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1.
凉水自然保护区松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择差异   总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7  
宗诚  陈涛  马建章  宣立锋 《兽类学报》2007,27(2):105-111
2003年9月30日-2005年10月8日,在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区,应用样方调查法,采用Vander-ploeg和Scavia选择系数Wi和选择指数Ei作为衡量指标,对松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,二者贮食生境选择优先顺序略有不同,松鼠偏爱的贮食生境依次是:云杉林、原始红松林、人工红松林、针阔混交林、人工云杉林、白桦林、针叶混交林、人工落叶松林、阔叶混交林、冷杉林和其它。星鸦对贮食生境的偏爱程度依次为:人工红松林、原始红松林、云杉林、人工云杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、白桦林、针叶混交林、人工落叶松林、冷杉林和其它。在对贮食微生境因子的选择利用上,二者大致相同,只是在对优势灌丛的选择上略有差异,松鼠优先选择在狗枣猕猴桃优势灌丛内贮藏红松种子,而星鸦优先选择在刺五加优势灌丛内贮食。松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择的差异将对随后的红松天然更新过程产生不同的影响。  相似文献   

2.
2005年9月30日~10月8日在凉水保护区,通过野外分层抽样和系统抽样调查松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)和星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatactes)的贮点特征,初步估算了主要生境内的贮食密度和贮藏量。松鼠贮点的平均大小为(3·02±0·11)粒,平均深度为(2·67±0·08)cm;星鸦贮点的平均大小为(3·21±0·22)粒,平均深度为(2·73±0·15)cm。松鼠、星鸦的贮点大小和深度均无显著差异。原始红松林内的贮食密度和贮食量最大,这和松鼠的贮食行为密切相关。保护区内贮食动物的贮食总量为(11876757±812304)粒,其中松鼠的贮食量为(8686312±683360)粒,星鸦的贮食量为(3190444±410377)粒。动物的贮食行为是影响红松天然更新的重要因子之一,对红松的天然更新有重要意义。  相似文献   

3.
星鸦的贮食行为及其对红松种子的传播作用   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
鲁长虎 《动物学报》2002,48(3):317-321
1994-1998年秋在小兴安岭凉水自然保护区对星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatact)的贮食行为及具对红松(Pinus koraiensis)种子的传播作用进行了研究,星鸦在秋季至翌年早春主要以红松种子为食,偶食浆果。秋季种子成熟时,星鸦在取食的同时储藏大量种子作为冬季和早春的食物,这些种子中未被完全吃掉的遗留部分在第三年春天即可发芽,在地上取食部分种子后,星鸦通常储存30-50粒于舌下囊中,飞行2-5km后,将种子埋藏在土层下2.5-3.5cm深处,每个贮点从为2-4粒,贮点生境主要有8种:林缘(路边)、保护区周围空阔地、人工落叶松林、人工自冷杉林、人工红松林、人工红皮云杉林、天然更新的杨桦林和天然原始红松阔叶林(母树林)。星鸦每天至少搬运种子10次,达400粒。一个贮藏季节一只星鸦可贮藏至少16000粒种子,对红松1年生和2年生幼苗调查表明,幼苗在上述8种生境中均有分布,并且在人工落叶林、天然更新杨桦林和母树林下有幼树分布,因此星雅能有效地扩散红松种子,有利于红松的天然更新。  相似文献   

4.
原始红松林内,贮食动物与红松之间形成了广泛而复杂的协同进化关系,维系了红松林生态系统的正常演替和生态功能的正常表达。保护红松资源,必须从保护红松林内的协同进化关系入手,同时,红松林内的资源开发也应该以不破坏这种协同进化关系为前提。针对当前林区和自然保护区过度采摘红松种子的现象,有必要对红松资源开发进行科学的规划和管理,以减少开发过程对贮食动物及红松林天然更新的影响。  相似文献   

5.
植物通过每隔几年产生大量种子的丰年策略提高贮食动物传播种子效率,但人为采摘活动降低了种子的可利用量,从而影响贮食动物行为及种群动态。为研究红松球果采摘如何通过降低松果可利用量而影响贮食动物行为,我们基于黑龙江凉水自然保护区2003-2012年红松结实量和采摘量的变化,比较分析了结实大小年间松鼠贮点大小、贮点深度、贮食密度和贮藏量、松鼠和花鼠种群以及2010年和2011年花鼠洞穴贮藏量的差异。结果显示:结实大年松鼠的平均贮点大小显著高于小年,大贮点比例增加,贮食密度和贮藏量也明显高于结实小年,但随着结实量的增大,球果采摘量增加,使松果可利用量减少,由此,结实大年2011年松鼠贮食密度并未随结实量增加而增加,反而低于2003年和2008年,松鼠遇见率也没有在该结实大年有所增长。花鼠种群和洞穴松籽贮藏量在结实大年和小年间没有显著差异。研究表明红松球果采摘对松果可利用量和松鼠贮食行为有较大影响,应合理确定大年的采摘量以保证贮食动物的食物丰度,维系红松生态系统健康。  相似文献   

6.
奚长海  李东来  张雷  蔡玥  万冬梅 《生态学报》2015,35(15):5026-5031
鸟类的贮食行为受很多因素的影响,其中食物和季节是两个十分关键的因子。采用人工投食的方式研究杂色山雀冬、春季节对松子和葵花籽两种食物的贮食选择,以及食物和季节因素对贮食位点的空间分布和微生境选择的影响。结果发现,杂色山雀优先贮食松子,仅在春季贮食少量葵花籽;主要选择树皮裂缝、灌木根部、草丛、石缝和苔藓下面五种生境进行贮食;其贮食位点的空间分布呈分散状态,集中于投食点100m范围内,密度分布随食物搬运距离的增加而递减。其贮食模式和贮食位点的微生境选择均受季节因素的影响,其中,贮食模式的季节变化可能是受生境中松子这种重要食物可获得性的下降所致,而杂色山雀冬季对树皮裂缝的利用率明显高于春季,可能是与冬季的积雪覆盖限制了其对地面贮食点的利用有关。杂色山雀的就近贮食模式可能是为了增加贮食效率,关于不同个体之间贮食位点的差异,以及季节变化对贮食位点的空间分布格局的影响还需进一步研究。  相似文献   

7.
进化中,贮食者只有比不贮食的动物更有可能找到那些贮藏食物时,贮食行为才能成为一种进化稳定策略。本文综述了关于动物找回贮藏食物的假说及其实验验证。寻找贮藏食物时,穴蜂利用贮存地点附近的标志物的空间排列来定位。鸟类的嗅觉不发达,它们主要靠记忆埋藏地点的视觉信息找回埋藏的食物。啮齿动物和犬科动物主要靠嗅觉找回贮藏的食物。记忆埋藏地点对于灰松鼠、更格卢鼠,美洲赤狐和红松鼠也很重要。  相似文献   

8.
凉水保护区松鼠冬季重取食物的贮藏点与越冬生存策略   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
为了解松鼠贮食行为中的重取食物行为特征,以及在冬季不同生存环境条件下,重取贮藏的红松种子的状况,于2004年初冬(11月中旬),仲冬(2005年1月下旬)和晚冬(3月下旬)采用随机抽样法对凉水自然保护区内雪地上的松鼠重取食物后遗留的贮藏点(称为重取贮点)进行了调查和分析。结果表明1)冬季不同时期松鼠的重取贮点强度存在明显差异,初冬最大,晚冬次之,仲冬最小,3个时期的样本数据频率分布检验表明其总体皆服从指数分布;2)当场取食的贮藏点占到83%,17%的贮藏点未发现籽壳遗留。受松籽低产量及人为过量收获的影响,单个贮藏点贮藏1粒和2粒种子的占92.9%;3)受气温和雪被厚度因素的影响,3个时期重取贮藏点的口径与深度存在显著差异,一定深度的雪被可能有助于松鼠的重取,但过深的雪被也许会使松鼠无法重取。本研究表明,本地区松鼠在冬季不同时期重取红松种子的强度分配符合将饥饿风险降至最小的觅食经济学原则;松鼠重取行为的优化在贮藏点的被取食状况、口径与深度等特征上得到体现。  相似文献   

9.
生境梯度影响下的天然红松种群空间格局与种内关联   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
董雪  杜昕  孙志虎  谷会岩  陈祥伟 《生态学报》2020,40(15):5239-5246
为理清生境梯度下天然红松种群空间分布规律,以黑龙江省凉水国家级自然保护区内自坡底至坡顶的四种生境(生境Ⅰ,谷地平坡潮湿生境;生境Ⅱ,坡下缓坡潮湿生境;生境Ⅲ,坡上斜坡半湿润生境;生境Ⅳ,坡顶陡坡半干旱生境)类型中建群种红松种群为研究对象。分析不同林层(主林层、亚林层、演替层、更新层)红松种群的数量特征,并基于O-ring函数,在重复采样条件下评价了红松种群空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)下坡位生境(生境Ⅰ、Ⅱ)红松更新层种群数量显著大于上坡位(生境Ⅲ、Ⅳ)(P0.05),演替层中差异不显著;自坡底至坡顶的生境梯度上,主林层和亚林层中红松株数比例增加,红松种群年龄结构结构由倒J型向J型转变。(2)下坡位原始红松林更新层和演替层中红松种群聚集规模与聚集强度均高于上坡位,坡顶(生境Ⅳ)原始红松林更新层中红松种群聚集规模与聚集强度高于坡上(生境Ⅲ)。(3)四类生境的原始红松林中主林层与更新层中红松种群总体表现为空间独立,在个别尺度上表现出微弱的空间正关联或负关联;在0—5 m尺度上,下坡位红松林原始林内演替层与主林层红松种群表现为空间负关联,而上坡位生境林分对应林层间空间关系则为空间正关联;四类生境中,亚林层与主林层中红松种群在全部研究尺度上均表现为空间独立。可以认为,造成上坡位生境的原始红松林中幼树、幼苗聚集规模与强度弱于下坡位的原因是上坡位更新与演替层中种群数量较少;而随坡位上升,更现层、演替层与主林层中红松种群间的空间关系由空间负关联向空间正关联转变是生物与非生物因子共同作用的结果。研究结果为阔叶红松林的经营管理与生态修复提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
辽东山区人工阔叶红松林植物多样性与生产力研究   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
根据对人工营造20年生阔叶红松林典型样地的调查,分析了人工阔叶红松林的生产力、植物多样性及其相互关系.结果表明,人工营造的20年生红松-白桦、红松-色赤杨、红松-水曲柳混交林林地生产力分别达6.529、4.966和5.682 t·hm-2·yr-1,高于同龄人工红松纯林(3.812 t·hm-2·yr-1);而红松-刺楸、红松-紫椴混交林分别为2.945和2.84 t·hm-2·yr-1,低于人工红松纯林.人工阔叶红松林乔木层、灌木层、草本层植物多样性均高于红松纯林;红松纯林内的植物种数仅为人工阔叶红松混交林的42%~52%,植物总数量也只有混交林的11%~37%.人工营造阔叶红松林是迅速恢复、发展顶极阔叶红松林的一种有效措施,但要经历相当长的时间和人为的不断调控.  相似文献   

11.
Ma J Z  Zong C  Wu Q M  Zou H F  Sun Y  Zheng X 《农业工程》2006,26(11):3542-3548
This study was conducted during October 2003–April 2004 in the Liangshui National Nature Reserve of the Xiao Xing'an Mountains of Northeast China. Results showed that hoarding behavior of squirrels exhibited selectivity. The preference order of hoarding habitat selection of squirrels is as follows: original Korean pine forest, secondary natural fir forest, artificial fir forest, mix-conifer leaf forest, artificial fallen leaves pine forest, mix-conifer-broadleaf forest, mix-broadleaf forest birch forest, and artificial Korean pine forest. Compared with the existing results, using the cache spots as an index, the order of habitat selection changed, revealing that this research should include more factors, such as pilferage from other animals and secondary dispersal by the squirrels or other species. The Vanderploeg and Scavia selectivity indexes, Wi and Ei, were used to evaluate the use of microhabitat by squirrels in the original Korean pine forest. Results indicated that the squirrels exhibited a significant microhabitat utilization pattern: (1) Squirrels prefer to use the microhabitat in original Korean pine forest with high canopies, the medium shrubby density, and the medium stub density, where pilferage animals are few (Ei > 0.2); (2) Squirrels did not prefer to use the microhabitat in the original Korean pine forest with a low slope degree, high density of fallen logs and stumps, a high herbage coverage, and an abundance of pilferage animals (Ei < ?0.2), and they showed an aversion for a shaded slope (Ei = ?0.5368). The selectivity of microhabitat utilization for the hoarding behavior of squirrels plays an important role in determining the spatial pattern of Korean pine seedlings.  相似文献   

12.
Zong C  Ma Y  Rong K  Ma J Z  Cheng Z B 《农业工程》2009,29(6):362-366
Cone-cores discarded by Eurasian red squirrels were used to study the habitat selection of Korean pine-seeds hoarding, in forest patch Nos. 16 and 19 in Liangshui Nature Reserve, China. Ten transects with a total length of 15 km were uniformly set, and data from 343 valid samples were collected in a 369 hm2 area. One hundred and eighty four were hoarding samples which were determined according to the cluster analysis based on the number of the cone-cores, while the other 159 were control samples. The principal component analysis, using 11 habitat factors, suggested that the distance from Korean pine forest, forest type, number of Korean pine seedlings, density and type of bush significantly influenced the habitat selection of hoarding by Eurasian red squirrels. The results of Bailey’s method indicated that the squirrels showed (1) preference for natural coniferous forest, natural fir and spruce forest and planted spruce forest; (2) avoidance of planted Korean pine forest and planted larch forest; and (3) random use of natural Korean pine forest. Moreover the distance from the Korean pines in the range of 150–600 m showed no effect on the habitat selection of hoarding by the Eurasian red squirrels. More than 50% of the cone-cores were discarded in either fringe or gap of the Korean pine forest with more cone-cores found at <300 m than at 300 m away (One-Way ANOVA; df = 3, 183, F = 5.76, p = 0.0009). This demonstrated that the Eurasian red squirrels could take the cone-cores out of the Korean pine forest. The density of bushes in samples of hoarding area was significantly lower than that in control samples (Kruskal–Wallis test; df = 1, χ2 = 83.99, p < 0.0001). The number of the Korean pine seedlings in samples of hoarding area was significantly higher than that in the control samples (Kruskal–Wallis test; df = 1, χ2 = 104.13, p < 0.0001). This illustrated that the hoarding habitat favoured the germination of the Korean pine seedlings. In conclusion the behavior of hoarding Korean pine seeds by the Eurasian red squirrels can promote the regeneration and dispersal of the Korean pines.  相似文献   

13.
Seed hoarding behavior of the red squirrel,Sciurus vulgaris, was studied in relation to the amount of dispersed seeds of the Korean pine,Pinus koraiensis, and the distribution of its seedlings. After removing a cone from a tree, squirrels sat on the ground and ripped off its cone scales before transporting it. A mean of 3.2 seeds were scatter-hoarded per hole. Of 7.7×104 mature seeds produced in a 0.21 ha planted Korean pine forest, 22% were estimated to be directly eaten by four squirrels, 9% were hoarded by them in the pine forest and 65% were cached outside the forest. Squirrels rediscovered hoarded seeds frequently, until the ground was covered with snow, during the period from snow fall until seed germination the next spring, few hoarded seeds were utilized. Korean pine seedlings were found up to 600 m from their mother trees. Scatter-hoarding by squirrels extensively contributes to seed dispersal to places suitable for the regeneration of the Korean pine. The large size of the cone, the absciss-layer at the cone penduncle, the infrequent dehiscence of cone scales, the large and wingless seeds, and the thick seed-coats have probably all been specialized to facilitate utilization by GenusSciurus.  相似文献   

14.
动物与红松天然更新关系的研究综述   总被引:17,自引:4,他引:13       下载免费PDF全文
红松球果成熟后,种子自身不能脱落到达适宜的萌发地,因而无法自身完成天然更新而要依赖动物帮助传播种子。捕食红松种子的动物包括啮齿类、鸟类和一些大型兽类。其中,松鼠、星雅和普通币鸟具有分散贮藏的行为,以前两者为重要。这些动物从球果中取出种子,吃掉一部分后,靠颊囊或舌下囊搬运至贮藏地,将种子埋藏在地被物下准备冬、春食物缺乏时再重新捕食。搬运的距离远达数百米至几公里。分散贮藏的贮点数量很大。每个贮点有一至数粒种子。贮点小生境比较适合红松种子的萌发,因此大量的未被重新发现和捕食的贮点的种子在20个月后可能萌发。虽然动物贮藏的生境适合幼苗的萌发,但是不一定适合幼苗的继续生长。由于动物的捕食和贮藏行为,阔叶红松林内红松种子运转途径在4个层次(树上、地面、地被物下和洞穴)进行,最后只有少数种子萌发为幼苗。幼苗的生长过程同样受到动物的捕食和破坏。由于红松结实的丰欠年度变化,动物种群也随之变动。  相似文献   

15.
Tamarins are small New World monkeys that have been described as "squirrellike." Squirrels, along with bats and birds, are the taxa most likely to utilize resources similar to those used by primates in the tropical forest canopy. In this paper we compare differences in ecology, diet, locomotion, and habitat utilization between sympatric populations of tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and tree squirrels (Sciurus granatensis) in Panama. Data presented indicate that although there is some degree of resource overlap, patterns of habitat utilization differ significantly. Rather than being "squirrellike," the Panamanian tamarin exhibits a pattern of locomotor and feeding behavior consistent with that found in other arboreal primates.  相似文献   

16.
This study examined the interrelationships of the fall seed-foraging guild with Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and its regeneration. The study took place in old-growth and secondary-growth forests in Northeastern China. Foraging behavior, seed transportation distance, and cache location of various birds and mammals were observed. Regeneration characteristics of Korean pine were also analyzed using plots in various vegetation cover types, successional stages, and topographical situations. Ten species of vertebrates were able to harvest seed from the closed-cone Korean pine. Of these, the Eurasian nutcracker, Eurasian nuthatch, red squirrel, and Siberian chipmunk were found to be potential seed dispersal agents. The nutcracker was the most important dispersal agent, easily acquiring seed with its large pointed bill, carrying up to 62 seeds in one trip, carrying seed at least 4 km, and placing seed in a variety of sites 2.5–3 cm deep in the soil. The Eurasian nuthatch carried a single seed per trip at distances less than 50 m, needed nutcrackers to open the cones and expose seed before they could acquire seed, and occasionally cached seed in the soil. Red squirrels were uncommon visitors to the tree tops of Korean pine, carried cones shorter distances than nutcrackers, and were only found under forest canopies. Human harvest of cones by knocking off branches also affected squirrel behavior and reduced future cone crops. Siberian chipmunks also collected seed from cones in trees and appeared to transport seed less than 50 m. Six other species were observed in this study successfully harvesting seed from cones but were not potential seed dispersers. Natural seedling establishment was found to be over 1000 seedlings/ha except on old-growth pine-hardwood sites. Squirrels were commonest here, but few seedlings survived past the 2nd year due to the intense shading. Second-growth forest types, including aPicea plantation where nutcrackers cached seed daily, and an old-growth pine-hardwood selective-harvest site, had the greatest regeneration. In conclusion, most natural regeneration of Korean pine in this part of its range is due primarily to the Eurasian nutcracker. Nutcrackers can aid forest managers in reaching desired stocking levels after disturbance, as well as a more natural-appearing forest. Squirrels, chipmunks, and nuthatches are minor seedling establishment agents. Korean pine seed is an important food source used by at least 22 species of forest wildlife.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract Effectively managing habitat for threatened populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) requires knowledge of habitat conditions that provide for the ecological needs of lynx. We snow-tracked lynx to identify habitat conditions associated with hunting behavior and predation during winters of 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 in the northern Cascade Range in Washington state, USA. We recorded number and success of predation attempts, prey species killed, and trail sinuosity on 149 km of lynx trails. Lynx killed snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and cricetids more than expected in Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests, where snowshoe hare densities were highest. Lynx killed prey less than expected in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests and forest openings. We used the sinuosity of lynx trails as an index of quality of habitat hunted. Lynx trails that included predation attempts were more sinuous than trail segments without predation attempts. Lynx trails had greater sinuosity in forest stands with high hare densities dominated by Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir than in stands with low hare densities dominated by Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine or in forest openings. We encourage forest managers to maintain or create sufficient understory cover to support high densities of snowshoe hares as foraging habitat for lynx.  相似文献   

18.
Space-use patterns of seed predators are strongly affected by spatiotemporal variation in the abundance of different tree seeds, their major food source. However, most studies have measured relationships between overall food availability and space use, and there are few cases where effects of different food resources have been explored. We studied the effects of two food resources, Norway spruce and silver fir seeds, on space and habitat use in red squirrel in a subalpine conifer forest from 2000 to 2006. Fir seeds disperse in the autumn of the year they are produced, spruce the following spring. We estimated spruce and fir seed availability within individual home ranges and monitored home-range size using radiotelemetry. Males had larger home ranges than females and the sexes responded differently to variation in food and density. Spruce seed availability negatively affected home-range and core-area sizes of males in spring–summer. Space use was not affected by fir seed availability. Squirrels positively selected spruce for foraging and spruce was always preferred over fir. Our results showed that spruce, but not fir, affected space and habitat use of squirrels, suggesting they do not behaviourally respond to early seed dispersal in fir.  相似文献   

19.
松鼠生态学研究现状与展望   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
马建章  戎可  宗诚 《动物学杂志》2008,43(1):159-164
松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)是一种广泛分布于欧亚大陆的树栖杂食性啮齿动物。在欧洲,由于入侵种北美灰松鼠(S.carolinensis)的引入,松鼠的数量急剧减少,松鼠的生态学研究受到广泛的关注。在中国,松鼠因贮食坚果的习性而受到重视。本文从个体生态学、种群生态学、种间关系和行为生态学的角度对松鼠生态学研究成果进行了综述。松鼠是哺乳动物生态学研究很好的模式种,以下5个方面的研究将成为松鼠生态学研究的新方向:(1)不同分布区松鼠的比较生态学;(2)与森林天然更新的关系;(3)集合种群动态及其对生境破碎化的响应;(4)分子系统地理学;(5)作为景观管理的实验种。  相似文献   

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