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1.
[目的]为了研究马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)幼虫的饲养密度对生殖的影响。[方法]本实验研究并比较了两种幼虫密度(15头/130 g块茎、45头/130 g块茎)的马铃薯块茎蛾成虫按照1:5和1:1比例交配后代的产卵量、畸形卵率、孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率、性比等生物学参数。[结果]高幼虫密度饲养的马铃薯块茎蛾化蛹率、羽化率、存活率、性比均显著较低,而幼虫~蛹的历期显著短于正常幼虫密度的。两种密度成虫按1:5头配对产卵,若雄性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则卵的孵化率显著较低,若雌性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则产卵量较低,畸形卵率显著较高。两种密度雌雄虫均为5头进行配对时,正常幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵的畸形率显著较低,产卵量、卵孵化率均显著较高,后代幼虫历期、化蛹率显著较高。而高幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵则受雄虫影响,亲代为高密度雄虫则畸形率较低,孵化率较高。[结论]高幼虫密度饲养的雄、雌虫生殖活力均降低。高幼虫密度雌虫可受高幼虫密度雄虫的诱导提高生殖能力,并影响其后代性比从而调节其种群动态。  相似文献   

2.
幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
室内观察了块茎中不同虫口密度(5、10、15、20、25、30头/块茎)对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)生长发育、后代发育和繁殖的影响。结果显示:幼虫密度显著影响马铃薯块茎蛾的生长发育及繁殖。对其生长发育影响的结果表明:幼虫的发育历期(7.1~9.1d)、蛹的历期(8.8~9.9d)、雌雄成虫的历期(分别为6.4~12.9d,6.7~11.6d)随幼虫密度的增加而延长;幼虫存活率(70.3%~93.3%)、蛹的羽化率(69.8%~91.7%)随幼虫密度的增加显著下降;单头蛹重(9.2~11.4mg)、单雌产卵量(136.8~166.0粒)、成虫的雌∶雄比(0.54~2.17)随幼虫密度的增加而下降。对其后代发育及繁殖的影响的结果表明:卵的发育历期(3.0~4.4d)、幼虫的发育历期(6.2~10.8d)、蛹的历期(8.1~10.0d)、雌雄成虫的历期(分别为7.4~11.8d,6.6~10.5d)、世代发育历期(24.4~36.1d)随幼虫密度的增加而从延长;卵的孵化率(73.1%~79.0%)、幼虫存活率(55.0%~96.8%)、蛹的羽化率(63.3%~93.3%)、世代的存活率(25.6%~71.5%)随虫口密度的增加而下降;单头蛹重(8.9~9.9mg)、单雌产卵量(93.5~155.6粒)、成虫的雌∶雄比(0.45~2.20)随虫口密度的增加而下降;种群趋势指数(I)(7.44~76.43)随幼虫密度的增加而下降。马铃薯块茎蛾的饲养密度建议以1头/13.0~26.0g块茎为宜。  相似文献   

3.
棉铃虫室内饲养技术的改进   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在传统人工饲料饲养技术的基础上 ,对棉铃虫的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的饲养器材和操作方法进行了简化和改进。将产于纱布上的卵经消毒晾干后 ,直接放于塑料保鲜袋中孵化。初孵幼虫用毛笔移入特制的带盖 1 0孔饲养盒 ,每孔 1头 ,孔径和高度为 2 5cm× 1 8cm ,接虫前每孔加人工饲料 4~ 5g ,接虫后加盖 ,直至化蛹。幼虫化蛹后用培养皿收集 ,直接放于成虫饲养笼中 ,任其羽化、交配和产卵。采用这一改进饲养技术 ,幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率等均有显著提高 ,棉铃虫的病害明显减少 ,同时节约饲养成本约 5 0 %。  相似文献   

4.
马铃薯块茎蛾生物学、生态学与综合治理   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
闫俊杰  张梦迪  高玉林 《昆虫学报》2019,62(12):1469-1482
马铃薯块茎蛾又称烟草潜叶蛾Phthorimaea operculella,起源于中美洲和南美洲北部地区,现已分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲、非洲等100多个国家,是茄科作物的世界性农业害虫,尤其对马铃薯有毁灭性的危害。目前,该虫在我国南方马铃薯产区普遍发生,尤其是在云南、四川、贵州等地区该害虫发生极为严重,且随着气候的变化该虫可能会扩散到其他马铃薯生产区。马铃薯块茎蛾主要进行两性生殖,少数孤雌生殖,其幼虫钻蛀叶片和薯块危害。初孵幼虫无性二态性,4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫均可依据外形特征进行雌雄区分。马铃薯块茎蛾发生世代数取决于当地的农业气候条件,年发生2~12代。马铃薯块茎蛾对温度有广泛的适应性,且在干燥炎热的年份该虫容易大爆发。马铃薯块茎蛾早期防控主要集中在种植抗性品种、深种、灌溉等农业防治措施上,但化学防治依然是马铃薯生产过程中防治马铃薯块茎蛾的主要方式,由于化学农药的广泛使用,该虫对有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类等杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性;为了减少化学农药的使用,延缓抗药性的发展,发现并筛选到多种对马铃薯块茎蛾具有防治作用的天敌昆虫和昆虫病原微生物。以(E4,Z7) 十三碳二烯基乙酸酯和(E4,Z7,Z10) 十三碳三烯基乙酸酯为主要成分的马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素在马铃薯块茎蛾监测和防治中也取得了较好的效果。桉树、皱叶薄荷等植物源化合物能够抑制马铃薯块茎蛾产卵;转基因抗虫马铃薯、遗传不育技术等绿色防控技术也成为了防控马铃薯块茎蛾的新方法。以往的研究发现使用单一生物防治手段很难达到理想的防控效果,集成与生物防控技术相容的化学物质、自然天敌和病原微生物等技术是有效控制马铃薯块茎蛾种群的重要趋势。本文系统综述了国内外马铃薯块茎蛾发生为害规律及综合防控技术研究进展,以期为马铃薯块茎蛾的持续治理提供参考依据。  相似文献   

5.
吴梅  韩瑞  周典  刘燕  肖春 《环境昆虫学报》2021,43(2):500-506
为探讨丹皮酚对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)行为的影响,采用室内生物测定法,研究了丹皮酚对马铃薯块茎蛾雌虫产卵选择及初孵幼虫、老熟幼虫的忌避作用.结果表明,丹皮酚对马铃薯块茎蛾雌虫产卵、初孵幼虫、老熟幼虫均有显著忌避作用:选择性产卵实验中,5 mg/mL丹皮酚溶液的忌避指数为-0.63;非选择性产卵实验中,5 mg/mL和1 mg/mL丹皮酚溶液的产卵忌避率分别为-89.0%和-46.6%,且前者对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有抑制作用;5 mg/mL及1 mg/mL丹皮酚溶液对马铃薯块茎蛾初孵幼虫均有极显著忌避作用,5 mg/mL丹皮酚溶液的忌避作用在0.5 h内可保持100%的忌避率,之后随时间延长而逐渐减弱;丹皮酚:沙(1 mg:2 g)对马铃薯块茎蛾老熟幼虫有显著忌避作用.本研究为丹皮酚作为一种有潜力的植物源忌避剂用于马铃薯仓贮期马铃薯块茎蛾虫害的防治提供理论依据.  相似文献   

6.
甜菜夜蛾人工饲料及饲养技术研究   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
研究了人工继代繁殖甜菜夜蛾饲料配方及饲养方法 ,测定了各虫态发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹畸形率及不同世代蛹重。采用改进的饲料配方饲养的深圳种群 ,第 2代幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹畸形率、羽化率分别为 7 8% ,97 3 % ,2 7%和 93 8% ,第 2 ,5 ,9,1 2代平均单头蛹重分别为 1 1 9 7± 1 6 1 ,98 3± 1 1 4,94 3± 1 2 6和 82 4± 9 6mg,平均单雌产卵量分别为 1 1 3 7 2± 63 3 ,684 5± 5 3 7,45 6 9± 40 2和 3 91 7± 45 6粒。人工饲养的甜菜夜蛾 ,卵、幼虫、蛹、雌性成虫的发育历期分别为 2 5~3 5 ,1 0~ 1 2 5 ,7~ 8 5和 8~ 1 4天 ,完成一个世代需要 2 1~ 2 5天。  相似文献   

7.
【目的】明确柠条重要食叶害虫四线奇尺蛾天津亚种Chiasmia saburraria richardsi的生物学特性,为进一步做好害虫防控提供科学依据。【方法】结合野外调查和室内饲养的方法,观察记录了四线奇尺蛾天津亚种的生长发育过程及行为特性。【结果】四线奇尺蛾天津亚种在宁夏地区1年发生2代,世代重叠明显。在8月底开始以蛹在10 cm浅层土内越冬,越冬代成虫次年5月中旬始见,5月下旬第1代卵开始孵化,7月初第一代老熟幼虫开始化蛹,蛹期是10d,7月中旬第2代成虫开始羽化,7月下旬第2代幼虫出现,8月下旬第2代老熟幼虫开始化蛹,越冬蛹期为260 d左右。常见捕食性天敌有蠋蝽、日本弓背蚁和沙泥蜂,寄生性天敌有白僵菌。【结论】四线奇尺蛾天津亚种C.s.richardsi是一种危害柠条的食叶害虫。  相似文献   

8.
在宁夏银川利用室内自然条件比较观察了莱氏脊漠甲Pterocoma reitteri Frivaldszky和洛氏脊漠甲Pterocoma loczyi Frivaldszky的生物学特性。莱氏脊漠甲2年发生1代,以成虫和幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫于翌年6月下旬至9月上旬化蛹,羽化成虫7月上旬开始出现;洛氏脊漠甲2年发生1代,以成虫和幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫于翌年3月中、下旬出土活动,并在5月下旬至7月下旬化蛹,羽化成虫6月上旬出现。2种脊漠甲的幼虫在室内饲养条件下均有自相残杀的习性。  相似文献   

9.
棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料   总被引:16,自引:6,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
用不同人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫Heliothis armtgera;通过试验比较,设计和发展了适合于大量饲养棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料。与自然饲料相比,用这种人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫发育快、存活率高、蛹大、成虫产卵多。已经用紫云英-麦胚人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫16代,各代幼虫的存活率在85—97%之间,成虫平均产卵1,000多粒,孵化率不低于70%。6龄幼虫对这种人工饲料的利用和转化效率分别是26.7%和65.0%。  相似文献   

10.
【目的】本研究建立了沙棘绕实蝇Rhagoletis batava Hering实验种群,为该实蝇生物防治工作奠定基础。【方法】以蜂蜜、蔗糖、酵母膏等为原料,按照不同配比配成饲料,饲养沙棘绕实蝇成虫,观察其对成虫性成熟、交配产卵以及寿命的影响。此外,在室内条件(25.00±2.50)℃,光照周期为15L:9D,相对湿度65.00%±5.00%,以蔗糖、酵母膏、麦麸、沙棘果汁(果酱)等为原料,按照不同配比配成饲料,饲养沙棘绕实蝇幼虫,观察其对幼虫历期+化蛹历期、化蛹率及蛹特性的影响。【结果】4种不同配比的饲料对成虫性成熟、交配时间、产卵痕数量和雌雄成虫寿命有显著影响;其中配方D饲养的沙棘绕实蝇成虫性成熟历期、交配时间和产卵痕数量、雌雄成虫寿命分别为(1.78±0.09)d、(4.15±0.03)h、(4.52±0.17)个、(15.47±0.77)d和(15.15±0.79)d,与配方A、B、C均有极显著性差异(P0.01)。幼虫半人工饲料最佳配方为配方C,其化蛹率、幼虫历期+化蛹历期、蛹长、蛹宽、蛹重分别为50.00%±2.89%、(7.20±0.16)d、(4.74±0.03)mm、(2.45±0.24)mm、(7.21±0.11)mg;全人工饲料最佳配方为配方C,其化蛹率、幼虫历期+化蛹历期、蛹长、蛹宽、蛹重分别为35.00%±7.64%、(5.38±0.18)d、(4.26±0.04)mm、(2.30±0.02)mm、(6.12±0.18)mg;果酱饲料最佳配方为配方C,其化蛹率、幼虫历期+化蛹历期、蛹长、蛹宽、蛹重分别为45.00%±2.89%、(7.11±0.16)d、(4.45±0.07)mm、(2.44±0.02)mm、(6.78±0.21)mg。【结论】沙棘绕实蝇成虫饲养最佳配方为酵母膏20 g、蜂蜜20 g、纯净水160 mL;幼虫半人工饲料最佳配方为蔗糖10 g、酵母膏15 g、麦麸30 g、沙棘果汁50 mL;幼虫全人工饲料最佳配方为蔗糖10 g、酵母膏15 g、麦麸30 g、纯净水50 mL;幼虫饲养最佳果泥饲料配方为沙棘果酱50 g、酵母膏3 g、尼泊尔金0.3 g。  相似文献   

11.
Various physical and chemical properties of host plants influence insect larval performance and subsequent adult fitness. Tomato plants are relatively new hosts to the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), with the fruit being its preferred feeding site. However, it is unclear how the biochemical and physical properties of tomato fruits relate to potato tuber moth performance. Significant amounts of alpha-tomatine were detected in maturing green and ripening fruits of cherry (cv. Ceres) and processing (cv. Serio) types of tomatoes whereas none was detected in a fresh market variety (cv. Marglobe), at comparable stages. alpha-Tomatine is negatively and significantly correlated with development rate (head capsule size) of larvae reared in the fruits of the cherry and processing type tomatoes. Generally, survival, growth and development were significantly superior for larvae reared in the ripening fruits of the fresh market cultivar. At this stage, the fruits of this cultivar are also the largest. Based on these results it is concluded that fruit alpha-tomatine content, as well as fruit size and maturity, all affect performance of P. operculella larvae in the fruits of cultivated tomatoes.  相似文献   

12.
The feeding behaviour of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lep., Gelechiidae), reared on leaves and tubers of potato plants, which were irradiated as seed (tubers) with stimulation doses of gamma irradiation (1, 3, 5 and 10 Gy), was studied. Significant differences in the larvae and pupae developmental time, pupal weight, mortality, fecundity and percentage egg hatch, were observed between insects fed on plants which resulted from the irradiated seeds and those of the control. It appears that leaves of potato plants grown from irradiated seeds particularly those of 3 Gy, became more attractive to the larvae, although the resulting tubers, with the exception of those of 10 Gy, became more resistant to potato tuber moth. Storing the tubers at ambient temperature conditions affected the degree of larval sensitivity. The leaves and tubers of 10 Gy-irradiated seeds became more suitable for insect development, indicating that the later dose may inhibit the production of secondary plant metabolities and chemical compounds.  相似文献   

13.
The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, is the most damaging potato pest in the world and is difficult to control as the larvae are internal feeders in the foliage and tubers. Entomopathogenic fungi that colonize plants as endophytes have lethal and sublethal pathological effects on insect pests. We show that Beauveria bassiana colonizes the aerial parts of potato plants endophytically after inoculation through soil drenching. Endophytic B. bassiana persisted in potato foliage for more than 50 days postinoculation. Bioassays indicated that foliage of B. bassiana-inoculated potato plants were pathogenic against larvae of P. operculella. Sublethal experiments indicated that B. bassiana negatively affected the growth, development, and reproduction of P. operculella. Development experiments showed that the weight of P. operculella pupae reared on B. bassiana-colonized potato plants (4.25 mg) was significantly less than that of those reared on uninoculated control plants (8.89 mg). Compared with newly eclosed larvae fed on control plants, those fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants had significantly lower survivorship, with only 17.8% developing to the adult stage. Oviposition of P. operculella females reared on B. bassiana endophytically colonized plants was significantly lower (35 eggs/female) than of those reared on uninoculated plants (115 eggs/female). This study demonstrates that endophytic B. bassiana can be a potential biological control agent for the control and management of P. operculella. Comparing pupal weights of P. operculella reared on potato plants inoculated with the B. bassiana strain GZGY-1-3 and on untreated control plants, pupae from the control plants were significantly heavier than those from treated plants.  相似文献   

14.
The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a major agricultural pest of solaneceous crops in warm countries worldwide. The encyrtid polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri (Blanchard) has been successfully introduced for biological control of the moth in potato fields in South Africa and Australia; however, augmentative releases of the parasitoid in trial plots and in commercial potato fields in Israel did not reduce pest populations or infestation levels more than chemical treatment. Copidosoma koehleri accounted for 4–5% of parasitism on tuber moth caterpillars, while most parasitism was due to local species of larval parasitoids. The abundance and composition of local parasitoids did not differ between C. koehleri release plots and conventionally treated control plots. These findings can be interpreted as failure of the introduced parasitoids to survive and locate their hosts, or as mortality of C. koehleri within hosts in the field. Sentinel hosts, placed in trial plots and collected after 24 h, were rarely parasitised by C. koehleri, supporting the first interpretation. To test the second hypothesis, hosts parasitised by C. koehleri were placed in field plots for a week, collected, and reared out in the laboratory. The emergence rates of C. koehleri from these hosts resembled those of lab-reared controls, suggesting that mortality within hosts in the field is not a major cause of C. koehleri's poor biocontrol performance.  相似文献   

15.
16.
A new mark-capture technique involving field applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) to study the dispersal of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), was investigated as a tool to improve information on the potential impact of insect pest dispersal on crop infestation and insecticide resistance. The acquisition and persistence of Bt on moths were characterized and potential contamination of moths from naturally occurring Bts was examined. This mark-capture technique was developed to mark larger numbers of moths than had been previously achieved with laboratory marking using fluorescent dyes in mark-release-recapture experiments. Applications of commercial preparations of Bt to 0.3 and 1.0 ha potato fields were estimated to have marked ca. 50 000 moths in each experiment. Pheromone trap catches of potato tuber moths in the Bt-sprayed fields and in potato fields at distances of ca. 80, 200, 350, and 750 m were assayed for the Bt marker using selective microbiological media and identification of characteristic Bt crystal inclusions. Marking rates of moths were 78–100% in the sprayed fields and, compared with our previous mark-release-recapture studies, marking at ca. 200 m was increased by 15–18-fold to >3.0 moths per trap. This capture rate allowed the calculation of a dispersal curve that improved the reliability of estimates of movement at farm-scale distances. These estimates indicated that 10% of the population dispersed to 240 m in 3 days, and suggested that moths can potentially disperse throughout a typical potato-growing area in one growing season. This level of dispersal has implications for the spread and management of potato tuber moth populations, especially if insecticide resistance is present.  相似文献   

17.
Cysteine proteinase forms in sprouting potato tuber   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Transformation of plants with exogenous proteinase inhibitor genes represents an attractive strategy for the biological control of insect pests. However, such a strategy necessitates a thorough characterization of endogenous proteinases. which represent potential target enzymes for the exogenous inhibitors produced. In the present study. changes in general endoproteolytic activity were monitored during sprouting of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec) tuber. Quantitative data obtained using standard procedures showed that an increase in cysteine proteinase (EC 3.4.22) activity occurs during sprouting. This increased activity results from the gradual appearance of new cysteine proteinase forms, as demonstrated by the use of class-specific proteinase activity gels. While only one cysteine proteinase form was present during early sprouting, at least six new active forms of the same class were shown to appear gradually after the mature tuber was sown, suggesting the involvement of a complex cysteine proteolytic system in the last stages of tuber protein breakdown. Interestingly, oryzacystatins I and II. two cysteine proleinase inhibitors potentially useful for insect control, had no effect on any tuber proteinase delected. Similar results were obtained with leaf, stem and stolon proteinases. This apparent absence of direct interference supports the potential of oryzacystatin genes for production of insect-tolerant transgenie potato plants.  相似文献   

18.
In plant pathosystems involving insect vectors, disease spread, incidence, and severity often depend on the density of the vector population and its rate of infectivity with the disease pathogen. The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), has recently been associated with zebra chip (ZC), an emerging and economically important disease of potato in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum," a previously undescribed species of liberibacter has been linked to the disease and is transmitted to potato by B. cockerelli. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and field conditions to determine the impact of B. cockerelli density on ZC incidence, potato yield, and tuber processing quality. Insect densities ranging from one to 25 liberibacter-infective psyllids per plant were used during the experiments. Results showed that a single adult potato psyllid was capable of inoculating liberibacter to potato and causing ZC disease after a 72-h inoculation access period and was as damaging as 25 psyllids per plant. In addition, ZC-diseased plants showed a sharp reduction in tuber yield but the disease response was independent of the density of psyllids. Furthermore, both glucose and sucrose were found to have highly elevated concentrations in ZC-diseased potato tubers compared with noninfected ones and psyllid density did not vary the response. The high reducing sugar concentrations found in ZC-infected potato tubers are believed to be responsible for browning and reduced quality in processed ZC-infected tubers. This information could help ZC-affected potato producers in making effective management decisions for this serious disease.  相似文献   

19.
57 native potato tuber samples collected from different potato growing region of Iran, planted on single rows in Karaj College experimental station. Plant samples of each single row plus 9.25 Fresh foliage samples collected from fields under new introduced cultivars were tested for potato virus (PVM) infection during growing season. Also 78 weeds and field crops belonging to Solonacae and Leguminosae from or neighboring to potato field were tested. Results indicated that PVM was not found on any plant other than potatoes. PVM was detected on 16 samples of 57 old vars, Virus was not seen in any samples collected from fields under new varieties. Results show that PVM is limiting in this crop. PVM detecting is difficult using assay hosts. Best test plants were French bean var Red kidney, Showing pinpoint necrotic LL, also Datura metel and Nicotiana debneyi are useful for virus detection showing chlorotic local lesion. Also microprecipition and gel diffusion test can be used for virus detection but Elisa was the best method. PVM infected plant showed 11-19.5 percent yield decrease in 3 cultivars tested.  相似文献   

20.
The cDNA for a 73-mer peptide containing two locust serine proteinase inhibitors was cloned, fused to the constitutive CaMV35S promoter and introduced into potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. From 23 independent transgenic lines, three with high mRNA level and proteinase inhibitory activity were propagated in vitro and transferred to pots. The peptide from the leaves was identified by its N-terminal sequence and by Ki values against chymotrypsin and trypsin. Colorado potato beetle larvae reared on transgenic plants grew slightly but significantly more slowly than those on control plants. This supports the notion that expression of multifunctional proteinase inhibitors of insect origin might be a good strategy to improve insect resistance in plants.  相似文献   

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