喷灌条件下耕作方式和亏缺灌溉对麦后移栽棉产量和水分利用的影响

探明耕作方式和亏缺灌溉对麦后移栽棉产量和水分利用的效应,对于建立麦后移栽棉的适宜耕作方式及灌溉制度十分重要.在大田条件下设置了翻耕和免耕2种耕作方式(灌水定额均为45 mm)及相应减小50％灌水定额的亏缺灌溉,分析了不同耕作方式和亏缺灌溉对棉花耗水规律、籽棉产量、水分利用效率和纤维品质的影响.结果表明:与翻耕相比,免耕减少了棉田20.3％的棵间土壤蒸发;不论何种耕作方式,亏缺灌溉在不影响棉花产量和纤维品质的同时,有效降低了耗水量,提高了水分利用效率.在喷灌条件下,灌水定额为22.5 mm的免耕耕作方式,不仅可有效降低麦后移栽棉田间无效棵间土壤蒸发,还可实现节水、优质、高产的有效统一.     

亏缺灌溉对干旱区两种乡土植物种子生产性能及其水分利用效率的影响

科学灌溉对植物种子生产具有重要意义。本研究以荒漠草原优良乡土植物沙芦草和牛枝子为对象,以充分灌溉为对照,探究不同生育时期亏缺灌溉对两种牧草种子生产和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,亏缺灌溉下两种植物土壤含水率下降,其中沙芦草土壤含水率下降主要发生在0～60 cm土层,牛枝子土壤水分下降未出现明显的分层现象。亏缺灌溉下沙芦草种子产量各构成因子差异均显著,开花期亏缺灌溉种子产量最高;牛枝子仅生殖枝数、小花数和荚果数差异显著,种子产量各处理差异不显著。相关分析显示,沙芦草种子产量与生殖枝数(r=0.776)、小穗数(r=0.717)呈显著正相关;牛枝子花序数与生殖枝数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.685),与小花数呈显著正相关(r=0.412)。与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉下两种乡土植物种子生产耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高,其中,沙芦草开花期亏缺灌溉水分利用效率提高最多(32.9%);牛枝子分枝期亏缺灌溉提高最多(27.4%)。因此,适当亏缺灌溉可以提高两种植物水分利用效率。从水分利用效率和种子产量来看,干旱区沙芦草和牛枝子种子人工繁育时可采取亏缺灌溉,适宜亏缺的生育期分别为开花期和分枝期。     

不同果实生长期下亏缺灌溉对渭北苹果生长发育、品质及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探索节水、控水方式调控苹果水分高效利用效率的机制,优化渭北苹果主产区节水、丰产和增收的管理方式。【方法】以陕西省咸阳市乾县铁佛镇果友协会试验站8年生‘烟富3号/T337’苹果树为试材,设置充分灌溉（灌溉后土壤相对含水量为75%）和轻度亏缺灌溉（灌溉后土壤相对含水量为50%）两个灌水量水平,组成果实生长期和膨大期均充分灌溉（CK）、果实生长期和膨大期均轻度亏缺灌溉（W1）、果实生长期轻度亏缺灌溉和膨大期充分灌溉（W2）及果实生长期充分灌溉和膨大期轻度亏缺灌溉（W3）4个亏缺灌溉模式处理。测定春梢生长指标,果实品质指标和果实产量指标,计算水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、果实综合评价满意度以明确最佳的亏缺灌溉方式。【结果】（1）苹果新梢长度及叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）在各处理间无显著性差异,而其春梢直径在各处理下显著降低。（2）与CK相比,单果重在 W1处理下显著降低了10.3%,果实可滴定酸含量在W2处理下显著降低14.7%,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量在3种水分亏缺灌溉处理下均无显著变化。（3）W1处理能显著提高果皮黄色值b*,W2处理能显著提高果皮色泽饱和度C*,而各亏缺灌溉处理对果皮亮度值L*和红绿值a*均无显著影响。（4）与CK相比,果实产量在各亏缺灌溉处理下降低13.4%~24.7%,但仅W1处理降幅达显著水平;果树灌溉水利用效率在各亏缺灌溉处理均不同程度提高,但仅W1处理显著提高了38.0%;果树耗水量和水分利用效率在各亏缺灌溉处理下无显著性差异。（4）果实综合评价满意度表现为W2＞CK＞W3（W1）。【结论】陕西渭北地区苹果在生长期轻度亏缺灌溉和膨大期充分灌溉（W2）模式下果实的综合评价满意度最高,果实产量、单果重无显著变化,而果实品质较优,果树水分利用效率较高。     

有限灌溉对半干旱区春小麦根系发育的影响

 对半干旱区旱地春小麦(Triticum aestivum)的有限灌溉试验表明,苗期灌溉显著减少春小麦三叶期—抽穗期总根量和根密度,并促使开花期根系的良好更新和下扎,明显提高春小麦水分利用效率和籽粒产量。苗期水分胁迫则导致春小麦生长前期根系过大,影响地上部分的生长并加重土壤水分的亏缺,籽粒产量严重下降。     

根系分区交替滴灌对苹果幼苗生理特性和水分利用效率的影响

以矮化红富士苹果幼苗为试验材料,采用交替滴灌(ADI)、固定滴灌(FDI)和常规滴灌(CDI)3种滴灌方式和3种灌水量对苹果幼苗的生理特性和水分利用效率进行了研究,以阐明根系分区交替灌溉下苹果幼苗生理特性和节水机理.结果表明:与CDI方式相比,当灌水定额由20 mm增大到30 mm时,ADI方式提高了苹果幼苗根干重、根系导水率、叶水势和净光合速率,降低了其蒸腾速率、棵间蒸发量和蒸散量,从而使得ADI方式下的叶片水分利用效率、总水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率较CDI方式大大提高;3种滴灌方式的根系导水率均存在显著的季节变化,并以8月份最大,12月份最小;与CDI方式相比, ADI和FDI方式在节水达33.3%时的平均根系导水率仅分别降低了5.81%和14.7%,但水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率分别较CDI方式高出16.31%和14.48%、40.52%和27.65%.可见,局部根区灌溉方式能促进苹果幼苗生长和光合作用,并主要通过提高根系导水率的途径来提高水分利用效率.     

不同沟灌模式对沙漠绿洲区葡萄生长和水分利用的效应

在甘肃河西荒漠绿洲区研究了覆膜与不覆膜条件下隔沟交替灌溉、常规沟灌对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响.结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉可以保证作物一部分根区处于比较湿润状态,另一部分根区处于相对干燥状态,湿润与干燥区域的交替出现可诱导葡萄的补偿生长效应.隔沟交替灌溉条件下葡萄叶片气孔开度减小,光合速率略有降低或下降不显著,而蒸腾速率明显下降,水分利用效率增大.光合作用日变化也表现出类似规律.隔沟交替灌溉与地膜覆盖技术相结合能显著提高水分利用效率,为在田间实施气孔最优化调控提供了一种有效途径.     

部分根区灌溉与合理密植对旱区棉花产量和水分生产率的影响

为揭示部分根区灌溉与合理密植在棉花产量和水分生产率上的互作效应及其生理学机制,探索旱区节水灌溉植棉的新途径,在内蒙古自治区西部大田条件下,采用两因子试验设计研究了灌溉方式(常规灌溉、亏缺灌溉、部分根区灌溉)和种植密度(13.5万、18.0万、22.5万株·hm^-2)对棉花生长发育、产量、水分生产率和相关生理指标的影响.结果表明: 灌溉方式和种植密度及其互作对棉花生物产量、籽棉产量、产量结构和收获指数有显著影响.常规灌溉条件下,提高密度能显著提高生物产量和单位面积铃数,但铃重和收获指数显著降低,高密度与中等密度下的经济产量相当,并显著高于低密度处理;部分根区灌溉可显著提高棉花叶片中脱落酸(ABA)含量,并显著降低吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量,促进同化物向生殖器官的分配,提高收获指数.随着种植密度的提高,部分根区灌溉下单位面积铃数增加、铃重基本不变,高密度较中、低密度籽棉分别增产6.7%和11.5%.高密度下,部分根区灌溉与常规灌溉的籽棉产量相当,霜前花率提高22.5%,节水30%,水分生产率提高49.3%.种植密度对主茎功能叶光合速率没有显著影响,灌溉方式对光合速率有显著影响,亏缺灌溉显著降低了主茎功能叶的光合速率,而部分根区灌溉的叶片光合速率与常规灌溉相当.部分根区灌溉灌水侧根系茉莉酸(JA)含量和水通道蛋白基因(PIP)表达量显著高于常规灌溉,表明部分根区灌溉下,JA作为信号分子参与了灌水侧根系水分吸收的调控,PIP基因上调表达,根系吸水能力增强,保障了地上部叶片的水分平衡,进而维持了较高的光合速率.部分根区灌溉配合适当密植(22.5万株·hm^-2)是旱区节水植棉的重要技术途径.     

六种木本植物水分利用效率和其小生境关系研究

北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分利用效率(WUE)与其所在地的气候条件有很密切的关系,特别是大气相对湿度、太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)和温度.辽东栎、山杏、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、荆条和核桃楸等植物在整个生长季水分利用效率的变化幅度在3.76～4.95 mmolCO2.mol1H2O之间,平均水分利用效率为4.428±0.386 mmo1 CO2.mol-1H 2O,水分利用效率以山杏最高,核桃楸最低.在整个生长季中,这些植物在早春时水分利用效率高于生长旺期.另外,同种植物生长在于旱瘠薄生境上的水分利用效率高.     

不同灌溉方式对烤烟的生长及品质的影响

本文选用烤烟‘K326’为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究分根交替灌溉、亏缺灌溉和全灌溉方式对烤烟产量与相关化学品质的影响。结果表明,分根交替灌溉的烤烟水分利用率及其相关生理指标比全灌溉的均有显著改善。其叶片干重、株高和干物质积累量均比亏缺灌溉和全灌溉的高。烤烟烟叶中可溶性糖含量、氮含量、钾含量和钾氮比也明显高于亏缺灌溉和全灌溉的,表明分根交替灌溉能够提高烤烟烟叶的品质。     

夏玉米苗期有限水分胁迫拔节期复水的补偿效应

以作物调亏灌溉原理为基础 ,对夏玉米苗期水分胁迫拔节期复水进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,复水增加了夏玉米叶片气孔导度和光合速率 ,提高叶片水平上的水分利用效率(WUE)。复水 2天后 ,叶片气孔导度和光合速率即恢复到对照水平 ,部分时段 ,特别在下午 ,复水处理表现出高于对照的“反冲”现象。复水使苗期受旱的夏玉米株高、叶面积、地上 (下 )部分干物重和根系生长发育都恢复到或接近充分供水的植株生长水平。使其产量及构成因子与对照接近 ,水分利用效率显著地提高了 2 4 7%。这为玉米中后期的水分管理 ,提高玉米水分利用效率 ,提供了一定的理论依据 ;也提供了一种便于广大农民掌握的简单易行的灌溉方式     

Deficit Irrigation as a Strategy to Save Water: Physiology and Potential Application to Horticulture

Water is an increasingly scarce resource worldwide and irrigated agriculture remains one of the largest and most inefficient users of this resource. Low water use efficiency (WUE) together with an increased competition for water resources with other sectors (e.g. tourism or industry) are forcing growers to adopt new irrigation and cultivation practices that use water more judiciously. In areas with dry and hot climates, drip irrigation and protected cultivation have improved WUE mainly by reducing runoff and evapotranspiration losses. However, complementary approaches are still needed to increase WUE in irrigated agriculture. Deficit irrigation strategies like regulated deficit irrigation or partial root drying have emerged as potential ways to increase water savings in agriculture by allowing crops to withstand mild water stress with no or only marginal decreases of yield and quality. Grapevine and several fruit tree crops seem to be well adapted to deficit irrigation,but other crops like vegetables tend not to cope so well due to losses in yield and quality. This paper aims at providing an overview of the physiological basis of deficit irrigation strategies and their potential for horticulture by describing the major consequences of their use to vegetative growth, yield and quality of different crops (fruits, vegetables and ornamentals).     

Deficit Irrigation as a Strategy to Save Water： Physiology and Potential Application to Horticulture

Water is an increasingly scarce resource worldwide and irrigated agriculture remains one of the largest and most inefficient users of this resource. Low water use efficiency （WUE） together with an increased competition for water resources with other sectors （e.g. tourism or industry） are forcing growers to adopt new irrigation and cultivation practices that use water more judiciously. In areas with dry and hot climates, drip irrigation and protected cultivation have improved WUE mainly by reducing runoff and evapotranspiration losses. However, complementary approaches are still needed to increase WUE in irrigated agriculture. Deficit irrigation strategies like regulated deficit irrigation or partial root drying have emerged as potential ways to increase water savings in agriculture by allowing crops to withstand mild water stress with no or only marginal decreases of yield and quality. Grapevine and several fruit tree crops seem to be well adapted to deficit irrigation, but other crops like vegetables tend not to cope so well due to losses in yield and quality. This paper aims at providing an overview of the physiological basis of deficit irrigation strategies and their potential for horticulture by describing the major consequences of their use to vegetative growth, yield and quality of different crops （fruits, vegetables and ornamentals）.     

Prospects of partial root zone irrigation for increasing irrigation water use efficiency of major crops in the Mediterranean region

Field experiments were conducted for 3 years from 2000 to 2002 to assess proportional crop yield differences obtained under conventional deficit irrigation (CDI) and partial root zone irrigation (PRI) practices, compared with full irrigation (FULL) where plant water requirements were fully met. The experimental crops included vegetables (tomato and pepper), field crops (maize and cotton) and citrus. The fruit yield of greenhouse‐grown tomato with FULL irrigation was higher than with PRI (7–22% lower) but was not significantly different. The PRI treatments had 7–10% additional tomato yield over CDI receiving the same amount of water. The yield of pepper, however, decreased in proportion to the level of irrigation deficit with no increase of irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). No seed yield decrease was evident for cotton with the deficit treatments (PRI and CDI) compared with FULL irrigation. Similarly, the PRI treatment did not give any yield benefit for maize compared with CDI. The ranking of fruit yields of mandarin, FULL > PRI > CDI, was the same as that of other crops; however, the differences were not significant. Although the deficit treatments (PRI and CDI) had as high as 39% increase in IWUE, compared with FULL treatment, some adverse effects on fruit quality were evident such as smaller size of fruits under the deficit treatments.     

Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use

At present and more so in the future, irrigated agriculture will take place under water scarcity. Insufficient water supply for irrigation will be the norm rather than the exception, and irrigation management will shift from emphasizing production per unit area towards maximizing the production per unit of water consumed, the water productivity. To cope with scarce supplies, deficit irrigation, defined as the application of water below full crop-water requirements (evapotranspiration), is an important tool to achieve the goal of reducing irrigation water use. While deficit irrigation is widely practised over millions of hectares for a number of reasons - from inadequate network design to excessive irrigation expansion relative to catchment supplies - it has not received sufficient attention in research. Its use in reducing water consumption for biomass production, and for irrigation of annual and perennial crops is reviewed here. There is potential for improving water productivity in many field crops and there is sufficient information for defining the best deficit irrigation strategy for many situations. One conclusion is that the level of irrigation supply under deficit irrigation should be relatively high in most cases, one that permits achieving 60-100% of full evapotranspiration. Several cases on the successful use of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in fruit trees and vines are reviewed, showing that RDI not only increases water productivity, but also farmers' profits. Research linking the physiological basis of these responses to the design of RDI strategies is likely to have a significant impact in increasing its adoption in water-limited areas.     

黑河中游主要农作物灌溉制度优化

科学的灌溉制度是干旱半干旱地区农业生产的重要保障。黑河位于西北干旱区,是我国第二大内陆河,且当地中游农业灌溉和下游生态需水矛盾十分突出。利用DSSAT （Decision Support for Agro-technology Transfer）模型模拟了黑河中游地区玉米、小麦、油菜、马铃薯的生长情况,对比分析了四种作物生育期内需水量变化与当地降水条件、现行灌溉制度之间的差异。通过设置灌溉组合探究了四种作物最适宜的灌溉制度,并计算了优化灌溉制度下的节水潜力。结果表明：DSSAT模型通过参数校正与验证后,对四种作物生长过程模拟性能较好,产量标准化均方根误差（nRMSE）均低于15.0%,决定系数（R²）均达到0.65以上。缺水量模拟结果表明,四种作物生长季平均水分亏缺介于122.5-367.0 mm。通过调整灌溉制度,可使玉米、小麦、油菜、马铃薯的水分利用效率分别提高54.8%、25.0%、18.3%和51.3%,且产量变幅均低于5.0%,实现了高产节水的目的。在研究区实施最优灌溉制度,中游农业灌区每年可以节省8.1×10⁸ m³的水资源量,用于支持下游生态保护。     

Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Root growth is critical for crops to use soil water under water-limited conditions. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of available soil water on root and shoot growth, and root water uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under deficit irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Treatments consisted of rainfed, deficit irrigation at different developmental stages, and adequate irrigation. The rainfed plots had the lowest shoot dry weight because available soil water decreased rapidly from booting to late grain filling. For the deficit-irrigation treatments, crops that received irrigation at jointing and booting had higher shoot dry weight than those that received irrigation at anthesis and middle grain filling. Rapid root growth occurred in both rainfed and irrigated crops from floral initiation to anthesis, and maximum rooting depth occurred by booting. Root length density and dry weight decreased after anthesis. From floral initiation to booting, root length density and growth rate were higher in rainfed than in irrigated crops. However, root length density and growth rate were lower in rainfed than in irrigated crops from booting to anthesis. As a result, the difference in root length density between rainfed and irrigated treatments was small during grain filling. The root growth and water use below 1.4 m were limited by a caliche (45% CaCO₃) layer at about 1.4 m profile. The mean water uptake rate decreased as available soil water decreased. During grain filling, root water uptake was higher from the irrigated crops than from the rainfed. Irrigation from jointing to anthesis increased seasonal evapotranspiration, grain yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency based on yield (WUE), but did not affect water-use efficiency based on aboveground biomass. There was no significant difference in WUE among irrigation treatments except one-irrigation at middle grain filling. Due to a relatively deep root system in rainfed crops, the higher grain yield and WUE in irrigated crops compared to rainfed crops was not a result of rooting depth or root length density, but increased harvest index, and higher water uptake rate during grain filling.     

北疆地区棉花作物需水量时空演变及其气象影响因子

基于北疆25个气象站1961—2013年的气象资料和棉花生育期资料,利用 FAO 推荐的 Penman-Monteith 公式及作物系数法,对棉花各生育阶段的作物需水量和灌溉需水量进行估算.结果表明: 过去53年,北疆地区棉花需水量在各个生育期总体呈下降趋势,其中,花铃期作物需水量下降趋势最为显著,变化率为-0.15 mm·a^-1;各生育期内存在多尺度的周期变化,其中在30年左右的大周期尺度上,各生育期作物需水量大致呈现“偏高-偏低-偏高”的变化过程,在15～17年的中周期尺度上,经历了“偏低-偏高-偏低”的变化过程,而在较小年际尺度上,作物需水量无明显的周期特征;在空间分布上,作物需水量、灌溉需水量和水分盈亏指数多年均值总体上大致呈现自西向东递减的分布特征;突变结果显示作物需水量在各生育期均呈显著减少趋势,且在北疆西北和西南地区最为明显.各个生育期内,棉花需水量与平均风速、日照时数和平均气温都呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关.研究结果可为北疆棉花适时定量灌溉和提高水分利用效率提供基础数据支撑.     

调亏灌溉对菘蓝水分利用及产量的影响

通过探究水分调亏对河西地区膜下滴灌菘蓝(Isatis indigotica)各项生理指标、产量和水分利用的影响, 为菘蓝高效节水种植提供理论指导。于2016年在河西走廊中部张掖市民乐县益民灌溉试验站进行菘蓝水分调亏研究, 在保持苗期和肉质根成熟期充分灌溉的情况下, 在菘蓝营养生长期和肉质根生长期分别进行轻度、中度和重度的水分亏缺处理, 并测定各项光合生理指标、产量和水分利用率。结果表明, 营养生长期和肉质根生长期的中度与重度水分亏缺显著降低了菘蓝叶片净光合速率、叶面积指数、株高及主根长, 并且随水分亏缺程度加重降幅增大; 而轻度水分亏缺与对照组的差异不显著。营养生长期和肉质根生长期轻度水分亏缺处理的菘蓝产量与水分利用效率最高, 分别达到8 239.56 kg·hm^-2和24.11 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1; 其它水分亏缺处理组产量和水分利用效率均有所降低, 与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.05), 重度水分亏缺处理各项指标均最低。因此, 最优的菘蓝水分调控处理为营养生长期和肉质根生长期的轻度水分调亏, 能够降低菘蓝耗水量, 提高水分利用效率且其产量不会降低。