Influences of age and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient's satisfaction with dental appearance and tooth colour

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00543.x Influences of age and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with dental appearance and tooth colour Objectives: To study the impact of age, gender, tooth colour and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with their dental appearance. Material and methods: A total of 259 Caucasian subjects participated in the study (119 men, mean age 56 years; 140 women, mean age 61 years) divided into three age groups (young <35 age; middle aged 35–54 age; old ≥55 age). Their maxillary anterior teeth status was classified into three groups: (1) natural teeth (NTG) group; (2) composite filling group (CFG) and (3) porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal fixed prosthodontic restoration group (FPDG). The participants judged appearance and tooth colour using a scale with three categories: completely dissatisfied, moderately dissatisfied and completely satisfied. Results: Almost half of the participants were completely satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. Half of the ‘young’ and ‘middle‐aged’ participants with natural maxillary anterior teeth were completely satisfied and half of the ‘old’ participants were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. The majority of participants with composite restorations (45–51%) were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance, one‐third of ‘young’ and ‘middle‐aged’ participants were moderately satisfied or dissatisfied with their tooth colour and more than 70% of older participants were dissatisfied with their tooth colour (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Satisfaction with the appearance of the maxillary anterior teeth differed both between individuals of different age and different dental status.     

A 3-year longitudinal study of quality-of-life outcomes of elderly patients with implant- and tooth-supported fixed partial dentures in posterior dental regions

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00592.x
A 3‐year longitudinal study of quality‐of‐life outcomes of elderly patients with implant‐ and tooth‐supported fixed partial dentures in posterior dental regions Background: Clinical studies have mainly been focused on oral health‐related quality‐of‐life (OHRQoL) outcomes of removable dentures. Objective: To evaluate therapy of elderly patients with implant‐supported fixed partial dentures (IFPD) and tooth‐supported fixed partial dentures (FPD) in the posterior dental regions. Patients and methods: The OHIP49 was used to measure OHRQoL in 64 patients with IFPD and 38 patients with FPD, before, 3 weeks and 3 years after rehabilitation. A control group (CG) consisted of 62 individuals. Results: The Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP) follow‐up scores of the patients with FPD and the patients with IFPD were significantly smaller in comparison with the baseline scores (p < 0.01). The OHIP scores were further reduced at the 3‐year follow‐up. The patients with IFPD had significantly higher scores than the patients with FPD and the CG at the baseline and at the follow‐ups. In the patients with FPD, both age groups (≤60 and >60) showed equal improvement of the OHRQoL. In the IFPD group, patients older than 60 years showed better improvement (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences dependent on gender and antagonistic teeth (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The FPD and the IFPD treatment showed significant improvement of OHRQoL. The FPD treatment improved OHRQoL equally in both age groups, while the IFPD treatment improved OHRQoL better in older patients.     

Oral health-related quality of life--associations with oral health and conditions in Swedish 70-year-old individuals

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00495.x Oral health–related quality of life – associations with oral health and conditions in Swedish 70‐year‐old individuals Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) in relation to different chronic oral conditions and perception of oral health among elderly individuals. Background: Health‐related quality of life is important to assess and understand the impact of different diseases and conditions on individuals’ well‐being. Material and methods: Randomly selected 70‐year‐old individuals (N = 561) were included in this analysis. They were clinically examined and answered a questionnaire. Variables used were perceived oral health, satisfaction with appearance of teeth, problems with chewing and dry mouth, burning mouth syndrome, dental anxiety and dental visiting habits. To measure the participants′ perception of the impact of oral conditions on their well‐being, the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) was used. Results: The OHIP‐14 distribution of sum of scores showed a floor effect but revealed acceptable psychometric properties with regard to reliability and validity. Multivariable logistic regression revealed three highly predictive variables for individuals with high OHIP‐14 scores: using dentures, having chewing problems and being dissatisfied with appearance of teeth. Conclusion: Use of dentures, having chewing problems and being dissatisfied with appearance of teeth are associated with high OHIP‐14 sums, indicating strong influence on OHRQoL.     

Size and placement of developing anterior teeth in immature Neanderthal mandibles from Dederiyeh Cave,Syria: Implications for emergence of the modern human chin

Evolutionary and functional significance of the human chin has long been explored from various perspectives including masticatory biomechanics, speech, and anterior tooth size. Recent ontogenetic studies have indicated that the spatial position of internally forming anterior teeth partially constrains adult mandibular symphyseal morphology. The present study therefore preliminarily examined the size and placement of developing anterior teeth in immature Neanderthal mandibles of Dederiyeh 1 and 2, compared with similarly‐aged modern humans (N = 16) and chimpanzees (N = 7) whose incisors are comparatively small and large among extant hominids, respectively. The Dederiyeh 1 mandible is described as slightly presenting a mental trigone and attendant mental fossa, whereas Dederiyeh 2 completely lacks such chin‐associated configurations. Results showed that, despite symphyseal size being within the modern human range, both Dederiyeh mandibles accommodated overall larger anterior dentition and displayed a remarkably wide bicanine space compared to those of modern humans. Dederiyeh 2 had comparatively thicker deciduous incisor roots and more enlarged permanent incisor crypts than Dederiyeh 1, but both Dederiyeh individuals exhibited a total dental size mostly intermediate between modern humans and chimpanzees. These findings potentially imply that the large deciduous/permanent incisors collectively distended the labial alveolar bone, obscuring an incipient mental trigone. It is therefore hypothesized that the appearance of chin‐associated features, particularly of the mental trigone and fossa, can be accounted for partly by developmental relationships between the sizes of the available mandibular space and anterior teeth. This hypothesis must be, however, further addressed with more referential samples in future studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:482–488, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A cross-sectional study of oral health and oral health-related quality of life among frail elderly persons on admission to a special oral health care programme in Copenhagen City, Denmark

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00486.x
A cross‐sectional study of oral health and oral health‐related quality of life among frail elderly persons on admission to a special oral health care programme in Copenhagen City, Denmark Aim: To describe the oral health and the oral‐health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of citizens in Copenhagen City on admission to a specific oral health‐care programme for disabled elderly persons. Further, to analyse how various factors influence the oral health and the OHRQoL among these patients. Methods: A cross‐sectional study of 189 persons (average 85 years) consecutively admitted to a special oral health‐care programme. Clinical data and data from interviews comprising social factors, life‐style, dental visit habits, oral hygiene practices and self‐perceived oral health were collected. A modified index on perceived dysfunction, discomfort and disability due to oral disorders was used. Results: Sixty‐eight per cent had natural teeth, among those 57% had decayed teeth and two out of three wore dentures. Smoking habits influence the number of teeth present and the OHRQoL (p < 0.05) of the patients. Edentulousness, decayed teeth, and presence of dentures did not seem to cause OHRQoL problems, while higher OHRQoL scores (more problems) were reported by those with 1–9 teeth and tooth mobility. Conclusion: OHRQoL of these patients can be increased by removal of loose teeth and provision of dentures to those with very few teeth rather than focus on traditional caries treatment.     

A comparison of the dental health of Brazilian and Canadian independently living elderly

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00340.x
A comparison of the dental health of Brazilian and Canadian independently living elderly Objective: To compare the dental status of Brazilian and Canadian elderly populations with respect to socioeconomic and quality of life factors. Materials and methods: A total of 496 adults aged 60–75 years, having four or more teeth, and physically and cognitively suitable for a clinical oral examination were included. Subjects answered questions concerning their lifestyle and completed the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire. Results: In all populations, the majority were females, aged between 60 and 65 years and married. Although the Canadian New Immigrant population had lower mean income, they had more remaining teeth (23.04 ± 6.1), more functional teeth (sound and restored teeth) (14.92 ± 5.7), more sound teeth (15.40 ± 7.6), but more carious teeth (2.97 ± 3.0). The Brazilian population had higher numbers of restored teeth (12.26 ± 6.8) and fewer remaining teeth (17.80 ± 7.6). In all populations, females, married and younger (60–65 years old) adults were more likely to retain 20 or more teeth. The mean GOHAI scores were similar for Canadians (40.55 ± 5.7) and Canadian New Immigrants (39.28 ± 6.5), but were higher than that among Brazilians (31.97 ± 8.9). Conclusions: The numbers of remaining teeth were related to greater education and higher income status for Brazilian and Canadian populations. However, Canadian New Immigrants with lower income and education retained more teeth than the other populations.     

The Copenhagen Oral Health Senior Cohort: design, population and dental health

Gerodontology 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00383.x The Copenhagen Oral Health Senior Cohort: design, population and dental health Background: In order to study the way old age influence oral health, the Copenhagen Oral Health Senior Cohort (COHS) has been established. Objectives: To describe the design, measurement procedures, and baseline values for COHS including spatial distribution of restorations and dental caries as well as reasons for non‐participation. Materials and methods: Seven hundred and eighty‐three individuals aged 65 years or older, from a total of 1918 invited elderly people, underwent an interview regarding oral health‐related behaviour and a clinical oral examination including measurement of unstimulated whole saliva flow rate. Results: Twelve percent of the COHS was edentulous. The number of dental restorations was higher for women compared to men; however, men had more caries than women. Coronal caries was most frequent on mesial and distal surfaces and on the maxillary incisors and canines; root caries was most frequent on labial surfaces and evenly distributed within the dentition. Only 41% of all invited elderly people accepted the invitation, with old age and poor health being the primary reasons for non‐participation. Conclusion: The baseline values for COHS show that a substantial proportion of the participants had retained a natural dentition and that dental caries was prevalent with the anterior maxillary teeth being most affected.     

Factors associated with missing teeth in the Brazilian elderly institutionalised population

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00655.x Factors associated with missing teeth in the Brazilian elderly institutionalised population Objective: Identify factors associated with missing teeth in the elderly institutionalised population in Brazil. Methodology: Cross‐sectional study of elderly institutionalised Brazilians with 1192 subjects. A questionnaire was applied as well as an epidemiological survey of oral health conditions in accordance with WHO. Factorial analysis was carried out with variables related to missing teeth, as well as the Fisher’s exact test, chi‐squared test and multiple logistic regression. Results: Mean age was 76.3 (±9.8), 53.5% (638) of subjects were women and 717 (60.2) were dependent. Mean of Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth Index (DMFT index) was 29.4 (±4.9). The subjects that did not use upper and lower dentures were 61.5% (732) and 79.2% (944), respectively. Median number of missing teeth per person was 27.88 (±6.8) with a mean of 4 (±6.6) teeth present and 2.4 (±4.5) caries‐free teeth. Factors associated with missing teeth following multivariate analysis were: age, sex, self‐assessment of oral health, access to health services, type of institution and area of the country. Conclusions: High level of tooth loss and low level of rehabilitation demonstrate precarious oral health. It is therefore necessary to improve institutional access mechanisms to public health facilities for the institutionalised elderly.     

Oral health and treatment needs of the long-term hospitalised elderly

Objectives: To determine the oral health and treatment needs of the long‐term hospitalised elderly. Setting: The Laakso long‐term hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Design: A cross‐sectional study with clinical oral examinations. Subjects: All long‐term patients (n = 260) aged 60 and older. Main outcome measures: Edentulousness, presence and hygiene of dentures, mucosal findings, number of teeth, functioning teeth and tooth remnants, level of dental hygiene, and need for operative treatment. Results: Subjects’ mean age was 83.3 years (SD = 8.1); 42% were edentulous, 45% of women and 33% of men (p = 0.12). With no gender difference, 41% had removable dentures, but one in four were considered to be in need of repair or replacement. Denture hygiene was good in 19%, moderate in 44%, and poor in 37%, and for men worse than for women (p = 0.02). Stomatitis was found in 25%, and angular cheilitis in 28% of the denture wearers. The dentate subjects had on average 12.4 (SD = 8.6) teeth with a clear difference by age (p = 0.03), but no difference by gender. Dental hygiene was considered poor. Of the dentate subjects, 37% were in need of restorations, 51% of periodontal therapy and 42% of extractions. Conclusions: Oral cleanliness should be improved with regards to dentures and teeth. More attention should be focused on dental care of the long‐term hospitalised elderly.     

Use of a mandibular advancement device in patients with congestive heart failure and sleep apnoea

Objective: To evaluate the practical use of the mandibular advancement device (MAD) for treatment of sleep apnoea (SA) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) over 1 year. Subjects: Twenty‐five patients aged 66 ± 8 years (mean ± SD) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Design: In a prospective, clinical trial, the apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI), a measure of SA, was determined with a portable device. Failure to enter treatment and compliance, adverse events and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were examined before intervention and 4–6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after intervention. Results: Six patients had removable dentures of whom four had complete dentures. Before treatment, eight patients reported minor symptoms of TMD. The AHI fell from 19.3 ± 12.1 to 11.8 ± 9.5 (p = 0.004) with use of the device. In most patients, use of the MAD had no severe effects on the signs and symptoms of TMD. Adverse events such as pain in the temporomandibular joints, soreness in the teeth, and tiredness in the jaws were reported by 10 patients. Dental complications were observed in two patients. Sixty‐four per cent of the patients were still using the MAD at the 1‐year follow‐up. Conclusions: Both the general and oral health of CHF patients were important in treatment with a MAD. The MAD therapy had no severe effect on the masticatory system and edentulous patients could be treated.     

禄丰古猿前部牙齿的釉面横纹与牙冠形成时间

釉面横纹的数目可用于推断个体牙齿的牙冠形成时间,在生长发育研究中具有重要的意义。本研究运用数码体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察了云南石灰坝禄丰禄丰古猿(简称禄丰古猿)30枚齿冠完整的前部牙齿,包括上下颌中门齿6枚、侧门齿10枚和犬齿14枚。根据唇侧面釉面横纹计数的观察结果,分别以7天和9天芮氏线生长周期,估算各齿型的牙冠形成时间,结果显示:以生长周期7天计算,中门齿牙冠形成时间约为3.6-4.1年,侧门齿牙冠形成时间约为2.7-3.7年,犬齿牙冠形成时间约为4.2-7.0;以生长周期9天计算,中门齿牙冠形成时间约为4.4-5.2年,侧门齿牙冠形成时间约为3.4-4.7年,犬齿牙冠形成时间约为5.2-8.8年。为更深入地了解禄丰古猿牙冠形成时间在不同齿型及性别间足否存在明显差异,本文用SPSS软件对其进行显著性差异检验。采用小样本平均值的t值假设检验(置信区间为95%),结果如下:禄丰古猿前部牙齿的牙冠形成时间在各类牙齿的上下颌中不存在显著性差异;犬齿牙冠形成时间存在非常显著的性别差异,雄性牙冠形成时间明显长于雌性,侧门齿也存在显著的性别差异,而中门齿性别间则无显著性差异。此外对禄丰古猿中门齿,侧门齿和犬齿的牙冠形成时间进行单因素方差分析并两两对比,结果显示中门齿与侧门齿的牙冠形成时间不存在显著性差异,而犬齿与中门齿和侧门齿均存在显著性差异,犬齿牙冠形成时间明显长于门齿。同时也对禄丰古猿前部牙齿的牙冠形成时间与齿冠高进行相关性分析,其结果表明两者有显著的正相关性。将禄丰古猿与其他古猿和现生大猿、南方古猿以及人属成员进行对比,结果显示其前部牙齿牙冠形成时间长于原修康尔猿、南方古猿、傍人、人属成员,接近于蝴蝶禄丰古猿和大猩猩,而明显小于黑猩猩、华南化石猩猩及现生猩猩。     

Use of resin‐bonded extracoronal attachments with removable partial denture: case report

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00298.x
Use of resin‐bonded extracoronal attachments with removable partial denture: case report Introduction: Resin‐bonded extracoronal attachments may be indicated for the abutment teeth of removable partial dentures, especially for anterior teeth when a cingulum rest must be provided. This type of treatment has a series of advantages such as minimal tooth reduction, supragingival margins, favourable stress distribution, and improved aesthetic appearance. Objective: To report a clinical case of oral rehabilitation using a combination of resin‐bonded extracoronal attachments joined by a Dolder bar with a removable partial denture. Case report: A 60‐year‐old male patient with only the canines in the maxillary arch was restored with a combination of resin‐bonded extracoronal attachments joined by a Dolder bar and a removable partial denture. Conclusion: Dentures with resin‐bonded extracoronal attachments can have a number of advantages over traditional clasp‐retained removable partial dentures.     

Functional tooth units and nutritional status of older people in care homes in Indonesia

Gerodontology 2012; doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00673.x Functional tooth units and nutritional status of older people in care homes in Indonesia Objectives: To investigate the relationship between functional tooth units (FTUs) and nutritional status. Methods: One hundred females (mean age: 72.4 ± 8.2 years) at four private care homes in Jakarta, Indonesia were interviewed and clinically examined. The oral examination included the assessment of teeth, prosthetic status, and number of FTUs. The total number of FTUs was further divided by tooth composition: natural tooth against natural tooth (NN‐FTUs), natural tooth against denture (ND‐FTUs), and denture against denture (DD‐FTUs). Nutritional status was evaluated using the body mass index (BMI) and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Results: The mean numbers of teeth present, NN‐FTUs, ND‐FTUs, DD‐FTUs, and total FTUs were 13.1 ± 10.4, 1.7 ± 3.0, 1.2 ± 3.3, 0.4 ± 1.2 and 3.3 ± 4.4, respectively. The mean BMI and MNA scores were 24.8 ± 5.0 and 22.6 ± 2.8, respectively. Subjects with a normal BMI had a significantly higher total number of FTUs (3.6 ± 4.6) compared with underweight subjects (0.1 ± 0.3). Subjects with a normal MNA had a significantly higher number of NN‐FTU (2.6 ± 3.7) compared to those who were at risk or in a state of under‐nutrition (1.2 ± 2.4). Conclusion: This study revealed significant relationships between the number of FTUs and nutritional status. Keeping the posterior occlusion should be emphasized in order to maintain good nutritional status in older subjects.     

Oral health status of elderly hospitalised psychiatric patients

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00633.x Oral health status of elderly hospitalised psychiatric patients Objectives: This study investigated the oral health status of an elderly mentally ill population hospitalised in a psychogeriatric ward in Athens. Materials and methods: A structured interview recorded sociodemographic and dental data, and an oral examination recorded the status of oral tissues and the existing dentures. The patients’ medical records were examined by a hospital’s physician. Results: One hundred and eleven patients with a mean age of 73 years participated in the study. Almost half of them suffered from schizophrenia. Forty percent were completely edentulous but only 38.6% of them used a pair of dentures. The dentate had an average of 12.9 teeth, 50.7% of them had at least one decayed tooth, 44.8% needed at least one extraction, and only 26.7% had filled teeth. The dental hygiene was poor in 83.6% of the patients. More than 60% of the dentures had a defect. Multiple regression analyses showed that increasing age and dementia were significantly related to fewer remaining teeth, and the use of atypical antipsychotics was related to fewer caried teeth. Conclusion: The oral health of the elderly psychiatric patients was very poor. Access to dental care should improve, and the health care staff should be trained to identify oral problems.     

Homologies of the anterior teeth in Indriidae and a functional basis for dental reduction in primates

In a recent paper Schwartz ('74) proposes revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. However, new evidence provided by the deciduous dentition ofAvahi suggests that the traditional interpretations are correct, specifically: (1) the lateral teeth in the dental scraper of Indriidae are homologous with the incisors of Lemuridae and Lorisidae, not the canines; (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 2.1.3; (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 2.0.2.3; and (4) decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was usually in the sequence I3, then I2, then I1. It appears that dental reduction during primate evolution occurred at the ends of integrated incisor and cheek tooth units to minimize disruption of their functional integrity.     

Biometric ratio in estimating widths of maxillary anterior teeth derived after correlating anthropometric measurements with dental measurements

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00648.x Biometric ratio in estimating widths of maxillary anterior teeth derived after correlating anthropometric measurements with dental measurements Objective: To correlate dental measurements i.e. combined mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth with facial measurements i.e. inner canthal distance, interpupillary distance and intercommissural width and acquire a biometric ratio to serve as a preliminary guide in selection of the maxillary anterior teeth. Background: In the absence of pre‐extraction records, the resultant denture can lead to patient dissatisfaction towards the aesthetic appeal of their dentures. The maxillary anterior teeth play a pivotal role in denture aesthetics. Various techniques and biometric ratios have been described in literature for selection of the maxillary anteriors. This study derives a biometric ratio for the same, obtained after correlating anthropometric measurements with dental measurements. Materials and methods: Two standardized digital photographs of the face were generated; one, when the facial muscles were relaxed and the other, when the subject was smiling; thereby, revealing the maxillary anterior teeth upto the canine tip. Inner canthal distance, interpupillary distance, intercommissural distance, distance between the tips of the maxillary canines and distance between the distal surfaces of the canines were measured. On the cast, the distance between tips of maxillary canines and distance between distal surfaces of maxillary canines were noted. The data was analysed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: A high correlation was found between the intercommissural measurement with distance between the tips of the canines on the photograph and between the tips of the canines on the cast with the interpupillary distance, giving a biometric ratio of 1:1.35 and 1:1.41 respectively. The least correlation was between the inner canthal distance and the tips of the canines measured on the photograph. Conclusions: Extra oral anthropometric measurements of the interpupillary distances and the intercommissural distances with the help of standardised photographs can help us determine the combined widths of the anterior teeth accurately, thus aiding their selection in the absence of pre‐extraction records.     

Oral health of the elderly living in residential homes in Slovenia

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00497.x
Oral health of the elderly living in residential homes in Slovenia Objectives:  To evaluate oral health status of the elderly, living in eight randomly selected residential homes for senior citizens across the country. Background: The percentage of the elderly is growing worldwide. With ageing, risks of various oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontal disease, are growing. Methods: Altogether 296 elderly people (88 men, 208 women) of average age 79.89 ± 7.4 years were questioned about their medical condition and oral health practice and examined orally. Evaluation of clinical examination was carried out by DMFT, plaque index ( 10 ) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need (CPITN). Results: Of 296 participants, 106 (35.8%) were edentulous, 95 (32.1%) had one to nine teeth and 95 persons (32.1%) had 10 or more teeth. The average number of teeth in an individual was small: 6.76 ± 7.47. The average number of teeth with caries lesions was 3.59 ± 4.70, filled teeth 1.94 ± 3.63 and teeth without caries or fillings 1.19 ± 2.41. The average DMFT value was 30.75. In 69.5% of participants, dental plaque was visible with the naked eye. Of 171 subjects, in whom CPITN index was appraised, 81.9% would need oral hygiene education, 56.7% would need scaling and root planning and 21.6% would need periodontal surgical treatment. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate poor oral health of the elderly living in residential homes situated in different towns in Slovenia. It is of utmost importance to highlight the necessity of improving oral health care of this population.     

华南化石猩猩前部牙齿釉面横纹与牙冠形成时间研究

釉面横纹的分布与数目可以反映牙齿生长发育的时间和速率变化, 在化石研究中能为复原个体生活史提供重要依据。本研究运用扫描电子显微镜观察华南化石猩猩门齿、犬齿釉面横纹分布与数目, 并估算门齿和犬齿牙冠形成时间, 结果如下: 牙冠从牙尖至牙颈方向釉面横纹分布密度有疏密变化, 牙尖釉面横纹密度小于10条/mm, 中间至牙颈釉面横纹密度较尖部增大, 大约10-15条/mm; 犬齿釉面横纹数目多于门齿, 雄性犬齿釉面横纹数目多于雌性; 根据釉面横纹计数及其生长周期的组织切片观察结果, 估算门齿牙冠形成时间大约为2.97-6.66年, 犬齿雄性长于雌性, 分别为6.25-11.31年和4.28-7.29年。与一些古猿、早期人类、现代人以及现生大猿比较, 华南化石猩猩釉面横纹整体密度稍大于南方古猿和傍人, 小于黑猩猩、大猩猩、现代人和禄丰古猿; 除侧门齿外, 华南化石猩猩釉面横纹数目明显多于南方古猿、傍人和现代人, 与大猩猩接近; 华南猩猩前部牙齿牙冠形成时间与现生大猿、禄丰古猿差别不大, 与现生猩猩最相近, 长于南方古猿和傍人。     

Oral health‐related quality of life in hospitalised stroke patients

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00330.x
Oral health‐related quality of life in hospitalised stroke patients Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that impairment of orofacial function following stroke affects the patients’ oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). Material and methods: From the University Hospitals of Geneva, 31 stroke patients (18 men, 13 women, mean age 69.0 ± 12.7 years) with unilateral facial and limb palsy were recruited (patient group, PG). In the study, the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)‐EDENT was utilised to assess OHRQoL. Further examinations comprised a test of masticatory efficiency and lip force, stroke severity National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and dental state. The control group (CG) consisted of 24 subjects with similar age, gender and dental state. Results: The PG mean OHIP‐EDENT sum score was 18.8 ± 15.5 and proved higher than one of the CG, indicating a lower OHRQoL in the PG (p < 0.01). The score of the sub‐domains ‘functional limitation’ and ‘physical pain’ were significantly higher in PG (p < 0.03 and p < 0.02, respectively). The masticatory efficiency was significantly lower in the PG (p < 0.0001) and was associated with the OHIP‐EDENT sum score and its sub‐domains, except for ‘physical disability’. This effect was not present in the CG. Conclusion: The OHRQoL is significantly reduced in hospitalised stroke patients whereby functional impairment seems predominant when compared with psychological and psycho‐social aspects.