大麦TILLING群体的构建及EDR1基因突变的检测

该研究选用栽培大麦品种‘西引2号’,通过化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate, EMS）处理,创建了3 750个 M₁及2 012个 M₂突变株系。结果表明：在M₂中,有115株表现黄化,98株表现矮化,101株表现极早或极晚抽穗,其他35株表现分蘖少、叶片小或者不育等性状,所有突变株系占M₂群体的17.35%;M₂的基因组DNA用于突变频率的研究,用优化的CELⅠ酶切体系对M₂株系进行了EDR1基因突变体筛选,获得了EDR1基因的3个突变体,其中一个发生在外显子区域,导致了氨基酸Pro到Ser的转换,突变频率平均为每661 kb一个点突变,这与前人研究的突变频率基本在一个范围内。该研究创建了大麦品种‘西引2号’的TILLING筛选群体,并用于EDR1突变体的筛选。为大麦性状研究提供了不同的思路,搭建了新的资源和技术平台。     

罗布麻EMS突变体库构建及黄酮变异突变体筛选

罗布麻(Apocynum venetum L.)突变体的获得是人工创新种质资源的有效途径,也是开展品种选育、功能基因组研究的基础。本研究以采自东营野生罗布麻种子作为材料,预试验结果表明0.7%的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS,ethylmethylsulfone)溶液诱变罗布麻种子13 h能够达到半致死剂量。在此浓度和处理时间下构建了一个1452株的突变体群体,对获得的M1植株进行农艺性状和总黄酮含量性状筛选,初步获得125份农艺性状突变材料,其中包括8株白化植株、23株叶型变异株、16株叶色黄纹突变体、32株苗期分枝植株以及46株叶位变异突变体,突变频率分别为0.55%、1.6%、1.1%、2.2%和3.2%。此外,还筛选到2株总黄酮含量明显高于野生型和1株低于野生型的材料。在突变群体中对黄酮代谢途径中编码黄烷酮-3-羟化酶的基因(F3H,flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene)进行测序鉴定,结果鉴定到3株F3H基因的突变体。本研究构建的罗布麻突变体库表型丰富且突变位点可以鉴定,是罗布麻新种质筛选、品种选育以及基因功能研究的良好材料。     

笃斯越桔耐弱碱突变体的离体筛选与鉴定

以笃斯越桔组培苗为试验材料,建立了EMS诱变体系,采用EMS诱变与NaHCO3共同胁迫处理的方法,筛选耐弱碱候选突变体,并进行了相关生理指标的鉴定,以明确其突变体株系的耐弱碱能力。结果显示:(1)0.4%EMS浸泡笃斯越桔茎段4h为较适宜的诱变剂量,存活率达46.7%;在含0.1%EMS的培养基中处理3d,存活率达50.0%;EMS浸泡处理后,NaHCO3适宜剂量为8mmol·L-1,经3次交替培养后,筛选出2株候选耐弱碱突变体。(2)相关生理指标鉴定表明,2株候选突变体的SOD和POD活性及游离脯氨酸含量显著高于对照,MDA含量显著低于对照。研究表明,该研究获得的笃斯越桔候选突变体具有一定的耐弱碱能力。     

大麦TILLING群体的构建及EDR1基因突变的检测（英文）

该研究选用栽培大麦品种‘西引2号’,通过化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)处理,创建了3 750个M1及2 012个M2突变株系。结果表明:在M2中,有115株表现黄化,98株表现矮化,101株表现极早或极晚抽穗,其他35株表现分蘖少、叶片小或者不育等性状,所有突变株系占M2群体的17.35%;M2的基因组DNA用于突变频率的研究,用优化的CELⅠ酶切体系对M2株系进行了EDR1基因突变体筛选,获得了EDR1基因的3个突变体,其中一个发生在外显子区域,导致了氨基酸Pro到Ser的转换,突变频率平均为每661kb一个点突变,这与前人研究的突变频率基本在一个范围内。该研究创建了大麦品种‘西引2号’的TILLING筛选群体,并用于EDR1突变体的筛选。为大麦性状研究提供了不同的思路,搭建了新的资源和技术平台。     

EMS诱变和NaCl胁迫的正交实验及耐盐纤维亚麻种质的筛选

旨为经愈伤组织诱导再生的耐盐性纤维亚麻植株奠定基础。以3种纤维亚麻无菌苗的下胚轴段为材,经EMS诱变和盐胁迫的正交实验,再经诱芽和愈伤组织培养,研究其理化特性。结果显示,‘范妮’、‘天鑫3号’和‘双亚5号’下胚轴段不定芽培养的最适处理组合均为0.025%EMS处理2 h(或4 h),之后用100或150 mmol/L Na Cl处理12 h;总产芽率由高到低分别为‘范妮’、‘天鑫3号’和‘双亚5号’下胚轴段;对3种亚麻不定芽生长影响的顺序为:Na Cl浓度EMS浓度EMS处理时间;3种亚麻下胚轴段不定芽诱导的适宜培养基为MS+0.000 2 mg/L TDZ+0.02 mg/L KT+0.005 mg/L NAA+0.3%蔗糖+0.1 g/L肌醇+3.3 g/L植物凝胶。经0.025%EMS处理4 h+150 mmol/L Na Cl处理12 h后生长的愈伤组织,经过2次交替筛选后,其理化指标表明,与对照组的相比,3种亚麻处理组愈伤组织脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD和POD活性均显著提高(P0.05)。经过0.025%EMS处理4 h+150 mmol/L Na Cl处理12 h后生长的愈伤组织具有一定的耐盐性。     

水稻雄性不育突变体D63的育性基因遗传分析与精细定位

利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理籼稻品种冈46B获得雄性不育突变体D63,并对该突变体进行表型鉴定、遗传分析和基因定位。结果显示D63突变体花药瘦小呈乳白色,花药内完全无花粉粒,属于无花粉型雄性不育。与野生型亲本冈46B相比,D63突变体成熟期株高降低了13.7%,穗伸出度减少了266.7%,自交结实率为0,其他农艺性状无显著差异。遗传分析表明该不育性状受1对隐性核基因控制,该突变基因定位于第2号染色体长臂靠近着丝粒区域In Del标记J2和J4之间,与J2和J4的遗传距离分别为0.2 c M和0.1 c M,该定位区间的物理距离为105.8 kb。候选基因分析结果表明,D63突变体在编码分泌性成束糖蛋白基因LOC_Os02g28970编码区第1580位碱基A突变为C,使编码蛋白的氨基酸序列第527位组氨酸(His)突变为脯氨酸(Pro)。D63突变体与已报道的mtr1突变体表型上不同之处主要是后者花药含有败育花粉粒,二者表型上的差异可能是由于LOC_Os02g28970基因序列突变位点不同,以及它们分别属于籼、粳亚种2个不同遗传背景所致。     

嫁接诱导大豆低镉富集性状及遗传稳定性

通过野外小区实验,从8个大豆品种中筛选出2个低镉富集品种作为砧木,2个高镉富集品种作为接穗植物,研究嫁接当代以及接穗子代镉富集性状的变化,探明嫁接诱导镉富集性状变异的机制及其遗传稳定性。结果表明:大豆的镉富集性状表现出显著的品种间差异,以低镉富集品种(铁丰29和东鲜1号)作砧木,可以使接穗大豆植株(青仁黑1号和中黄38)地上部分镉含量降低50%~70%;高通量测序和qRT-PCR分析显示,嫁接诱导了相关硫代谢基因的差异表达,与自根植株相比,嫁接植株的APX2、PAPRa、SAM1a和ATPs基因表达水平均显著下调,分别达72.53%、67.62%、42.37%和75.78%,APK4表达量则显著上调2.83倍;以阻控效果最好的青仁黑1号-东鲜1号为例,接穗子代遗传了接穗当代的低镉富集性状,对照亲本,子代籽粒镉含量的降低率仍有30%~50%。研究证明:嫁接可以通过调控含硫化合物的合成与代谢,影响作物地上部分的Cd富集性状,且这种性状可以在子代中稳定遗传。     

甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）对萝卜早期发育性状的诱变效应

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变育种有着诱变频率高、突变性状多及破坏性小等优点被广泛用于多种作物诱发突变育种。本研究利用不同浓度的EMS对不同品种的萝卜种子进行浸种处理后,发现EMS对萝卜的种子发芽率、萝卜苗根部长度及田间性状等指标上的诱变效应。研究结果表明随着EMS浓度(0.2%~2%)的增加,种子发芽率急剧降低且萝卜苗期根长明显变短,整体呈显著的抑制生长作用。不同品种间对EMS的敏感度依次顺序为短叶-13>夏抗40>春白11-58>双红一号。以半致死浓度为EMS浓度选择标准,确定了EMS处理不同品种萝卜间的适宜浓度为0.4%~0.6%。通过田间性状调查发现0.5%EMS处理短叶13萝卜种子下播大田后,相比对照处理品种表现子叶卷曲及撕裂、真叶增厚及黄化等情况,进一步表明EMS对短叶13萝卜存在的诱变效应。本研究确定了化学诱变剂EMS对萝卜诱变的半致死剂量,初步确认EMS对萝卜早期生长发育性状的诱变效应,将为后期的萝卜诱变育种研究提供研究材料和参考。     

一个新的水稻D17/HTD1基因等位突变体的分子鉴定

株高和分蘖是水稻重要的农艺性状,直接影响到产量。本研究从粳稻品种日本晴的组培苗后代中分离出一个可稳定遗传的半矮化多分蘖突变体t489,相比野生型,突变体株高明显下降、分蘖能力明显增强。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性基因控制。进一步基因鉴定发现,突变体中编码植物激素独脚金内酯(SLs,Strigolactones)合成途径中的类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶7即D17/HTD1基因编码区第916 bp位置的碱基由G突变为T,导致蛋白翻译提前终止,仅编码305个氨基酸组成的蛋白,但此突变并未造成该基因转录水平的改变。基于此突变位点开发的dCAPS-D17标记与突变体和日本晴构建的BC1F2群体中的矮化多分蘖植株共分离,这表明G916T突变与表型相关,t489可能是一个新的D17/HTD1等位突变体。     

拟南芥DNA去甲基化基因RLL4的定位与功能分析

该研究以携带2×35S:LUC报告基因的转基因拟南芥Col-LUC为亲本系,将其种子进行甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变,在M2代筛选出1株低荧光的候选突变体,命名为rll4(reduced LUC luminescence 4)。遗传学分析表明,rll4突变位点包含1个核基因隐性突变。图位克隆技术定位结果显示,突变基因的位点位于4号染色体2个分子标记CL417-B10M1和CL418-B2M2之间,这2个分子标记分别位于F20D10和F20M13BAC(bacterial artificial chromosome)克隆。酶切PCR(Chop-PCR)结果显示,rll4突变体中基因组DNA的部分位点甲基化显著升高。反转录PCR(RT-PCR)结果显示,rll4突变体中ROS1(REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1)的表达量并没有明显变化,而一些RNA介导的DNA甲基化(RdDM)过程靶位点的基因表达量有明显下降。研究表明,RLL4位点很可能参与了拟南芥DNA去甲基化过程。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.