宽叶羌活不同部位有效成分的分布特征

采用HPLC-DAD法测定了青海省门源县和乐都县产宽叶羌活不同部位(根、茎、叶片、叶柄和种子)中绿原酸、阿魏酸、紫花前胡苷、补骨脂素、香柑内酯、欧前胡素、羌活醇和异欧前胡素的含量,探究有效成分在不同部位中的分布特征。结果表明,门源产宽叶羌活不同部位中活性成分总含量由高到低依次为根(52.812 mg·g-1)>种子(10.870 mg·g-1)>叶柄(6.607 mg·g-1)>茎(5.909 mg·g-1)>叶片(5.051 mg·g-1),乐都产宽叶羌活不同部位中活性成分总含量由高到低依次为根(80.104 mg·g-1)>种子(17.761 mg·g-1)>叶片(4.542mg·g-1)>叶柄(3.801 mg·g-1)>茎(3.632 mg·g-1),根部活性成分总含量均明显高于其他部位,与传统上以其根茎及根入药相符。地上部分各部位中,种子中活性成分总含量最高,羌活醇和异欧前胡素的含量之和也达到药典要求。紫花前胡苷、异欧前胡素主要富集于根部,绿原酸在全草中广泛分布,其他成分在全草中含量均较低。     

葡萄果实生长发育过程中白藜芦醇及其糖苷的HPLC测定

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)梯度洗脱方法,结合C18固相萃取技术,检测了葡萄果实生长发育过程中顺反式白藜芦醇及其糖苷的动态变化。结果显示,适于酿造红葡萄酒的蛇龙珠和酿造白葡萄酒的白羽品种的白藜芦醇及其糖苷含量的变化规律大不相同。葡萄果实生长发育期间,蛇龙珠果实内的白藜芦醇及其糖苷含量较高,而白羽果实中白藜芦醇含量很低,其糖苷含量则持续下降。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定虎杖中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷的含量

建立了国内首次用RP-HPLC同时测定虎杖中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量的方法,并详细考察了2个指标成分的稳定性。对不同产地的虎杖药材、不同采收期的虎杖根及根茎以及虎杖的不同部位共25个样品中的白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷进行了含量测定,考察了两种活性成分的含量与产地、采收期及部位的关系,为虎杖资源的合理采收利用及进一步的研究提供了理论依据。     

抗性砧木对赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇合成过程及含量的影响

为了明确不同抗性砧木对赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量及其合成过程中前体物质和相关代谢酶活性的影响,分析不同抗性砧木与白藜芦醇合成的关系,以获得提高接穗品种赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量的抗性砧木。该研究选择弗卡(Fercal)、5C、140R、3309M、3309C、SO4、抗砧3号(Kangzhen3)、5BB为砧木与赤霞珠(CS)葡萄进行嫁接,以赤霞珠自根苗为对照(CK),采用高效液相色谱技术,测定成熟葡萄叶片白藜芦醇以及合成白藜芦醇前体物质苯丙氨酸、肉桂酸、香豆酸含量,并对合成白藜芦醇相关代谢酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)、4-香豆-辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性进行测定。结果表明:(1)不同砧木均能提高接穗赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量11%~46%。(2)在各砧穗组合中,CS/140R嫁接苗叶片的白藜芦醇含量最高达到18.24μg/g,其合成白藜芦醇前体物质苯丙氨酸和香豆酸含量也最高,分别达到38.61和1.06μg/g。(3)在各砧穗组合中,白藜芦醇相关代谢酶PAL活性以CS/3309C嫁接苗叶片最高;嫁接苗叶片代谢酶C4H和4CL活性均高于赤霞珠自根苗;POD和PPO活性均以CS/Fercal的接穗赤霞珠叶片最强。研究发现,不同抗性砧木能显著提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量,相关代谢酶C4H活性对葡萄白藜芦醇的合成至关重要,PPO活性与葡萄叶片白藜芦醇合成也密切相关,CS/140R是8个砧穗组合中提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量最具优势的砧穗组合。     

夏黑葡萄藤放置过程中化学成分的变化及可能变化机制分析

为分析夏黑葡萄藤在放置过程中化合物的种类、含量变化规律及机制。本研究应用超高效液相色谱仪联用四级杆串联飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)在负离子模式下对夏黑葡萄藤中主要化学成分进行定性分析;采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分析夏黑葡萄藤在放置过程中化合物的含量变化趋势。通过液质联用分析方法初步鉴定出夏黑葡萄藤中的黄酮类化合物主要有儿茶素、表儿茶素、槲皮素、槲皮素-3-O-半乳糖苷、petunidin 3-O-glucoside、trans-scirpusin A;芪类化合物为反式白藜芦醇、ε-葡萄素、vitisin B、miyabenol C;苯丙素类化合物为反式咖啡酸。葡萄藤在剪枝后放置过程中,反式白藜芦醇与ε-葡萄素在0～20天左右期间,含量呈显著上升趋势,最高值分别为新鲜样品中的250倍和190倍,从第20天起含量开始降低; vitisin B与miyabenol C为剪枝后放置过程中产生的新化合物,从第10天时含量开始上升,到第50天时含量开始下降。儿茶素、表儿茶素、槲皮素与反式咖啡酸的含量会随着葡萄藤放置时间的延长而持续降低。采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS可以对葡萄藤中化合物进行快速分析鉴定;葡萄藤在放置过程中逆境胁迫会诱导芪类化合物(反式白藜芦醇、ε-葡萄素、vitisin B、miyabenol C)含量上升,而芪类化合物合成前体物质(trans-scirpusin A)和白藜芦醇合成的竞争物质(儿茶素、表儿茶素、槲皮素)含量则呈下降趋势。     

酶法提取葡萄穗轴中原花色素、白藜芦醇的研究

将纤维素酶用于葡萄穗轴中原花色素和白藜芦醇的提取工艺中.即在乙醇提取前,先用纤维素酶处理葡萄穗轴粗粉.通过实验确定最佳的酶解条件为:酶解体系pH 6,酶解温度30 ℃,酶解时间80 min,m(纤维素酶):m(葡萄穗轴粗粉)=1∶ 250.实验还对酶解后乙醇提取条件进行优化:40%乙醇溶液为提取剂,提取温度80 ℃,提取时间120 min.提取液通过溶剂萃取进行分离,用香草醛-盐酸法和紫外分光光度法分别测定其中原花色素和白藜芦醇的含量.与传统直接醇提法相比,原花色素的提取率提高了近4倍,白藜芦醇的提取率也有所提高.     

葡萄果实成熟期花色苷与白藜芦醇合成相关基因的表达

以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,采用pH示差法和高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分别测定葡萄成熟期果皮花色苷和白藜芦醇含量,用实时荧光定量PCR检测两者合成途径中相关基因的表达量,分析花色苷含量和白藜芦醇含量与其相关基因表达的关系,以揭示结构基因与调控基因的调控机制,为筛选富含花色苷和白藜芦醇的酿酒葡萄提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)葡萄果皮花色苷含量在花后112d达到最高值(0.77mg/g),反式白藜芦醇含量在花后126d达到最高值(30.87μg/g)。(2)花色苷和白藜芦醇合成途径中,CHSs、CHI、STS、UFGT、MybA1、MybA2基因的表达量除花后98d下调外,其余时间均呈上调表达,而Myb5a则始终呈上调表达。(3)相关分析表明,STS基因表达量与CHS1、CHS2基因表达量呈极显著和显著正相关关系,MybA1、MybA2基因表达量与CHSs、CHI、STS、UFGT基因的表达量呈极显著正相关关系;Myb5a基因表达量与CHS3基因表达量呈极显著正相关关系。研究表明,部分结构基因的表达与花色苷和白藜芦醇的变化不同步,MybA1和MybA2可能调控花色苷合成途径中多个结构基因的表达,花色苷与白藜芦醇的关系并不固定,而是处在动态变化中。     

HPLC法测定青海栽培与野生桃儿七中2种木脂素类的含量

采用超声法和HPLC法提取和测定青海栽培桃儿七植株中不同部位鬼臼毒素和4'-去甲基鬼臼毒素的含量,并与野生桃儿七药材进行比较。结果表明,青海栽培和野生桃儿七植株内鬼臼毒素的含量分布均表现为:根叶柄叶,栽培桃儿七的叶柄和叶中鬼臼毒素含量均大于野生桃儿七;青海栽培桃儿七植株内4'-去甲基鬼臼毒素含量表现为:叶柄根,叶中未检测到此物质;野生植株内4'-去甲基鬼臼毒素的含量分布表现为:侧根叶柄根状茎叶,果实中未检到此物质,栽培桃儿七叶柄中4'-去甲基鬼臼毒素的含量大于野生桃儿七。     

不同品种菠菜叶肉及叶柄中硝态氮累积与硝酸还原酶活性的关系

盆栽试验条件下,菠菜体内的硝态氮含量及硝酸还原酶（NR）活性因品种和部位而异。硝态氮含量以短缩茎中最高,叶和叶柄中次之,根中最低,且根,冠比越大的品种,其整体植株中的硝态氮含量越低;根尤其是侧根NR活性较高;叶肉和叶柄中硝态氮含量均与根中以内、外源硝酸盐为底物的NR活性呈一定的负相关。     

猕猴桃对钾素营养吸收分配特性研究

本试验用￣（８６）Ｒｂ、￣（１４）Ｃ－示踪方法研究了中华猕猴桃对钾素营养的吸收运转规律,钾对植株光合作用的影响。试验表明,植株对钾素的吸收量无论是果实或叶片都以８月上旬至９月上旬吸收为多,在植株各器官中以新叶含量最多,即新叶＞老叶＞茎＞根。在同一叶片上叶柄内单位干物重的含钾量高于叶片,随着钾肥用量的增加,植株体内的含钾量增高。增施钾肥能提高植株的光合强度和植株中全钾含量,但施用氯化钾对猕猴桃会产生毒害作用。     

Cis ε-viniferin: A New Antifungal Resveratrol Dehydrodimer from Cyphostemma crotalarioides Roots

Six antifungal constituents were isolated from the roots of Cyphostemma crotalarioides (Vitaceae): a new product, Cis‐ε‐viniferin 3, along with five known compounds: trans‐resveratrol I and its oligomers: trans ε‐viniferin 2, gnetin C 4, pallidol 5 and gnetin E 6. It is the first time such compounds have been reported in this plant species. The roots tissues were found to be rich in other resveratrol oligomers, however, the available amounts of the other purified products did not allow structure investigations. No fungicidal activity was detected in the leaves of this plant.     

温室内长春花总黄酮含量的动态变化研究

以长春花为试材,应用超声提取和分光光度法测定和分析了不同发育阶段长春花不同部位总黄酮含量的动态变化。结果表明：长春花不同时期各部位总黄酮含量由高到低的排列顺序是：果、叶、花、茎、根;不同叶位总黄酮含量是花叶大于果叶,果叶大于营养叶,不同枝位总黄酮含量是果枝大于叶枝,叶枝大于茎,形成由上到下的递减趋势;侧枝各部位总黄酮含量高于主枝,须根总黄酮含量高于主根,形成由外到内的递减趋势。     

Retranslocation of carbon reserves from the woody storage tissues into the fruit as a response to defoliation stress during the ripening period in Vitis vinifera L.

A technique for reliable labeling of the carbon reserves of the trunk and roots without labeling the current year's growth of grapevines was developed in order to study retranslocation of carbon from the perennial storage tissues into the fruit in response to defoliation stress during the ripening period. A special training system with two shoots was used: the lower one (feeding shoot) was cut back and defoliated to one single leaf (¹⁴CO₂-feeding leaf) while the other (main shoot) was topped to 12 leaves. The potted plants were placed in a water bath at 30 °C to increase root temperature and therefore their sink activity. Additionally, a cold barrier (2–4 °C) was installed at the base of the main shoot to inhibit acropetal ¹⁴C translocation. Using this method, we were able to direct labeled assimilates to trunk and roots in preference to the current year's growth. On vines with root and shoot at ambient temperature, 44% of the ¹⁴C activity was found in the main shoot 16 h after feeding whereas only 2% was found in the temperature-treated vines. At the onset of fruit ripening, and at three-week intervals thereafter until harvest, potted grapevines were fed with ¹⁴CO₂ using the temperature treatment described above. Sixteen hours after feeding, half of the vines of each group were defoliated by removing all except the two uppermost main leaves. Three weeks after each treatment, vines were destructively harvested and the dry weight and ¹⁴C incorporation determined for all plant parts. Under non-stressing conditions, there was no retranslocation of carbon reserves to support fruit maturation. Vines responded to defoliation stress by altering the natural translocation pattern and directing carbon stored in the lower parts to the fruit. In the three weeks following veraison (the inception of ripening in the grape berry), 12% of the labeled carbon reserves was translocated to the fruit of defoliated plants compared to 1.6% found in the clusters of control vines. Retranslocation from trunk and roots was highest during the middle of the ripening period, when 32% of the labeled carbon was found in the fruit compared to 0.7% in control plants. Defoliation during this period also caused major changes in dry-matter partitioning: the fruit represented 31% of total plant biomass compared to 21% measured in the control vines. Root growth was reduced by defoliation at veraison and during the ripening period. Defoliation three weeks before harvest did not affect dry matter or ¹⁴C partitioning.     

Changes in the content of some phenolic compounds in connection with flower- and fruit-formation of vine

The quantitative changes of chlorogenic acid in shoots and leaves of two groups of grape vines differing in their flower- and fruit-formation have been studied. It was established that in most cases the acid level was lower in both shoots and leaves of grape vines with suppressed growth and intensified generative processes. The results obtained suggest that the lower content of chlorogenic acid is related to the reduced growth of shoots and acceleration of generative processes.     

Evidence for biological nature of the grape replant problem in California

A bioassay was developed to investigate causes of grape replant problems under controlled conditions. Soils were collected from methyl bromide-fumigated and non-fumigated plots at a site cleared from a 65-year-old grape vineyard (Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson seedless) at Parlier, CA. Subsamples of the non-fumigated soil were either left non-treated, subjected to autoclaving (twice 45 min), or heating at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, the samples were placed in 120-mL pots, planted with rooted hardwood grape cuttings (V. vinifera, cv. Carignane) and placed in a greenhouse or growth chamber. Three months after transplanting, vines from non-treated or 40 °C-treated soil had lower shoot weights and densities of healthy lateral roots than vines from the other treatments. Pythium spp. were isolated from 45 to 55% of the plated root segments from vines grown in non-treated, or soil that had been heated at 40 or 50 °C but were not detected in roots from soil given other treatments. Egg masses of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp., were produced on roots from non-treated or heated at 40 °C soil, but no egg masses were detected on roots of the other treatments. In another test with the same soils, remnant roots from non-fumigated or pre-plant methyl bromide-fumigated soil were extracted and amended to non-fumigated soil, soil from fumigated field plots, soil fumigated in a small container, or autoclaved potting mix. The transfer of old vine roots from non-fumigated field soil resulted in incidence of Pythium spp. on grape assay roots, but there was no measurable effect of the transfer on growth and health of the bioassay plant roots. The results of the bioassays indicate that grape replant problem at the California site had biological causes. The bioassay approach may aid in future determinations of the etiology of grape replant problems.     

Resveratrols in Grape Berry Skins and Leaves in Vitis Germplasm

Background

Resveratrol is an important stilbene that benefits human health. However, it is only distributed in a few species including grape and is very expensive. At present, grape has been an important source resveratrol. However, the details are scarce on resveratrol distribution in different Vitis species or cultivars.

Methodology/Principal Finding

The composition and content of resveratrols were investigated by HPLC for assessing genotypic variation in berry skins and leaves of 75 grape cultivars, belonging to 3 species and 7 interspecific hybrids. Trans-resveratrol, cis-piceid and trans-piceid were detected in berry skins and leaves, but cis-resveratrol was not. Resveratrol content largely varied with genetic background as well as usage. In most cultivars, total resveratrol including the above three compounds was higher in berry skins than leaves. In berry skins of most cultivars and leaves of almost all cultivars, cis-piceid was the most abundant resveratrol; trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid were minor components. Some specific cultivars were found with extremely high levels of trans-resveratrol, cis- piceid, trans-piceid or total resveratrols in berry skins or leaves. In skins and leaves, rootstock cultivars had a higher content of total resveratrols, and the cultivated European type cultivars and their hybrids with V. labrusca had relatively low totals. There were no significant correlations of the amounts of total resveratrols or any individual resveratrol between berry skins and leaves. All 75 cultivars can be divided into four groups based on the composition of resveratrols and their concentration by principal component analysis.

Conclusion

Resveratrol content of grape berries and leaves varied largely with their genetic background and usage. Rootstock cultivars had a higher content of total resveratrols than the other germplasm. Total resveratrols were lower in leaves than berry skins in most cultivars. Cis-piceid was the most abundant resveratrol in most cultivars, and trans-res and trans-pd were minor components.     

珍稀药用植物明党参呋喃香豆素成分累积分布研究

采用HPLC法测定明党参不同器官、不同生长期中珊瑚菜内酯、5-羟基-8-甲氧基补骨脂索的含量.结果表明,明党参根、茎叶、花葶及果实均含有2种呋喃香豆索,2种呋喃香豆素总量,根中以6月为最高,为163.8467 pg/g;茎叶以1月为最高,为606.1023μg/g;花葶以6月上旬(生长发育接近成熟时)为最高,为117.1185μg/g;果实以成熟期为最高,达1070.6326μg/g.提示明党参药用器官(根)和非药用器官(茎叶、花葶、果实)为天然呋喃香豆索优质药用植物资源,具有广泛开发利用的前景.     

低温条件下不同抗寒性薰衣草内源激素的变化

为揭示薰衣草内源激素与抗寒能力的关系,以抗寒性相对较强的狭叶薰衣草和抗寒性较弱的宽叶薰衣草为试验材料,在田间自然条件下,于越冬前不同降温时期分别对叶片和根系取样,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定和分析了内源激素ABA、GA3、IAA和ZR的含量变化。结果表明,两种薰衣草的叶片和根系中的ABA、IAA和ZR的含量随气温的降低均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,但GA3表现为持续下降的趋势。抗寒性强的狭叶薰衣草叶片和根系中的ABA、IAA和ZR含量均高于抗寒性弱的宽叶薰衣草,而GA3小于宽叶薰衣草。对薰衣草越冬起重要作用的内源激素是ABA。     

Hormonal changes induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevine

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves the water use efficiency (by up to 50%) of wine grape production without significant crop reduction. The technique was developed on the basis of knowledge of the mechanisms controlling transpiration and requires that approximately half of the root system is always maintained in a dry or drying state while the remainder of the root system is irrigated. The wetted and dried sides of the root system are alternated on a 10-14 d cycle. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the drying roots increases 10-fold, but ABA concentration in leaves of grapevines under PRD only increased by 60% compared with a fully irrigated control. Stomatal conductance of vines under PRD irrigation was significantly reduced when compared with vines receiving water to the entire root system. Grapevines from which water was withheld from the entire root system, on the other hand, show a similar reduction in stomatal conductance, but leaf ABA increased 5-fold compared with the fully irrigated control. PRD results in increased xylem sap ABA concentration and increased xylem sap pH, both of which are likely to result in a reduction in stomatal conductance. In addition, there was a reduction in zeatin and zeatin-riboside concentrations in roots, shoot tips and buds of 60, 50 and 70%, respectively, and this may contribute to the reduction in shoot growth and intensified apical dominance of vines under PRD irrigation. There is a nocturnal net flux of water from wetter roots to the roots in dry soil and this may assist in the distribution of chemical signals necessary to sustain the PRD effect. It was concluded that a major effect of PRD is the production of chemical signals in drying roots that are transported to the leaves where they bring about a reduction in stomatal conductance.