EB病毒免疫逃逸的分子机制

EB病毒(Epstein-Barr vius,EBV)是一种最广泛的对人类感染的γ疱疹病毒,与人类多种疾病尤其是恶性肿瘤有关。其致病的一个重要条件是能够在人体B细胞中长期潜伏,并且在人体免疫力低下时被激活并增殖,这表明EB病毒存在逃逸宿主细胞免疫的机制。从潜伏期EB病毒基因表达的下调、干扰抗原加工和提呈、调节细胞毒性T细胞(Cytotoxic lymphocyte,CTL)免疫应答、干扰细胞因子的作用、干扰CTL的活动及抑制宿主细胞凋亡、抑制辅助性T细胞1(Helper T cell 1,Th1)免疫应答等方面,对EB病毒免疫逃逸的分子机制作一简要综述。     

病毒miRNA与免疫逃逸

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一种非编码的小分子RNA,长度一般在22 nt左右,通过与mRNA 3＇UTR的特异性结合介导转录后调控过程。现已鉴定出的miRNA涵盖了从植物到人类的多个物种,并参与了调节生长、免疫、凋亡等多种生命活动。最近发现,DNA病毒感染宿主时也能编码产生miRNA,并在病毒免疫逃逸中扮演着重要角色。病毒感染是一个复杂的过程,病毒需要逃脱免疫系统才能对宿主产生持续性感染,而病毒miRNA能调控宿主和自身基因表达,帮助病毒感染宿主,且因其本身没有免疫原性,而成为病毒逃避免疫应答的重要工具,但其中的分子机制尚不十分清楚。该文就病毒miRNA如何调控病毒自身与宿主基因进行免疫逃逸的近期研究作一综述。     

非洲猪瘟病毒的免疫逃逸策略

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)引起的一种猪烈性传染病。目前无商品化的ASF疫苗,一旦发病,仅能依靠快速扑杀进行防控,严重威胁我国养猪及相关行业的健康发展。ASF疫苗研发面临的主要困难是对ASFV的毒力相关基因、致病及其免疫逃逸机制知之甚少。本文对ASFV的免疫逃逸研究进行了总结,探讨了ASFV免疫逃逸基因及其编码蛋白的功能,以便加深对ASFV及其免疫逃逸策略的认知,为致病机制研究和疫苗研发提供借鉴。     

羊口疮病毒干预宿主细胞泛素-蛋白酶体系统的分子机制

羊口疮病毒(Orf virus,ORFV)感染细胞过程中为了对抗宿主细胞的抗病毒作用,依靠种群长期培育的一系列功能性基因,如干扰素抗性基因、Bcl-2样基因和细胞周期蛋白抑制物基因等,遏制宿主细胞免疫清除和免疫调节作用。同时,ORFV也利用某种机制干预细胞泛素-蛋白酶体系统(Ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)的信号调控途径,有效抑制胞内信号传导和CD8+T细胞活化,以庇护病毒粒子成熟和释放。本文综述了细胞UPS功能与病毒干预机制的内在联系及其相关元件的关键作用,探讨ORFV在选择压力下,主动采取的抑制宿主细胞免疫应答和设计胞内免疫逃逸的进化趋势。     

羊口疮病毒安徽株VIR基因克隆与生物信息学分析

目的获取并分析ORFV AH-F10株VIR基因序列及预测其编码蛋白的生物信息学特点。方法利用实验室保存的羊口疮AH-F10株,设计VIR基因引物并进行PCR扩增、克隆及序列测定,同时利用生物信息学方法对其编码的蛋白的理化性质、二级结构、三级结构、信号肽、磷酸化位点、跨膜结构域以及线性细胞表位进行预测。结果 AH-F10-VIR基因长552bp,编码183个氨基酸,与Nantou株的VIR基因同源性最高,核苷酸同源性高达99.6%,氨基酸同源性为100.0%。生物信息学分析结果显示编码的蛋白相对分子量为19.88kDa,等电点为4.83,为亲水性蛋白;α-螺旋、β-转角、无规则卷曲和延伸链分别占36.07%、3.83%、43.17%和16.94%;三级结构预测显示VIR蛋白存在较多的α-螺旋与无规则卷曲,同二级结构预测结果相符;含有17个磷酸化位点,无信号肽和跨膜结构区域,有15个潜在的B细胞优势表位,4个CTL细胞表位以及5个Th细胞表位。结论成功克隆了羊口疮安徽株VIR基因并预测了VIR蛋白的生物信息学相关信息,为进一步研究VIR蛋白奠定了基础。     

Epstein-Barr病毒的免疫调控与逃逸机制

EB病毒(Epstein-Barr Virus,EBV)属于γ疱疹病毒科,是第一个被发现与人类肿瘤相关的DNA病毒。EB病毒通过激活Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLRs)信号通路,诱导I型干扰素的大量释放和功能性的自噬机制,从而引起机体的免疫应答。然而,相对于其他疱疹病毒,EB病毒已进化出更为精细且错综复杂的机制来破坏和逃逸宿主的免疫系统,如限制自身蛋白表达、活化宿主的泛素-蛋白酶体系统、干扰或逆转自噬与泛素化修饰等。这些机制会引发EB病毒在宿主体内的持续性感染,导致宿主免疫功能失调,引发EB病毒相关疾病(如鼻咽癌、传染性单核细胞增多症等)。因此,研究EB病毒特异性的免疫调控机制不仅对深入理解EB病毒的潜伏性感染和致癌性至关重要,而且还将为EB病毒诱发的相关疾病的免疫预防与治疗鉴定出新的潜在靶点。此文主要阐述了EB病毒调控宿主免疫应答和逃逸先天免疫应答的分子机制。     

羊痘病毒与羊口疮病毒双重RPA-LFD检测方法的建立与应用

【目的】旨在建立一种基于重组聚合酶(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)检测技术结合测流层析试纸条(lateral flow dipstick,LFD)快速鉴别检测羊痘病毒(capripox virus,CaPV)与羊口疮病毒(orf virus,ORFV)的双重RPA-LFD检测方法。【方法】选取CaPV P32基因及ORFV 011基因的保守片段,进行目的片段扩增并构建重组质粒;设计CaPV及ORFV RPA引物各3对,CaPV-HP、ORFV-HP探针各1条;进行单重基础RPA引物筛选试验;对双重RPA-LFD的反应时间及反应温度进行优化;探索双重RPA-LFD最佳引物配比体系及最佳探针配比体系;进行双重RPA-LFD灵敏度、特异性及重复性试验;用所建立的方法对采集的55份临床样品进行检测。【结果】引物筛选试验结果显示,引物对CaPV-RPA-F3/R3、ORFV-RPA-F1/R1的特异性最强、扩增效率最高;该方法在反应温度为39℃、反应时间为11 min的反应条件下扩增效率最佳;CaPV-RPA-F3/R3、ORFV-RPA-F1/R1的最佳引物配比为0.8 μL∶1.6 μL,CaPV-HP、ORFV-HP的最佳探针配比为0.1 μL∶0.9 μL;双重RPA-LFD灵敏性试验最低检出限为CaPV/ORFV 4.65/3.94×10～0 copies/μL;特异性试验结果显示与PPRV、IBRV、Sau、SPN均无交叉反应;临床样品检测结果显示RPA-LFD检测阳性率与PCR检测阳性率相符合。【结论】成功建立了CaPV与ORFV双重RPA-LFD快速检测方法,可用于临床中CaPV与ORFV混合感染的快速鉴别诊断。     

NZ7型羊口疮病毒与细菌混合感染的病理学特征

羊口疮病毒（Orf virus, ORFV）具有高度的上皮嗜性,通常导致动物皮肤或黏膜上皮增生性、炎性损伤,并易诱发致病微生物的继发性感染。近年来,国内外对羊口疮继发细菌感染问题给予了广泛关注。经调查,NZ7型ORFV流行株引起的羊口疮在我国北方较为普遍。而ORFV与细菌协同致病,对患羊造成的病理损伤的一般性病理学特征,至今尚不清楚,给疾病诊断、临床防制的建立和病原净化工作带来了一定困难。本研究通过两个混合感染的病例S-6、S-7和两个单纯感染的病例S-8、S-9,采用一整套实验室的鉴定方案,包括血清学、免疫组化、基因组学、分子病原学和分子病理学等方法技术,针对黑龙江省区流行株NZ7型ORFV与金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）混合感染致病的病理特征,进行了综合分析、研判。依据病灶大小（lz）、炎症表现（im）、溃疡程度（um）、化脓程度（ps）、结痂情况（ss）、恢复期限（rt）、全身状况（cc）和生产性能（pp）等8项指标,确立了羊口疮继发性细菌感染的局部病理特征,不仅有利于此类疾病的早期排查和预警,还有利于深入研究NZ7型ORFV与细菌协同致病的分子机制。     

Immune evasion strategies of trypanosomes: a review

Trypanosomes are digenetic protozoans that infect domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. They cause important medical and veterinary diseases, making them a major public health concern. There are many species of trypanosomes that infect virtually all vertebrate taxa. They typically cycle between insect or leech vectors and vertebrate hosts, and they undergo biochemical and morphological changes in the process. Trypanosomes have received much attention in the last 4 decades because of the diseases they cause and their remarkable armamentarium of immune evasion mechanisms. The completed genome sequences of trypanosomes have revealed an extensive array of molecules that contribute to various immune evasion mechanisms. The different species interact uniquely with their vertebrate hosts with a wide range of evasion strategies and some of the most fascinating immune evasion mechanisms, including antigenic variation that was first described in the trypanosomes. This review focuses on the variety of strategies that these parasites have evolved to evade or modulate immunity of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.     

Recurrent infections and immune evasion strategies of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus causes purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) that frequently reoccur. Staphylococal SSTIs can lead to invasive disease and sepsis, which are among the most significant causes of infectious disease mortality in both developed and developing countries. Human or animal infections with S. aureus do not elicit protective immunity against staphylococcal diseases. Here we review what is known about the immune evasive strategies of S. aureus that enable the pathogen's escape from protective immune responses. Three secreted products are discussed in detail, staphylococcal protein A (SpA), staphylococcal binder of immunoglobulin (Sbi) and adenosine synthase A (AdsA). By forming a complex with V(H)3-type IgM on the surface of B cells, SpA functions as a superantigen to modulate antibody responses to staphylococcal infection. SpA also captures pathogen-specific antibodies by binding their Fcγ portion. The latter activity of SpA is shared by Sbi, which also associates with complement factors 3d and factor H to promote the depletion of complement. AdsA synthesizes the immune signaling molecule adenosine, thereby dampening innate and adaptive immune responses during infection. We discuss strategies how the three secreted products of staphylococci may be exploited for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.     

How tumors escape immune destruction and what we can do about it

There is strong circumstantial evidence that tumor progression in cancer patients is controlled by the immune system. As will be detailed below, this conclusion is based on observations that tumor progression is often associated with secretion of immune suppressive factors and/or downregulation of MHC class I antigen presentation functions. The inference is that tumors must have elaborated strategies to circumvent an apparently effective immune response. Importantly, a tumor-specific immune response cannot be detected in most individuals. While this failure is in part technical, it also suggests that the magnitude of the immune responses to which tumors have to respond is low. This raises the concern, which is the underlying theme of this commentary, that a more robust immune response elicited by deliberate vaccination will exacerbate the rate of immune escape and nullify the potential benefits of immune-based therapies. Received: 20 March 1999 / Accepted: 3 May 1999     

衣原体免疫逃逸机制的研究进展

衣原体是一类专性细胞内寄生的原核细胞型微生物,感染人体后可引起多种慢性疾病。衣原体在宿主细胞中复制和持续性存在是其致病的主要原因。近年的研究表明,衣原体通过改变MHC抗原表达、干扰宿主细胞凋亡信号通路等机制以逃逸宿主的免疫清除。     

血清白蛋白的生物学特性研究进展

人类血清白蛋白是单链、多结构域的大分子物质,是血浆中含量最丰富,也是人体中很重要的。一种蛋白质。白蛋白有77个结合配体的位点,能与一系列内源性和外源性物质相结合,起着存储和转运的作用。此外,白蛋白还具有维持血液正常的渗透压、抗氧化及参与炎症反应等一系列的生理和药理学功能。在临床上,白蛋白的应用已有50多年的历史,主要应用于中风、烧伤、低白蛋白血症等。回顾了近年来相关文献,就白蛋白的生物学特性作一阐述。     

The role of genome diversity and immune evasion in persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that chronically colonizes the stomach of half the world's population. Infection typically occurs in childhood and persists for decades, if not for the lifetime of the host. How is bacterial persistence possible despite a vigorous innate and adaptive immune response? Here we describe the complex role of bacterial diversity and specific mechanisms to avoid or subvert host immunity in bacterial persistence. We suggest that H. pylori finely modulates the extent to which it interacts with the host in order to promote chronic infection, and that it uses diverse mechanisms to do so.