土壤与水体有机污染的生物修复及其应用研究进展

系统论述了土壤、水有机污染物的主要来源、特点、有机污染生物修复的概念、应用范围、成功实例与研究进展等,特别是对于泄漏石油污染的生物成功降解方法、效果,土壤中易爆炸物如ＴＮＴ、废水中有机污染的有效降解等,评价了生物修复所具有突出优势,对有机、无机污染物降解过程中植物、微生物筛选、基因修饰、分子克隆与转基因植物方面近年来所取得的惊人成果与突破性进展,无疑正激励着人们开拓更大的应用范围。预计不久的将来,更多具有环境净化与生物修复功能的商业性综合技术与高效性工程生物将投入应用。     

絮凝剂与复合菌综合处理养殖水体污染研究

为净化水产养殖水体 ,减少鱼病发生和污水排放 ,通过试验比较PFS、PDMDAAC、EM和PFS +PDMDAAC与PFS +PDMDAAC +EM各种净水方法净化鳖池水体的效果 .据此建立了各种净水方法影响水体水质的最佳数学模型 .结果表明 ,联合使用 30mg·L-1的PFS、0 5mg·L-1的PDMDAAC和 30ml·m-3的EM菌 ,效果最好 ,絮凝率达 98%以上 ,CODcr去除率达 95 %以上 ,池水和排污口水体BOD5/CODcr分别由 0 6 1、0 5 1降至 0 2 4和 0 2 9左右 ,说明水体中可生物降解物质被有效去除 .水质各项指标均符合特种水产养殖水质标准 ,水质稳定 ,池水与排污口水体水质基本一致 ,达到了无污染排放 ,实现生态平衡养殖 .     

生物絮凝剂絮凝活性评价方法的探讨

对生物絮凝剂絮凝活性的评价方法进行了探讨。研究发现,在固定絮凝剂添加量的情况下仅仅比较絮凝率大小,从而对絮凝活性进行评价的方法是不科学的。絮凝剂絮凝活性应以絮凝率和絮凝剂最适添加量两个指标为其活性评价参数,在有较高絮凝率的情况下,絮凝剂添加量越少则絮凝活性越高。     

生物絮凝剂的最新研究进展及其应用

从絮凝剂的来源和分子组成两方面对生物絮凝剂进行了系统分类,综述了生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选模型以及生物絮凝剂在水处理和发酵工业中的应用,详细阐述了目前国内外提出的几种不同的生物絮凝剂絮凝机理,进而在此基础上剖析了目前生物絮凝剂研究工作中仍然存在的问题,并提出生物絮凝剂今后的主要研究方向。     

生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其性能研究

从土壤中筛选到一株能够产生无色胞外多糖的自生固氮菌菌株,该胞外多糖具有高分子絮凝剂的效果,初步应用于污水、果蔬汁及中药汁,表现出良好的絮凝效果,固形物去除率在80.3% ～ 99.6% 之间.     

金属离子对生物絮凝剂REA-11合成的影响

考察了Mg2 、Na 、K 、Ca2 对谷氨酸棒杆菌生长及生物絮凝剂合成的影响。结果表明,培养基中添加适当的Mg2 对菌体的生长和絮凝剂的产生有一定的促进作用。K 和Ca2 对絮凝剂的产生具有一定的抑制作用。Na 的添加对菌体的生长和絮凝剂的产生均无显著影响。     

复合污染研究的新进展

对多种污染物相互作用形成的复合污染效应的研究已成为环境科学发展的重要方向之一。本文从元机复合污染、无机－有机复合污染以及有机复合污染3个方面对复合污染效应的最新进展进行了综述,并从化学、生理学、酶学、细胞学等角度出发探计了复合污染机理,指出了复合污染研究中存在的若干问题和发展方向。     

生物絮凝剂高产菌株的选育

以野生菌谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicumCCTCCM 2 0 10 0 5为出发菌株 ,进行紫外和甲基磺酸乙酯逐级诱变 ,获得一株絮凝剂高产菌XMU YH1111,通过条件优化实验 ,获得突变株XMU YH1111合成生物絮凝剂的最佳发酵条件 :葡萄糖为碳源 ,尿素和酵母膏为氮源 ,培养基初始 pH 4～ 8,种子最佳种龄 16h ,接种量 5 % ,发酵罐通风量 1L/ (L·min) ,搅拌转速 10 0r/min。在此发酵条件下 ,絮凝活性最高可达到 892U/mL ,比原出发菌株CCTCCM 2 0 10 0 5的絮凝活性提高 2倍以上。     

深圳湾湿地的黑脸琵鹭及其保护

深圳湾湿地是世界濒危鸟类-黑脸琵鹭最重要的越冬栖息地之一。1999-2000年在此越冬的黑脸琵鹭数量178只,约占世界总数量的25%。近十年来深圳湾湿地黑脸琵鹭的数量逐年增加,主要原因可能是由于其它湿地环境恶化而使黑脸琵鹭集中到深圳湾,这种情况对黑脸琵鹭的生存和发展是不利的。深圳湾湿地生态环境存在诸多问题,使该湿地生态系统环境质量不断下降,因此,提出了保护深圳湾湿地生态环境的若干建议。     

绿洲土Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染下重金属的形态特征和生物有效性

通过模拟基于干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合污染下的油菜盆栽试验,采用Tessier五步连续浸提法探究了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态的转化归趋和生物有效性.结果显示,随着Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高,油菜的干重先增加后减小,根系的生长由促进作用转变为抑制作用;对照土壤中4种重金属元素均以残渣态为主要赋存形态,可交换态的含量均很小;随着外源重金属的添加,油菜种植土壤中4种重金属元素的各形态含量随之增加,Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态和Ni的碳酸盐结合态对外界胁迫响应强度最大,Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的活性增加,且Cd、Pb的主要赋存形态迅速转变为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Zn的主要赋存形态由残渣态和碳酸盐结合态过渡到碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Ni的主要赋存形态为碳酸盐结合态;Cd、Zn在茎叶中的含量大于根系,Pb、Ni反之,油菜能将Cd、Zn更多的运输至茎叶,Pb、Ni则主要积累在根系;油菜茎叶吸收Cd和油菜各部位吸收Zn的主要贡献形态为可交换态,根吸收Cd的主要贡献形态由可交换态转变为有机结合态,根吸收Pb和油菜各部位吸收Ni的主要贡献形态为碳酸盐结合态.     

壳聚糖对嘧啶核苷类新型抗真菌抗生素发酵液絮凝除菌作用的研究

利用天然高分子聚合物壳聚糖为絮凝剂去除抗生素发酵液中的菌体,结果表明:发酵液pH值、絮凝剂用量是影响絮凝效果的主要因素。最佳絮凝条件为pH7.0,絮凝剂用量0.4g/L,温度30℃,此时菌体絮凝率(FR%)可达70%以上。经絮凝预处理后,滤速为处理前的2.5倍,发酵液的效价由700 U/mL提高到860 U/mL。     

深圳海域近20年赤潮发生的特征分析

本文根据深圳海域1981-2002年发生的93起赤潮记录,综合分析了赤潮发生的特征,可归纳为5点：①深圳海域的赤潮多发区位于大鹏湾、大亚湾和深圳圳湾,其中大鹏湾的盐田水域、大亚湾两部的东山和坝光水域、深圳湾的后海与东角头水域为赤潮多发地段;②赤潮发生的频率增高,赤潮持续时间延长;③全年中有两个赤潮多发季节,主要集中在3～5月,其次为9～11月;④赤潮引发种类丰富,约有39种,其中甲藻最多,其次为硅藻,具有一定的区域分布特征;⑤赤潮引发种类具有明显的演替规律,不断有新的种类引发赤潮。     

Detection of the nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii: a potential tool to identify sewage pollution in recreational waters

AIMS: The goal of this study was to develop and test the efficacy of a PCR assay for the environmental detection of the nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii, a methanogen found in human faeces and sewage. METHODS AND RESULTS: PCR primers for the nifH gene of M. smithii were designed, tested and used to detect the presence or absence of this organism in faecal and environmental samples. Specificity analysis showed that the Mnif primers amplified products only in M. smithii pure culture strains (100%), human faeces (29%), human sewage samples (93%) and sewage-contaminated water samples (100%). No amplification was observed when primers were tested against 43 bacterial stock cultures, 204 animal faecal samples, 548 environmental bacterial isolates and water samples from a bovine waste lagoon and adjacent polluted creek. Sequencing of PCR products from sewers demonstrated that a 222-bp product was the nifH gene of M. smithii. The minimal amount of total DNA required for the detection of M. smithii was 10 ng for human faeces, 10 ng for faecally contaminated water and 5 ng for sewage. Recreational water seeded with M. smithii established a lower detection limit of 13 cells ml(-1). CONCLUSIONS: The Mnif assay developed during this investigation showed successful detection of M. smithii in individual human faecal samples, sewage and sewage-contaminated water but not in uncontaminated marine water or bovine-contaminated waters. The Mnif assay appears to be a potentially useful method to detect sewage-polluted coastal waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study was the first to utilize methanogens as an indicator of sewage pollution. Mnif PCR detection of M. smithii was shown to be a rapid, inexpensive and reliable test for determining the presence or absence of sewage pollution in coastal recreational waters.     

Heavy metal fractionation and organic matter stabilization in sewage sludge treatment wetlands

The presence of heavy metals in sludge stabilized in a reed bed system may affect its use for agricultural purposes. However, the environmental impact of sludge depends on the availability and phytotoxicity of these heavy metals.The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a reed bed (Phragmites australis) sludge treatment system in two urban wastewater treatment plants in Italy after a three-year period of operation: (i) by estimating the process of sludge stabilization, following conventional and nonconventional parameters related to the evolution of organic matter quality (water soluble carbon, dehydrogenase activity, pyrolytic fragments); (ii) by following the heavy metal bioavailability in the sludge through their fractionation. For heavy metal fractionation, the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was followed.The results showed that there was mineralization and stabilization of sludge over time, suggested by the decrease of about 35% in water soluble carbon and of about 60-80% of dehydrogenase activity. Moreover, significant values of benzene (17%), toluene (31%) and phenol (9%) were found at the end of experimentation in both treatment wetlands, highlighting the re-synthesis of humic-like matter.The results also showed that the content of heavy metals after 30 months was associated with the less mobile fractions of the sludge (more than 60% of total heavy metal content for almost metal), in particular, the fraction linked to the organic matter.     

High strength sewage treatment in a UASB reactor and an integrated UASB-digester system

The treatment of high strength sewage was investigated in a one-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and a UASB-digester system. The one-stage UASB reactor was operated in Palestine at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10h and at ambient air temperature for a period of more than a year in order to asses the system response to the Mediterranean climatic seasonal temperature fluctuation. Afterwards, the one-stage UASB reactor was modified to a UASB-digester system by incorporating a digester operated at 35 degrees C. The achieved removal efficiencies in the one-stage UASB reactor for total, suspended, colloidal, dissolved and VFA COD were 54, 71, 34, 23%, and -7%, respectively during the first warm six months of the year, and achieved only 32% removal efficiency for COD total over the following cold six months of the year. The modification of the one-stage UASB reactor to a UASB-digester system had remarkably improved the UASB reactor performance as the UASB-digester achieved removal efficiencies for total, suspended, colloidal, dissolved and VFA COD of 72, 74, 74, 62 and 70%. Therefore, the anaerobic treatment of high strength sewage during the hot period in Palestine in a UASB-digester system is very promising.     

Water pollution by uranium ore treatment works

Uranium ore treatment works are responsible for a strong increase in minerals and, to a lesser extent, radio-activity in the rivers receiving their outflows. In certain streams, the fauna and the flora can disappear completely.However, our study has shown that the toxicity does not directly affect fish or crustacea but only algae, the growth of which is either partly or totally inhibited, depending on the dilution provided by the watercourse.This toxicity is not due to the uranium or to the sulphates and chlorides used in the treatment process, but to traces of heavy metals present in the reject, such as copper and zinc.The disappearance of the microalgae, which are the first link of the food chain, has important consequences, provoking the disappearance of the higher trophic levels leading to fish.     

Unique Microbial Communities Inhabiting Underground Seawater in an Intertidal Area Utilized for Industrialized Aquaculture,as Compared with the Coastal Water

In recent decades, the decline of coastal water quality has promoted the birth of a new industrialized aquaculture mode in China, which involves the cultivation of organisms using underground seawater extracted from various depths below the intertidal zone. In view of the special physicochemical characteristics of underground seawater, the microbial community in this environment has attracted interest. In this study, the microbial community in the underground seawater of an intertidal area of the Qingdao coast of China was investigated. Compared with the upper coastal water, the underground seawater displayed lower numbers of microorganisms (2.7?±?0.3?×?10⁵ cells mL^?1 in underground seawater vs. 5.3?±?0.4?×?10⁵ cells mL^?1 in upper coastal seawater) but displayed much higher microbial diversity. At the phyla level, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria inhabited both environments, whereas bacteria in the phyla Planctomycetes, Deferribacteres, and Nitrospirae were recovered only from the underground seawater. Eighty-nine percent of the OTUs in the underground seawater were environmental specific. Furthermore, compared with coastal water, underground seawater displayed significant lower (p?<?0.05) concentration of NH₃-N, NO₂-N, PO₄-P, and DOC-C, and contained fewer potentially harmful pathogens (e.g., Verrucomicrobia/Opitutae) and more denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Shewanella denitrificans), thus making it more suitable for aquaculture.     

Communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of various sewage treatment plants in Tokyo

We investigated ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge collected from 12 sewage treatment systems, whose ammonia removal and treatment processes differed, during three different seasons. We used real-time PCR quantification to reveal total bacterial numbers and total ammonia oxidizer numbers, and used specific PCR followed by denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis, cloning, and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to analyze ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities. Total bacterial numbers and total ammonia oxidizer numbers were in the range of 1.6 x 10(12) - 2.4 x 10(13) and 1.0 x 10(9) - 9.2 x 10(10)cellsl(-1), respectively. Seasonal variation was observed in the total ammonia oxidizer numbers, but not in the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities. Members of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster were found in all samples, and most sequences within this cluster grouped within two of the four sequence types identified. Members of the clusters of Nitrosomonas europaea-Nitrosococcus mobilis, Nitrosomonas cryotolerans, and unknown Nitrosomonas, occurred solely in one anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A2O) system. Members of the Nitrosomonas communis cluster occurred almost exclusively in association with A2O and anaerobic/aerobic systems. Solid residence time mainly influenced the total numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, whereas dissolved oxygen concentration primarily affected the ammonia-oxidizing activity per ammonia oxidizer cell.     

Water Quality Trends in a Coastal Lagoon Impacted by Non-point Source Pollution after Implementation of Protective Measures

Water quality data from two different monitoring periods are used to evaluate the trophic state and effectiveness of various protective measures on the restoration of a eutrophic, coastal Mediterranean lagoon. Main protective measures included elimination of municipal/industrial raw wastewater discharges in the rivers outflowing to the lagoon, sediment/erosion control practices in the lagoon’s drainage basin (i.e., construction of sediment/debris dams and grade control structures, reforestation and ban on livestock grazing), and reduction of fertilizer application quantities as a result of changes in crops. Water quality data include, among others, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations, various physicochemical parameters, and transparency, measured during two monitoring periods, i.e., before (1983–84) and after (1998–99) implementation of protective measures. Rainfall depth for the two time periods was also available. Empirical equations were developed, from statistical analyses of the data, relating the water quality parameters during the two monitoring periods. These models help identify water quality trends. Based on the analyses, it seems that measures were effective in reducing sediments transported into the lagoon. However, the lagoon remains eutrophic to hypereutrophic, mostly due to phosphorus released in the water column from bottom sediments. Therefore, future restoration efforts should be directed towards the management of bottom sediments.