山西翅果油树群落种间关系的数量分析

应用 2× 2列联表的 Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和 Spearm an秩相关系数检验研究了山西翅果油树群落的种间关系 ,分别测定了 42种植物 ,共 86 1个种对的种间关联 (或相关 )。结果表明 :1) 2× 2列联表的精确检验共有 2 8个种对为正关联 ,14个种对为负关联 (p <0 .0 5或 p<0 .0 1,下同 ) ;Peaorson相关系数有 5 6个种对为正相关 ,14个种对为负相关 ;Spearman秩相关系数有 96个种对呈正相关 ,46个种对呈负相关。 2 ) 2× 2列联表的Fisher精确检验不能反映两个种对间的数量变化关系 ,应用 Pearson相关系数和 Spearman秩相关检验来刻划种对间的数量变化关系 ;与 Pearson相关系数检验相比 ,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。 3)种对间的正关联和正相关 ,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性 ,对生境具有相似的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致 ;而种对间的负关联和负相关 ,则主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性 ,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互重叠的生态位所致。     

山西黄河湿地植被优势种群种间关系

在样方调查的基础上,应用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验了山西黄河湿地植被优势种群的种间关系,分别测定了24个优势种,共73个种对的种间关联。结果表明:(1)2×2列联表的精确检验共有33个种对为正关联,4个种对为负关联;Pearson相关系数有16个种对呈正相关,没有种对出现负关联;Spearman秩相关系数有40个种对呈正相关,4个种对为负关联。(2)2×2列联表的精确检验不能精确反映种对间的数量变化关系,只能反映种对间关联与否;应用Pearson相关系数和Sperman秩相关检验可帮助刻划种对间的数量变化关系。(3)依Spearman秩相关系数的半矩阵图将24个优势种分为旱生、中生、湿生、水生4个生态种组,各生态种组内的种对具有相同的资源利用方式和生态要求。     

山西绵山植被木本植物优势种群种间关联

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,研究了山西绵山植被21个优势种群、210个种对间的种间关联性。结果表明:1)χ2检验有109个种对呈正相关,101个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为1.08;Pearson相关系数检验87个种对正相关,122个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.71;Spearman秩相关系数检验99个种对呈正相关,111个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.89。2)按照21个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素,它们被划分为两大生态种组。3)与Pearson相关系数检验相比,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。4)种对间的正关联或正相关,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性和相互重叠的生态位所致;而种对间的负关联或负相关,则主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致。     

秦岭太白红杉群落种间关系的数量分析

应用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验,研究了太白红杉群落中44种植物 共946个种对 的种间关系.结果有33个种对正关联,12个种对负关联 P<0.05或P<0.01 .另外,用Pearson积矩相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验刻划了种对间的数量变化关系.Pearson相关系数显示有31个种对呈显著正协变,5个种对呈显著负协变;Spearman秩相关系数显示有30个种对呈显著正协变,5个种对呈显著负协变,并分别计算出了其相关系数.研究结果表明,太白红杉群落种间关系较为简单,但草本层物种间连接相对较为复杂,灌木层次之.乔木层中,太白红杉和巴山冷杉呈显著的负协变效应.     

塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠银沙槐群落主要植物的种间关系

根据野外调查的样地数据资料,运用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,并结合DCA排序,分析塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠银沙槐群落主要植物种群之间的种间关系。结果表明:Fisher精确检验有3个种对呈显著正关联,3个种对呈显著负关联;Pearson相关系数检验有1个种对呈显著正相关,12个种对呈显著负相关;Spearman秩相关系数检验,有14个种对存在显著相关,其中负相关13对,占所有种对数的14.29%,正相关1对,占所有种对数的1.1%。银沙槐群落种间关系相对松散,反映出植物群落随着环境变化其物种组成也发生相应变化,正向着相对稳定独立的无关联方向发展。     

五台山蓝花棘豆群落优势种群的种间关系分析

应用2×2列联表的χ2检验和Spearman秩相关系数研究了五台山蓝花棘豆群落(Oxytropiscoeruleacommunity)的种间关系,分别测定了18种植物,共153个种对的种间关联(或相关)。结果表明,χ2检验仅有6个种对为显著或极显著正(或负)关联,而相关系数表明有10个种对呈显著正相关,8个种对呈显著负相关。整体来看,大多数种群之间关系松散。种群之间正关联或正相关主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性,对生境的需求相似;而种对间的负关联和负相关,则主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性或相互竞争所致。     

历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落树种种间关系及环境解释

采用 2× 2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验研究山西省历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落树种种间关系。结果表明 :1 )秩相关检验的正负相关种对数均高于相关系数检验的种对数 ,说明秩相关系数比相关系数灵敏度要高。 2 )物种之间正相关 ,主要是由于它们对生境具有相似的生态适应性 ,而物种之间负相关 ,则主要是由于它们对生境具有不同的生态适应性 ,种间关系的环境解释很好地验证了这一点。3)依据测定结果 ,将该区乔木层树种划分为 4个生态种组 ,生态种组的划分为进一步研究群落的结构、功能、动态、演替提供了重要的理论依据     

紫柏山亚高山草甸群落的种间关联和相关分析

采用方差比率法、x2检验、Jaccard关联指数以及Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了秦岭紫柏山亚高山草甸群落20个主要物种的种间关联与相关性.结果表明:种对间呈显著和极显著关联(相关)的种对较少,x2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验的正负关联(相关)比分别为0.85、0.61和1.02,群落总体上接近无关联,处于相对稳定状态;Spearman秩相关星座图将20个物种划分为4个生态种组,各生态种组内的物种具有相似的生态要求和资源利用方式,不同生态种组间呈现明显的演替转化趋势;种对间呈正关联或者正相关,主要是由于具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性;种对间呈负关联或者负相关,主要由于彼此间具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致.     

秦岭金水河岸弃耕地草本植物种间关系

基于野外51个样方调查数据,运用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,并结合DCA排序,研究了秦岭金水河岸弃耕地40种草本植物的种间关系。结果表明,Spearman秩相关系数检验,有90个种对存在显著相关（p〈0．05或P〈0．01）,其中负相关9对,占所有种对数的1．15％,正相关81对,占所有种对数的10．38％;Pearson相关系数检验有55个种对呈显著正相关,2个种对呈显著负相关;Fisher精确检验表明28个种对呈显著正关联,5个种对呈显著负关联。根据DCA排序将40种草本植物划分为3个生态种组,代表着不同的演替阶段,反映了随着环境条件变化植物群落组成发生的相应变化。对资源和环境要求类似的种对倾向于表现出显著的正相关,负相关的种对多处于不同演替阶段。     

山西五鹿山自然保护区暴马丁香群落木本植物种间联结性分析

通过方差分析,χ²检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,采用2×2列联表对五鹿山暴马丁香林中频度较高的34个木本植物优势种,561个种对间的关联性进行了研究.分析结果表明: 34个优势种种间总体关联性呈现不显著负关联,表明该群落处于不稳定的顶级状态.χ²检验结果中,有216个种对呈正相关,345个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.626; Pearson相关系数检验结果为: 149个种对呈正相关,412个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.362; Spearman秩相关系数检验结果为: 206个种对呈正相关,365个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.564; Spearman秩相关系数比Pearson相关系数的检验方法灵敏度更高.     

芯片数据标准化方法比较研究

在基因芯片实验中,基因表达水平之间的相关性在推断基因间相互关系时起到非常重要的作用.未经标准化处理的芯片数据基因之间往往都呈现出很强的相关性,这些高相关性一部分是由基因表达水平变化引起的,而另外一部分是由系统偏差引起的.对芯片数据进行标准化处理的目的之一是消除系统偏差引起的高相关性,同时保留由真正生物学原因引起的基因表达水平高相关性.虽然目前对标准化方法已经有了不少比较研究,但还较少有人研究标准化方法对基因之间相关系数的影响,以及哪种方法最有利于恢复基因之间的相关性结构.通过对基因表达水平数据的模拟,具体比较了几种常用标准化方法的效果,从而给出最有利于恢复基因之间相关性结构的那种标准化方法.     

景观指数之间的相关分析

应用辽宁省1997~1998年的TM 5影像数据,编制了景观类型图,以78个县市区为单位,分割成78个景观,共计算39个景观格局指数,对它们进行了相关分析。总面积是最基本的景观指数,它决定景观总边界长度、斑块数、类型密度等基本指数,同时与多个指数有显著的相关关系(相关系数绝对值大于0.75)。形状指数的独立性强,极少数指数与其它指数有显著的相关关系;多样性指数和蔓延度指数之间信息重复量最多,都表示景观的异质性,但多样性指数以面积百分比表示景观异质性,而蔓延度指数以类型之间相邻边界的百分比表示景观异质性。研究发现,如果两个指数之间存在显著的相关关系,而由它们两个构成的指数与它们之间没有显著的相关关系。如果指数平均值之间存在显著的相关关系,则它们的变异系数之间不存在显著的相关关系。景观指数间的相关系数不仅与景观格局本身有关,还与空间尺度,分类系统、计算公式及其参数、计算单元和生态学意义关系密切。指数之间影响因子的相同之处越多,它们之间存在显著相关关系的概率越大。     

Tests of significance for point-biserial rank correlation coefficients in the presence of ties

This paper deals with exact and asymptotic tests of significance of the point-biserial rank correlations of the KENDALL and SPEARMAN tests when ties are present and mid-ranks are assigned to tied values.     

Estimating the generalized concordance correlation coefficient through variance components

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) are two of the most popular measures of agreement for variables measured on a continuous scale. Here, we demonstrate that ICC and CCC are the same measure of agreement estimated in two ways: by the variance components procedure and by the moment method. We propose estimating the CCC using variance components of a mixed effects model, instead of the common method of moments. With the variance components approach, the CCC can easily be extended to more than two observers, and adjusted using confounding covariates, by incorporating them in the mixed model. A simulation study is carried out to compare the variance components approach with the moment method. The importance of adjusting by confounding covariates is illustrated with a case example.     

Measurement error in heat tolerance assays

Biological measurements inherently involve some measurement error (ME), which is a major concern because measurement accuracy (how closely a measurement reproduces the true value of the attribute being measured) and statistical power steadily decrease with increasing ME. However, ME has been largely overlooked in the thermal biology literature, which can be explained by the fact that thermotolerance estimates often involve the collapse or death of the tested individuals and measurements cannot be repeated in vivo with the same specimen under identical conditions. Here we assess inter- and intra-researcher (test-retest) reliability of heat tolerance measured as knockdown time from digital recordings of Drosophila subobscura flies individually assayed in vials with a dynamic method. We provide a summary of various estimators used to compute measurement reliability (the degree to which the measurement is affected by ME) together with their statistical properties. Our results indicate that the estimation of heat knockdown time has poor reliability: intra-researcher ME=29% and inter-researcher ME=34%. This difference is attributed to lack of ‘accurateness’ (the difference in the marginal distributions of the measurements taken by the two researchers) because measurement imprecision was essentially the same in both estimates (27%). In view of our results we conclude that thermal biologists should report the reliability of thermotolerance estimates and, when necessary, adopt some straightforward guidelines suggested here to improve measurement reliability.     

Overall concordance correlation coefficient for evaluating agreement among multiple observers

Accurate and precise measurement is an important component of any proper study design. As elaborated by Lin (1989, Biometrics 45, 255-268), the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is more appropriate than other indices for measuring agreement when the variable of interest is continuous. However, this agreement index is defined in the context of comparing two fixed observers. In order to use multiple observers in a study involving large numbers of subjects, there is a need to assess agreement among these multiple observers. In this article, we present an overall CCC (OCCC) in terms of the interobserver variability for assessing agreement among multiple fixed observers. The OCCC turns out to be equivalent to the generalized CCC (King and Chinchilli, 2001, Statistics in Medicine 20, 2131-2147; Lin, 1989; Lin, 2000, Biometrics 56, 324-325) when the squared distance function is used. We evaluated the OCCC through generalized estimating equations (Barnhart and Williamson, 2001, Biometrics 57, 931-940) and U-statistics (King and Chinchilli, 2001) for inference. This article offers the following important points. First, it addresses the precision and accuracy indices as components of the OCCC. Second, it clarifies that the OCCC is the weighted average of all pairwise CCCs. Third, it is intuitively defined in terms of interobserver variability. Fourth, the inference approaches of GEE and the U-statistics are compared via simulations for small samples. Fifth, we illustrate the use of the OCCC by two medical examples with the GEE, U-statistics, and bootstrap approaches.     

Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province

Aims Interspecific relationship is one of the most important properties in plant communities. Analyzing species association and correlation between vertical layers in plant communities is ecologically crucial for understanding community structure, dynamics and classification. The objective of this study was to test how plant species in contrasting vertical layers of plant communities associate and correlate. Methods The study sites are located in Tiantong region in Zhejiang Province. Community structure and species composition were measured in an early successional community of Liquidambar formosana. Interspecific relationships were examined between 3 tree species and 3 sub-tree species, between 3 tree species and 28 shrub species, and between 3 sub-tree species and 28 shrub species. Interspecific relationships were analyzed by using χ²-test for 2 × 2 contingency table, variance ratio (VR) test and spearman rank correlation test.Important findings With respect to tree and sub-tree layers, positive significant association was not observed for overall species. Species were independent with each other for most species pairs. Few species pairs showed significant association or correlation. Regarding tree and shrub layers, there were significant positive associations between overall species. Species between tree and shrub layers were more dependent on each other, with the most species showing significant association or correlation. Similarly, positive significant association existed for overall species between sub-tree and shrub layers, displaying a close interspecific relationship. These results suggest that the convergences of species behavior and habitat acclimatization, and complementary differences in habitat requirement over species between vertical layers might be the main driver affecting patterns of species association and correlation in the early successional community.