三种纤毛虫对土壤微生物量和有效氮磷含量的影响

采用土壤培养方法研究了 3种纤毛虫对土壤微生物量及氮磷转化的影响 ,结果表明 ,向土壤接种肾形虫 ( Colopodia sp.)、尖毛虫 ( Oxytricna sp.)和澳毛虫 ( Australothrix sp.) ,特别是澳毛虫 ,显著地降低了土壤微生物碳。说明供试的原生动物与微生物之间存在消长关系。接种澳毛虫显著地降低了土壤有效磷含量 ,而肾形虫和尖毛虫对土壤有效磷含量影响很小 ,仅在培养后期显著地降低了土壤铵态氮含量 ,3种原生动物特别是澳毛虫 ,显著地降低了土壤氮矿化量和硝态氮含量 ,但提高了土壤铵态氮含量 ,说明 3种原生动物抑制了硝化作用 ,而增强了氨化作用。     

土壤溶磷微生物溶磷、解磷机制研究进展

土壤磷素存量大,但其中约95%不能被植物直接吸收利用,土壤中磷素供给不足常常是制约作物生长发育的重要原因之一。活化土壤中的难溶性磷、增强土壤有效磷的供给能力,一直是人们关注的重要问题,并对农业可持续性发展具有重要意义。土壤溶磷微生物(phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, PSMs)是土壤磷循环中的重要一员,能够通过酸解作用、酶解作用等将无效磷转化为有效磷供植物吸收,从而促进植物生长发育。通过PSMs改善土壤磷素营养是一项有利于资源节约、环境友好的重要农业措施,其应用前景十分广阔。因此,深入了解PSMs溶磷、解磷机制对于提高土壤磷素利用效率和提高作物产量具有十分重要的作用。本文对土壤溶磷微生物的种类、无机矿物磷溶解途径以及溶磷微生物依靠酶解作用对有机磷的矿化等方面进行了综述,并对该领域的研究发展方向进行了展望。     

解钾菌与解磷菌及固氮菌的相互作用

微生物是土壤肥力的核心 ,土壤中的微生物不仅数量巨大 ,而且种类极多 ,许多微生物对土壤Ｎ ,Ｐ和Ｋ等养分的转化和供给起非常重要的作用。目前 ,研究比较多的主要有解钾菌、解磷菌和固氮菌。能够使土壤中矿物态钾转化为有效形态的细菌 ,目前发现的主要有扭脱芽胞杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｅｘ ｔｏｒｑｕｅｎｓ)、胶质芽胞杆菌 (Ｂ .ｍｕｃｉｌｇｉｎｏｓｎｓ)、环状芽胞杆菌 (Ｂ .ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｎｓ) [1,2 ] 等 ,这些细菌有些同时能使矿物态的Ｐ转化为有效形态。能够使土壤中无效态磷转化为有效态磷的微生物种类也很多 ,研究比较多的是假单…     

土壤原生动物群落及其生态功能

土壤原生动物是土壤微生物区系的重要组成部分。在土壤生态系统中 ,由于微生物与微动物的生命活动及其相互作用 ,从而形成了土壤的物质循环和能量转化。土壤原生动物既参与了微生物所介导的物质转化和能量循环 ,又参与了动物对微生物的捕食作用。由于原生动物具有丰富的种类和多样性以及巨大的生物量 ,所以土壤原生动物的群落及其生态功能 ,已引起了人们的广泛关注 ,并且研究理论与方法日益深入。但我国在这方面的研究报道较少 ,本文拟从群落与生态功能方面的进展做一概述。1　土壤原生动物的群落特征土壤与淡水原生动物最早是由Ａｎｔｏｎ…     

增温对南亚热带森林土壤磷形态的影响及其对有效磷的贡献

磷(P)是森林生态系统生产力的重要限制性元素。土壤磷的有效性取决于磷的存在形态及其转化过程。目前有关增温如何调控磷形态转化过程, 从而促进土壤有效磷含量增加的机制尚未明确。该研究以南亚热带森林为研究对象, 采用沿海拔高度从300 m下降至30 m以模拟温度自然上升的方法, 采集该林型0-10、10-20、20-40 cm的土壤, 并用适用于酸性土壤的连续浸提方法分离不同形态磷, 研究增温对土壤不同形态磷含量的影响, 探讨土壤不同形态磷与有效磷的关系, 识别对土壤有效磷在增温背景下增加有重要贡献的磷组分。结果表明增温使0-10 cm的无机钙磷(Ca-Pi)及20-40 cm的无机铁磷(Fe-Pi)和总无机磷含量分别显著增加了65.5%、17.9%和18.5%, 但对总有机磷及各有机磷组分含量均无显著影响。土壤不同形态磷与有效磷含量的相关分析表明, 有效磷与无机态的不同形态磷及有机铝磷、有机铁磷含量均显著正相关, 其中与Fe-Pi含量的相关性最强。通过土壤不同形态磷与有效磷含量的通径分析进一步发现, 无机铝磷、Fe-Pi是土壤磷转化过程中的重要中间过渡性磷组分, 且Fe-Pi是促进有效磷含量增加最重要的直接贡献磷组分。结合前期研究结果, 增温可能增大了凋落物磷对土壤磷的输入, 还可能强化了土壤的吸附和沉淀过程, 使得更多进入到土壤的溶解态磷转化为Ca-Pi、Fe-Pi等缓效磷源, 其中Fe-Pi可能成为南亚热带森林在气候变暖背景下最重要的有效磷来源。     

一株曲霉在石灰性土壤磷素转化中的作用

向石灰性土壤接种1株具有强烈溶解无机磷酸盐的曲霉(Aspergillus sp. 2TCiF2),并进行土壤灭菌和加入葡萄糖或玉米秸秆处理,试图了解在室内培养条件下,该菌株在土壤磷素转化中的作用。结果表明,供试菌株在土壤中能够大量繁殖,充足的碳源更加有利于其生长繁殖,微生物碳最高接近800 mg/kg土。土壤有效磷含量和溶磷量都显著提高,加入葡萄糖或秸秆并不能显著地增强其溶磷作用。微生物所溶解的磷大部分形成微生物磷,少部分释放到土壤溶液中。     

解磷微生物修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,具有普遍性、隐蔽性、表聚性、不可逆性等特点,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。解磷微生物能够依靠自身的代谢产物或通过与其他生物的协同作用,将土壤中的难溶性磷转化为可供植物吸收利用的磷,具有多重植物促生长功能和重金属解毒能力,可在重金属毒害水平下,促进植物生长、提高植物抗病能力、克服重金属对植物生长的不利影响,从而增强重金属修复植物的生存竞争力。从解磷微生物的研究现状入手,介绍了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染的修复能力,综述了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染修复的作用机制,分析了目前解磷微生物在重金属修复过程中存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向,为重金属污染土壤的修复提供了新思路。     

林下植被去除对樟子松人工林土壤酶活性的影响

林下植物是森林生态系统的重要组分,在调节森林养分循环中起重要作用。本研究以科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为对象,研究了林下植被去除对土壤微生物量、参与碳氮磷矿化的6种水解酶活性以及有效氮磷含量的影响。结果表明,林下植被去除显著降低了夏季(8月份)所有酶活性以及土壤微生物量碳、微生物量磷和有效磷含量,而在春季(5月份)仅显著降低了土壤β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,对其他酶活性、微生物量以及有效氮磷含量无显著影响。结果表明,保留林下植被能有效促进樟子松人工林土壤微生物活性和土壤碳氮磷转化,维持植物生长期养分供应。     

解磷菌剂对海滨盐土有效磷含量及耐盐油料植物生长的影响

利用菌根真菌(AM菌)和本实验室在互花米草群落盐土中发现的一种特有优势真菌毛霉(Mortierella sp.)研制的解磷菌剂,以海滨盐土为基质进行盆栽试验,研究了菌剂对海滨盐土的有效磷含量的影响.结果表明:混合施用AM菌剂和毛霉菌剂后,蓖麻的株高、茎粗、鲜质量、干质量以及叶片叶绿素含量,较对照(CK)分别增加了110.0%、48.8%、85.9%、112.0%和67.6%,土壤有效磷含量较CK增加了52.9%,与CK间差异均达极显著水平,同时显著高于单施2种解磷菌剂的处理,单施2种解磷菌剂的处理间无显著性差异;海滨锦葵的株高、茎粗、鲜质量、干质量以及叶片叶绿素含量,较CK分别增加了45.4%、85.5%、200.0%、157.0%和83.4%,土壤有效磷含量较CK增加了89.0%,与CK相比差异达极显著水平,显著高于单施菌剂的处理,而单施毛霉菌剂后土壤有效磷显著高于单施AM菌剂;2种解磷菌剂在促进蓖麻和海滨锦葵生长的同时,有提高海滨盐土有效磷含量的作用,而且2种菌剂混合施用效果最佳,对于提高中国盐土磷资源利用率以及促进盐土农业生产的持续发展具有重要实践意义.     

土壤原生动物

土壤原生动物早已被认为是土壤有机整体的一部分,尤其是在陆地生态系统的物质分解过程中所起到的重要作用,日益引起广泛的关注。因此,本文仅从土壤原生动物的种类与分布,环境对土壤原生动物的影响和原生动物在土壤中的作用三方面做一简要综述。     

Simulated herbivory effects on rhizosphere organisms in pea (Pisum sativum) depended on phosphate

The effects of simulated aboveground herbivory and phosphate addition to soil on rhizosphere organisms (arbuscular mychorrhiza (AM), Rhizobium spp., bacteria, protozoa and nematodes) were studied in a 2 by 2 factorial designed pot experiment with Pea plants (Pisum sativum). Measurements were performed on 24 day old plants that were still in the nutrient acquisition phase before flowering. AM colonization and bacterial feeding nematodes were stimulated by high simulated her- bivory especially when plants were phosphate deficient. Total number of nematodes was higher with phosphate deficiency. Furthermore, non-significant peak values in soil respiration, total number of nematodes, and bacterial number were observed in phosphate deficient plants with high simulated herbivory. In phosphate amended plants, fast-growing protozoa and bacterial feeding nematodes decreased at high simulated herbivory. These results support the hypothesis that the plant regulates abundances of both AM and free-living rhizosphere organisms and thereby the amount of plant-available nutrients, according to demand via root exudation. Rhizobium spp. was significantly stimulated by phosphate addition but not affected by simulated herbivory. Metabolites produced by rhizosphere bacteria from plants exposed to high simulated herbivory in phosphate amended soil stimulated seed performance. Possible interactions between protozoa and nematodes in relation to production and composition of bacteria in the rhizosphere are discussed.     

Native soil and fresh fertilizer phosphorus uptake as affected by rate of application and P fertilizers

³²P labelled fertilizers were used to measure native soil and fresh fertilizer phosphorus uptake byLolium perenne L. in greenhouse experiments. The P source evaluation was carried out for multiple rates of application for a standard P fertilizer (DAP) on low and medium soil P levels and for North Carolina rock phosphate (RP) at the medium soil P level only. At the low soil P level, the native P uptake increase was independent of P-DAP applied, and represented 19% of the nil P uptake. At the medium soil P level, the variability of the native soil as a nutrient P source depended on the phosphate fertilizer applied, and the rate of application. Consequently the amount of total P uptake could conceal differences in P fertilizer evaluations as the nutrient P source. Fresh P uptake increased linearly with the rates of P applied as standard or tested P fertilizer. The comparison of various P sources by means of fresh P uptake ratio (i.e. fresh P uptake from tested phosphate divided by fresh P uptake from standard phosphate) was independent of the rate of application. It was therefore suggested that various phosphorus sources be evaluated by measuring the fresh P uptake for a single rate of application.     

Effect of phosphate-solubilizing fungi Aspergillus awamori S29 on mungbean (Vigna radiata cv. RMG 492) growth

A phosphate solubilizing fungus, Aspergillus awamori S29 was isolated from rhizoshpere of mungbean. The phosphate solubilizing activity of A. awamori S29 in liquid was 1,110?mg/L for tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The organism was able to solubilize various inorganic forms of phosphate at a wide range of temperatures. Among various insoluble phosphate sources tested, di-calcium phosphate was solubilized the most, followed by TCP. A. awamori S29 had significant effect (p?<?0.05) on mungbean growth, total P and plant biomass under pot conditions, although no obvious difference in available P in soil and number of leaves was found compared to the control.     

Protozoa,Nematoda and Lumbricidae in the rhizosphere of Hordelymus europeaus (Poaceae): faunal interactions,response of microorganisms and effects on plant growth

Interactions among protozoa (mixed cultures of ciliates, flagellates and naked amoebae), bacteria-feeding nematodes (Pellioditis pellio Schneider) and the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) were investigated in experimental chambers with soil from a beechwood (Fagus sylvatica L.) on limestone. Experimental chambers were planted with the grass Hordelymus europeaus L. (Poaceae) and three compartments separated by 45-m mesh were established: rhizosphere, intermediate and non-rhizosphere. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks and the following parameters were measured at the end of the experiment: shoot and root mass of H. europaeus, carbon and nitrogen content in shoots and roots, density of ciliates, amoebae, flagellates and nematodes, microbial biomass (SIR), basal respiration, streptomycin sensitive respiration, ammonium and nitrate contents, phosphate content of soil compartments. In addition, leaching of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and leachate pH were measured at regular intervals in leachate obtained from suction cups in the experimental chambers. Protozoa stimulated the recovery of nitrifying bacteria following defaunation (by chloroform fumigation) and increased nitrogen losses as nitrate in leachate. In contrast, protozoa and nematodes reduced leaching of phosphate, an effect ascribed to stimulation of microbial growth early in the experiment. Earthworms strongly increased the amount of extractable mineral nitrogen whereas it was strongly reduced by protozoa and nematodes. Both protozoa and nematodes reduced the stimulatory effect of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and numbers of protozoa and nematodes increased in the vicinity of the root. Protozoa generally caused a decrease in microbial biomass whereas nematodes and earthworms reduced microbial biomass only in the absence of protozoa. None of the animals studied significantly affected basal respiration, but specific respiration of microorganisms (O₂ consumption per unit biomass) was generally higher in animal treatments. The stimulatory effect of nematodes and earthworms, however, occurred only in the absence of protozoa. The sensitivity of respiration to streptomycin suggested that protozoa selectively grazed on bacterial biomass but the bacterial/fungal ratio appeared to be unaffected by grazing of P. pellio. Earthworms reduced root biomass of H. europaeus, although shoot biomass remained unaffected, and concentrations of nitrogen in shoots and particularly in roots were strongly increased by earthworms. Both nematodes and protozoa increased plant biomass, particularly that of roots. This increase in plant biomass was accompanied by a marked decrease in nitrogen concentrations in roots and to a lesser extent in shoots. Generally, the effects of protozoa on plant growth considerably exceeded those of nematodes. It is concluded that nematodes and protozoa stimulated plant growth by non-nutritional effects, whereas the effects of earthworms were caused by an increase in nutrient supply to H. europaeus.     

Use of protozoa and metazoa for decreasing sludge production in aerobic wastewater treatment

Summary A new approach to decreasing sludge production in aerobic biological wastewater treatment involving use of protozoa and metazoa was tested. The dissolved organics in the two synthetic wastewaters (based on acetic acid and methanol, respectively) tested were decomposed to >90% and the biomass production was decreased by 60–80%. The total sludge yield, expressed as total suspended solids per gram chemical oxygen demand removed, was 0.17 g TSS/g COD in the system fed acetic acid, whereas it was 0.05 g TSS/g COD in the system fed methanol. The explanation for this difference was that in the system fed methanol, dispersed bacteria were obtained that were easily grazed by the protozoa and metazoa in the predator stage. In the system fed acetic acid, the bacteria formed zoogloeal flocs, which protected them from grazing in the predator stage. With both carbon sources a significant release of nitrate (> 7 mg N/l) and of phosphate (> 2.5 mg P/l) was observed in the effluent.     

Phosphorus in soil extracted with anion-exchange resin

Summary An anion-exchange resin partially charged with bicarbonate was used in a simple procedure to obtain parameters of phosphate release from soil. The amount of P released was greatly influenced by the length of time of equilibration, soil properties, P-fertilizer treatment and length of period of soil-fertilizer contact. The data fitted one constant equation. The kinetic approach differentiates among soils according to their ability to release phosphate to the soil solution. A single extract seemed to provide a reliable criterion for routine evaluation of P status in soil.     

Yield responses of two ryegrass and two white clover varieties grown in contrasting mixtures with applications of phosphate at different depths and on different soils

To validate earlier findings using ³²P in upland soil and at different depths in lowland soil, ryegrass varieties S.23 or Titania were grown in mixtures with white clover varieties S.184 or Olwen. Unlabelled phosphate (0 or 43 kg P/ha) was applied to the surface or at 30 cm depth in lowland soil, and dry matter yields of grass and clover were measured. In June, on lowland soil, the greatest yield of clover was obtained by surface application. The most productive mixture was S.23/Olwen, although in August Titania outyielded S.23. By October S.23 again outyielded Titania. These results validated the isotopically discovered interactions between phosphate depth and grass/clover mixtures. On upland peat and mineral soil, 0 or 43 kg P/ha was surface applied to the same varietal mixtures. In May, phosphate application to mineral soil slightly decreased clover presence, while clover was increased by mixture with Titania rather than S.23. In July, no significant phosphate effects were found, but in October phosphate increased clover yield and, at least on mineral soil, S.23/Olwen responded most.     

土壤原生动物对川滇高山栎恢复时间的响应及生长季动态

青藏高原东缘生态环境脆弱, 森林频繁遭到砍伐, 生物多样性受到严重威胁, 森林砍伐后的生态恢复成为研究热点。原生动物在生态恢复中作为指示生物起着重要作用。本文就未砍伐、砍伐后不同恢复时期(20年、10年和1年)生的川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)林的土壤理化性质和原生动物在生长季的变化进行比较研究, 以探讨生长季不同月份、不同恢复期的原生动物数量变化规律, 分析土壤理化性质与其相关性。结果表明: (1)恢复10年和1年的林地的鞭毛虫数量(193个/g干土, 164个/g干土)显著高于原始林地(22个/g干土), 肉足虫在恢复1年的林地中数量最多(600个/g干土), 纤毛虫数量则随次生演替进程逐渐增多。(2)在生长季不同月份原生动物的数量呈先增加后减少的趋势。鞭毛虫和肉足虫的峰值分别出现在7月和8月, 而纤毛虫的数量在7、8、9月明显高于6月。(3)原生动物数量与土壤理化性质密切相关。鞭毛虫数量与pH值呈显著正相关(P = 0.019), 纤毛虫数量与铵态氮(P = 0.002)和碳氮比呈显著正相关(P = 0.022), 肉足虫数量与硝态氮(P = 0.008)和碳氮比(P = 0.016)呈显著负相关。结果显示, 三种原生动物数量在生长季不同月份表现出较大的波动性, 其数量变化受土壤理化性质等多种因素调控。纤毛虫数量对川滇高山栎林砍伐恢复有正响应, 而鞭毛虫、肉足虫数量有负响应。