,头与尾的结合相当完善,胸肋末端在卷曲时插入头颊角腹边缘的锯齿形沟中,各肋端以其腹边缘上的潘杰尔脊挡住后一肋端的前缘。     

Protaitzehoia Yang三叶虫分类位置的再研究-答“也论Protaitzehoia Yang三叶虫的分类位置”．．．

文章从三叶虫的头尾搭配问题的讨论对"也论Protaitzehoia Yang三叶虫的分类位置"一文中置于原太子河虫属的某些尾部的可靠性提出了质疑,认为插图2中的尾(K),由于缺少宽而下凹的尾边缘,应属于Stephanocare Monke,1903一属的尾部;插图2中的尾(L)的归属尚难定论.将原太子河虫属的头盖、活动颊、尾部、唇瓣与Cheilocephalus Berkey,1898属的头盖、活动颊、尾部、唇瓣对比后,认为原太子河虫属应归属Cheilocephalidae Shaw,1956.     

寒武纪早期澄江生物群中受创伤的中间型始莱德利基三叶虫(Eoredlichia intermedia)

三叶虫是寒武纪海洋中的常见动物,其受伤愈合现象的化石记录可以反映生态系统内物种之间竞争关系。中国华南寒武纪早期澄江化石生物群因保存软躯体构造化石而成为研究寒武纪大爆发时期古海洋生态群落的绝佳窗口,然而,澄江生物群中三叶虫受伤愈合现象的化石至今未见报道。中间型始莱德利基虫(Eoredlichia intermedia Lu,1940)是澄江生物群的常见物种,也是我国寒武系第二个三叶虫化石带的标准带化石。在2 000余枚中间型始莱德利基虫标本中,发现两枚成体标本的头甲侧边缘、颊刺和胸甲肋节保存了不同程度的残缺。据此推测,Eoredlichia intermedia在生命活动过程中曾受到碎壳型捕食动物的攻击或其他伤害而形成伤口。伤口部位边缘加厚且光滑,显示了明显的愈合痕迹。这些特征表明始莱德利基虫在受到非致死的伤害后,具备自身修复损伤的能力。这是迄今所知最为古老的,也是在澄江生物群中首次发现的三叶虫受伤并且愈合的标本,反映了寒武纪第二世第三期底栖生态系统中碎壳型捕食者和三叶虫猎物之间的军备竞赛生态关系。     

论新蝙蝠虫属(Neodrepanura)（英文）

新蝙蝠虫(Neodrepanura)是中国著名的三叶虫化石,已有100多年研究历史,但很少见完整的标本。本文报道的一块标本采于山东费县,其完好的头部与依附的12个胸节保存在一起,十分珍贵,属于模式种Neodrepanura premesnili(Bergeron)。胸节的数目是三叶虫分类的重要依据之一,本文标本的发现,再次证明属于Corynexochida目Leiostegina亚目的 Dameselloidea超科具有12个胸节,其包括两个科:Damesellidae Kobayashi,1935和Drepanuridae Hupé,1953。小林贞一(1941)曾将采于山东泰安汶河的一块三叶虫标本定为Neodrepanura premesnili(Bergeron),pik(1967)和作者认为这一标本有可能归属于Monkaspidae科的Monkaspis属,而不应是Drepanuridae科的Neodrepanura。由于Bergeron(1899)命名的Drepanura与现生昆虫Drepanura Schoett,1891为同名异物,zdikmen(2006)提出一个新的替代名Neodrepanura。     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

scabrous Modifies Epithelial Cell Adhesion and Extends the Range of Lateral Signalling during Development of the Spaced Bristle Pattern in Drosophila

The role of scabrous (sca) in the evenly spaced bristle pattern of Drosophila is explored. Loss-of-function of sca results in development of an excess of bristles. Segregation of alternately spaced bristle precursors and epidermal cells from a group of equipotential cells relies on lateral inhibition mediated by Notch and Delta (Dl). In this process, presumptive bristle precursors inhibit the neural fate of neighbouring cells, causing them to adopt the epidermal fate. We show that Dl, a membrane-bound ligand for Notch, can inhibit adjacent cells, in direct contact with the precursor, in the absence of Sca. In contrast, inhibition of cells not adjacent to the precursor requires, in addition, Sca, a secreted molecule with a fibrinogen-related domain. Over-expression of Sca in a wild-type background, leads to increased spacing between bristles, suggesting that the range of signalling has been increased. scabrous acts nonautonomously, and we present evidence that, during bristle precursor segregation, Sca is required to maintain the normal adhesive properties of epithelial cells. The possible effects of such changes on the range of signalling are discussed. We also show that the sensory organ precursors extend numerous fine cytoplasmic extensions bearing Dl molecules, and speculate on a possible role for these structures during signalling.     

楼梯草属苞片形态和演化趋势

(Ⅰ)对荨麻科楼梯草属的苞片和小苞片的形态进行了全面研究。(Ⅱ)该属原始群疏伞楼梯草组的雄聚伞花序苞片在每花序为15～90枚,纸质,绿色,狭卵形、狭三角形或条形,长0.5～4 mm,扁平,无任何突起,而与楼梯草族的冷水花属和赤车属的聚伞花序苞片极为相似,因此,上述各种形态可以视为楼梯草属苞片的原始特征,并据此观察到总苞苞片的以下演化趋势:(1)近等大,形状相似,在花序托边缘轮生形成一层→排列为二层,外层2苞片对生,较大,内层苞片较小,形状稍不同;(2)狭卵形,狭三角形或条形→宽卵形或宽三角形,或扁半圆形→由于长度强烈缩小,宽度增大而最终消失;(3)扁平→顶端兜形→船形→船形,顶端突起成细筒;(4)无任何突起↗背面有1龙骨状突起,或有1～6条纵肋或狭翅 ↘顶端具短到长的角状突起→背面顶端之下具角状突起;(5)分生→基部合生→由于长度强烈缩小,宽度强烈增大,总苞苞片合生成一横条形狭片;(6)在数目上,由每花序的7～45枚,一方面增加到50～180枚,另一方面则减少到5枚以下。同时,观察到小苞片形态以下演化趋势:(1)膜质,半透明,白色↗具褐色线纹或呈褐色→呈黑色 ↘薄膜质,透明,无色;(2)扁平→顶端兜形→船形;(3)无任何突起→顶端或在背面顶端之下具角状突起;(4)在数目上,由每花序的7～45枚一方面增加到100或数百枚,甚至达1千到数千枚,另一方面则减少到5枚以下,甚至到0枚。上述演化趋势有助于了解属下各级分类群的演化水平。     

除草剂精喹禾灵用于硅藻过量产生二十碳五烯酸

硅藻itzschia laevis是EPA很好的替代来源。除了对硅藻进行高密度培养外,EPA的产量还能利用除草剂来提高。本文研究了除草剂精喹禾灵对硅藻的生长和产EPA的影响。DMSO作为除草剂的溶剂,会对硅藻的生长造成抑制,DMSO在培养基中的添加量最好不要超过0.2%。除草剂能对硅藻的细胞形态造成损害,随着除草剂浓度的增加,硅藻的产量减低了,但脂质和EPA的含量提高了。当除草剂浓度为0.1mmol/L时,EPA的含量从3.00%增加到3.58%,提高了19.3%,EPA占总脂肪酸的含量也由25.15%提高到了32.88%。实验表明,除草剂精喹禾灵能促进硅藻EPA的积累,因而在筛选过量产生EPA微藻方面有重要用途。     

Hexagonal columnar liquid crystal in the cells secreting spider silk

The liquid crystallinity of spider dragline silk dope is thought to be important for both the spinning process and the extreme mechanical properties of the final thread. Although the formation of the liquid crystalline units is poorly understood, it has been suggested that spider silk proteins are secreted in a random coil and then aggregate end-to-end into rod-shaped units to form supramolecular liquid crystals. However, evidence presented here from transmission electron microscopy indicates that coat protein of the dragline silk of a Nephila spider is stored as hexagonal columnar liquid crystals within the intracellular secretory vesicles. This implies that this component is already folded into short rods within the gland cells and forms molecular rather than supramolecular liquid crystals.     

类胡萝卜素在耐辐射奇球菌辐射抗性中的作用

为研究耐辐射奇球菌(Deinococcus radiodurans)中类胡萝卜素的生化合成基因及其在该细菌抗辐射机制中的生物学作用,通过有机溶剂提取及LC-MS技术分析了D. radiodurans所产类胡萝卜素物质的主要组分,运用PCR及基因同源重组技术,对该菌中类胡萝卜素生化合成途径的八氢番茄红素合成酶(phytoene synthase,crtB)及八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(phytoene desaturase,crtI)基因进行了缺失突变,通过表型观察及HPLC定量分析突变株所产类胡萝卜素的组分变化确证突变株构建成功．野生株及crtB 与crtI基因缺失突变株对电离辐射和H₂O₂的敏感性差异比较分析显示,和野生株相比,两种突变株对不同剂量电离辐射和不同浓度H₂O₂的敏感性更强．crtB及crtI基因功能研究表明,这两个关键性合成基因的缺失,导致突变株不能催化合成类胡萝卜素生化合成途径中的重要中间体——番茄红素及一系列下游产物．通过λ原噬菌体紫外线诱导系统、电子自旋共振 (ESR)及DMPO自旋捕集技术,分别在体内和体外评价了其类胡萝卜素的抗氧化能力．结果表明,两种类胡萝卜素对超氧阴离子(O₂^·)及羟自由基(·OH)均表现出较强的清除作用．上述研究结果为探究D. radiodurans的类胡萝卜素合成基因和生物学功能,及类胡萝卜素在D. radiodurans抗辐射机制中的作用提供了新的直接实验证据．     

质体系统发育基因组解析旋花科系统发育关系

旋花科是一个世界广布的类群,具有丰富的形态特征和重要的经济价值。然而,目前该科主要分支或族间的系统发育关系问题一直未解决。为解析旋花科内系统发育关系,该研究代表性选取旋花科内8个族40个物种,基于质体全基因组数据,使用最大似然法和贝叶斯推论进行系统发育分析。结果表明:(1)旋花科质体基因组均为四分体结构,质体基因组大小为113 273～164 112 bp,蛋白质编码基因数目为66～79个。(2)基于五种DNA矩阵(即WCG、CDS、LSC、IR、SSC)的系统发育分析结果显示,WCG矩阵和CDS矩阵的拓扑结构基本一致,仅少数分支的支持率略有差异; LSC矩阵和WCG矩阵的拓扑结构差异在于菟丝子族、马蹄金族和盐帚花族的系统位置; AU检验和SH检验结果显示,WCG矩阵和SSC矩阵与IR矩阵的拓扑结构有显著冲突。(3)所有系统发育分析结果均显示,菟丝子属和马蹄金族都包括在旋花亚科内,应处理为族等级。(4)基于WCG矩阵和CDS矩阵较好地解决了旋花科8个族之间的系统发育关系,即心被藤族和丁公藤族聚为一支,最先从旋花亚科分化出来,随后是菟丝子族,剩下的5个族分成2个分支。(5)系统发育基因组分析证实,由于鱼黄草族特别是鱼黄草属是一个多系类群,因此需重新修订该族的分类地位和鱼黄草属的划分。     

肠膜明串珠菌右旋糖苷蔗糖酶的研究进展

综述了肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesnteroides)右旋糖苷蔗糖酶结构、作用机制、基因克隆与表达研究进展。     

Paleosols and paleoenvironments of the middle Miocene,Maboko Formation,Kenya

The middle Miocene (15 Ma) Maboko Formation of Maboko Island and Majiwa Bluffs, southwestern Kenya, has yielded abundant fossils of the earliest known cercopithecoid monkey (Victoriapithecus macinnesi), and of a kenyapithecine hominoid (Kenyapithecus africanus), as well as rare proconsuline (Simiolus leakeyorum, cf. Limnopithecus evansi) and oreopithecine apes (Mabokopithecus clarki, M. pickfordi), and galagids (Komba winamensis). Specific habitat preferences can be interpreted from large collections of primate fossils in different kinds of paleosols (pedotypes). Fossiliferous drab-colored paleosols with iron-manganese nodules (Yom pedotype) are like modern soils of seasonally waterlogged depressions (dambo). Their crumb structure and abundant fine root-traces, as well as scattered large calcareous rhizoconcretions indicate former vegetation of seasonally wet, wooded grassland. Other fossiliferous paleosols are evidence of nyika bushland (Ratong), and early-successional riparian woodland (Dhero). No fossils were found in Mogo paleosols interpreted as saline scrub soils. Very shallow calcic horizons (in Yom, Ratong, and Mogo paleosols) and Na-montmorillonite (in Mogo) are evidence of dry paleoclimate (300-500 mm MAP=mean annual precipitation). This is the driest paleoclimate and most open vegetation yet inferred as a habitat for any Kenyan Miocene apes or monkeys. Victoriapithecus was abundant in dambo wooded grassland (Yom) and riparian woodland (Dhero), a distribution like that of modern vervet monkeys. Kenyapithecus ranged through all these paleosols, but was the most common primate in nyika bushland paleosols (Ratong), comparable to baboons and macaques today. Mabokopithecus was virtually restricted to riparian woodland paleosols (Dhero), and Simiolus had a similar, but marginally wider, distribution. Habitat preferences of Mabokopithecus and Simiolus were like those of modern colobus monkeys and mangabeys. A single specimen of Komba was found in dambo wooded grassland paleosol (Yom), a habitat more like that of the living Senegal bushbaby than of rainforest galagids. A shift to non-forest habitats may explain the terrestrial adaptations of Victoriapithecus, basal to the cercopithecid radiation, and of Kenyapithecus, basal to the hominoid radiation. Both taxa are distinct from earlier Miocene arboreal proconsulines, oreopithecines and galagids.     

Histology and morphometrics of testes of the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in bycatch samples from the northeastern Atlantic

The testes of 31 Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus bycaught in the northeastern Atlantic were studied by histological and morphometric techniques. Twenty specimens were classified as mature, nine as immature and two as pubescent. Between immature and mature specimens there were overlappings in body length and body weight, but clear differences in the diameter of seminiferous tubules (<80 and >80 μm) and the proportion of seminiferous tubules to interstitial tissue (ST:INT-ratio). Also relative testes weight differed clearly. The pubescent specimens showed intermediate characteristics. Spermatogenetic activity of mature dolphins ranged from quiescent to different degrees of activity and varied even in animals from the same site and capture date. The fact that we found mature males with quiescent testes suggests a seasonal rather than a continuous spermatogenesis. We assume that sexual activity in L. acutus begins at an age of 7–8 GLGs and that the reproductive season of this species in the northeastern Atlantic starts in February. Further, the ultrastructure of the spermatozoon is similar to that of the related Lagenorhynchus obliquidens.