蟋蟀音齿的研究(直翅目：蟋蟀总科)

应用扫描电镜观察了蟋蟀总科中3科5属10种蟋蟀的音齿形态结构。研究采用沿着音锉伸展方向的正面观察和横着音锉伸展方向的侧面观察2种方法。研究结果表明,蟋蟀类昆虫音齿形态结构在种间、属间都存在明显差异,而种内差异极小,据此可以作为蟋蟀分类的一项重要特征。同时对音齿特征给予了详细描述,并从分类角度进行了必要的讨论。     

棺头蟋属六种常见蟋蟀鸣声特征分析与种类鉴定(直翅目:蟋蟀总科)

本文对蟋蟀科Ｇｒｙｌｉｄａｅ棺头蟋属Ｌｏｘｏｂｌｅｍｍｕｓ６种常见种类的鸣声特征进行了较为系统的分析研究。从其频域特征和时域特征上明显地显示了种间差异,并将其鸣声特征用于分类。     

蟋蟀常见鸣声类型的比较研究（直翅目：蟋蟀总科）

对蟋蟀的3类常见鸣声（召唤声、求偶声、争斗声）进行了分析比较,同种3类鸣声在频域特征和时域特征上存在差异,但也有一些相似的特征;3类鸣声中,召唤声在分类研究上更有应用价值。     

棺头蟋属六种常见蟋蟀鸣声特征分析与种类鉴定

本文对蟋蟀科Ｇｒｙｌｌｉｄａｅ棺头蟋属Ｌｏｘｏｂｌｅｍｍｕｓ６种常见种类的鸣声特征进行了较为系统的分析研究,从其频域特征和时域特征上明显地显示了种间差异,并将其鸣声特征用于分类。     

棺头蟋属四种蟋蟀音锉形态的比较(直翅目:蟋蟀科)

利用扫描电镜观察并描述了直翅目Orthoptera蟋蟀科Gryllidae棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus 4种常见昆虫即石首棺头蟋Loxoblemmus equestris尖角棺头蟋,L.angulatus,哈尼棺头蟋L.haani,多伊棺头蟋L.doenitzi的音锉和音齿形态特征,观察描述中,首次使用拐角,音齿分布,音齿左,右端等形态特征,并详细地给予了描述,为头蟋属乃至蟋蟀科种类鉴定提供了新的分类依据。     

北京及银川常见蟋蟀鸣叫习性与种类鉴定(直翅目:蟋蟀总科)

约从本世纪中叶起,昆虫分类学家注意到蟋蟀、蚱蜢、螽斯及蝉类雄虫的鸣声可用于鉴定种类。由于近代物理技术的发展,人们已能把昆虫鸣声准确录音,在示波器上显示其特征,并摄影制图,帮助分析鉴定。六十年代全世界已有三百余种鸣虫的鸣声作了录音带,这一成就大大推动了分类鉴定工作。如美国已被认识的蟋蟀原为65种,由于对鸣声的分析鉴定导致40个新种的发现,使总数达到105种。 1978—1982年,作者等把北京、银川常见的7种蟋蟀进行饲养和观察,以了解其生活     

我国常见蟋蟀种类识别

蟋蟀类隶属于直翅目（Orthopter）、螽亚目（Ensifera）、蟋蟀总科（rylloide）、蟋出科（oryllidae）,在我国从南到北广泛分布。蟋蟀大部分属杂食性,也有一部分为植食性。其中有不少种类为害农作物,取食作物的根、茎、叶、枝、种子、果实、幼苗等。特别是近几年来,我国北方部分地区蟋蟀为害呈上升趋势,值得乌l起重视。这里将我国常见的24种蟋蟀编制成检索表,其中包括了北方地区大部分种类和南方最为常见的种类,几乎所有的农业害虫都已被列入。形态特征蟋蟀体型变化较大,约为2～40mm黑褐至赤褐色,也有些种类为黑色．黄色、淡绿色…     

济南地区蟋蟀总科种类组成与栖息生境的关系

采用野外调查、分类鉴定及数量统计方法 ,对济南地区蟋蟀总科的种类组成、栖境选择、数量动态等生态特征进行了分析。调查共获 4科 9属 17种 ,其中 8种为该地区新记录种。讨论了优势类群及其形成原因     

云南哑蟋属一新种记述(直翅目,蟋蟀科)

记述采自云南省丽江地区哑蟋属昆虫1新种,即云南哑蟋Goniogryllus yunnanensis sp.nov..描述了新种的形态特征,并与近似种做了比较.模式标本保存于武汉工业学院.     

中国啼蟋属一新纪录种（直翅目：蟋蟀科）

报道中国啼蟋属Trelleora Gorochov 1新纪录种:褐啼蟋T.fumosa Gorochov,1988,对其进行了详细描述并提供了相关特征图。研究材料保存于河北大学博物馆。     

三种油葫芦鸣声节律谱图比较

采用长时间连续采样的方法研究了黄脸油葫芦Teleogryllus emma(Ohmachi et Matsumura)、北京油葫芦Teleogryllus mitratus(Burmeister)和黑脸油葫芦Teleogryllus occipitalis(Serville)等3种油葫芦的鸣声节律特征谱图,分析其特点及其在鸣声分类中的意义.     

Power output and efficiency of sound production by crickets

I estimated the sound power of male crickets calling outdoorsusing a microphone array to measure their sound fields. Averagepower output for four species, Scapteriscus borellii (N = 18),S. vicinus (N = 7), Oecanthus quadripunctatus (N = 6), and Anurogryllusarboreus (N = 6), was 6.5, 4.5, 10.2, and 58.6 µW, respectively.Power output for male mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) wasvariable (range 2–22 nW), and estimated efficiency wasless than 0.1%. Efficiencies of sound production for tree crickets{Oecanthus) and short-tailed crickets (Anurogryllus) were between1% and 3%. Power output of S. vicinus males was significantlycorrelated with soil moisture near the male's burrow. LargerOecanthus males produced significantly more power than smallermales. Male Oecanthus that used leaves as baffles increasedpower output by a factor of 2 (3 dB). Radiation patterns ofScapteriscus sound fields were hemispherical. Those of Oecanthusand Anurogryllus were dumbbell shaped. Radiation patterns ofScapteriscus and Oecanthus are predicted by simple physicalsystems. The costs and benefits to male reproduction due o increasedpower output relate to changes in efficiency of sound productionand preferences used by females, competitors, or natural enemiesin locating calling males. [Behav Ecol 1991; 2:327–338]     

Relationships between body size and sound‐producing structures in crickets: do large males have large harps?

Abstract. Male crickets produce conspicuous acoustic signals to attract mates and deter potential rivals. These signals are created when a male cricket closes his wings rapidly and a file and scraper mechanism causes several areas of the wing to vibrate. The harp is an area of the wing that is part of the resonating structure. Because the harp acts as part of a mechanical resonator, changes in harp area or mass could influence the frequency of sound produced. Because females exhibit stabilizing selection on the frequency used in male songs, we hypothesized that there would be a negative allometric relationship between body size and harp area. In addition, we examined the degree of asymmetry in the harp, wing, and tibia. We examined this in four different species of cricket: Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Gryllus rubens , and Teleogryllus oceanicus. For each species, we measured pronotum width as an index of body size, tibia length, and the area of the forewing and harp. There were significant differences among species in their morphological characteristics. We observed consistent directional asymmetry in the harp area but not in the total wing area. When wings did exhibit directional asymmetry, it was in the opposite direction of the directional asymmetry observed in the harp. Within species, larger males typically had larger harps and the relationship between harp area and body size exhibited negative allometry. Wing area exhibited an isometric relationship with body size. Our data provide a potential mechanism linking decreases in song frequency with body size in male crickets, and suggest that sensory constraints might influence the morphology of signaling structures in a similar fashion as genitalia.     

Mechanical response of the tympanal membranes of the tree cricket <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oecanthus henryi</Emphasis>

Crickets have two tympanal membranes on the tibiae of each foreleg. Among several field cricket species of the genus Gryllus (Gryllinae), the posterior tympanal membrane (PTM) is significantly larger than the anterior membrane (ATM). Laser Doppler vibrometric measurements have shown that the smaller ATM does not respond as much as the PTM to sound. Hence the PTM has been suggested to be the principal tympanal acoustic input to the auditory organ. In tree crickets (Oecanthinae), the ATM is slightly larger than the PTM. Both membranes are structurally complex, presenting a series of transverse folds on their surface, which are more pronounced on the ATM than on the PTM. The mechanical response of both membranes to acoustic stimulation was investigated using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Only a small portion of the membrane surface deflects in response to sound. Both membranes exhibit similar frequency responses, and move out of phase with each other, producing compressions and rarefactions of the tracheal volume backing the tympanum. Therefore, unlike field crickets, tree crickets may have four instead of two functional tympanal membranes. This is interesting in the context of the outstanding question of the role of spiracular inputs in the auditory system of tree crickets.     

Behavioral analyses of wind-evoked escape of the cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus

The wind-evoked escape behavior of the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus was investigated using an air puff stimulus. A high velocity air puff elicited the escape behavior in many crickets. The crickets tended to escape away from the stimulus source, but the direction was not accurately oriented 180 degrees from the stimulus. After bilateral cercal ablation, only a few crickets showed wind-evoked escape behavior, and their response rates did not increase even 19 days after ablation. Therefore, information on air motion detected by cercal filiform hairs is essential for triggering wind-evoked behavior. After unilateral cercal ablation, the 81.3% response rate of intact crickets decreased to 16.5%, that is, it decreased to almost 20% that of intact crickets. One week after unilateral cercal ablation, the response rate recovered to more than 60% that of intact crickets. However, the accuracy rate of the escape direction of G. sigillatus showed no change even immediately after the unilateral cercal ablation. Therefore, both cerci are not necessarily required to determine the escape direction. The behavioral characteristics of wind-evoked escape of G. sigillatus are compared with those of another species of cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. The two species of cricket employ different strategies for wind-evoked escape.     

Calls of Recently Introduced Coquí Frogs Do Not Interfere with Cricket Phonotaxis in Hawaii

Acoustically-signaling animals such as crickets may experience interference from environmental noise, a particular concern given the rise in anthropogenic or other novel sources of sound. We examined the potential for acoustic interference of female phonotaxis to calling song in the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) by invasive coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii. The frogs were introduced to Hawaii from Puerto Rico in the 1980s. When female crickets were exposed to male calling songs with and without simultaneous broadcast of a coqui chorus, they were equally likely to move toward the cricket song, regardless of the location of the frog sound (ground level or above ground). Unlike some species of frogs and birds, T. oceanicus do not appear to experience acoustic interference from an introduced signaler, even though the introduced species’ calls subjectively seem to be masking the crickets’ songs.     

Multiple differences in calling songs and other traits between solitary and gregarious Mormon crickets from allopatric mtDNA clades

Background  

In acoustic species, traits such as male calling song are likely to diverge quickly between allopatric populations due to sexual selection, and divergence in parameters such as carrier frequency, chirp structure, and other important song characters can influence sexual isolation. Here we make use of two forms of Mormon crickets to examine differences in a broad suite of traits that have the potential to influence speciation via sexual isolation. Mormon crickets in "gregarious" populations aggregate into dense migratory bands, and females are the sexually competitive sex (sex-role reversal). There is also a non-outbreak "solitary" form. These two forms are largely but not perfectly correlated with a significant mtDNA subdivision within the species that is thought to have arisen in allopatry. Combined information about multiple, independently evolving traits, such as morphology and structural and behavioural differences in calling song, provides greater resolution of the overall differences between these allopatric populations, and allows us to assess their stage of divergence. We test two predictions, first that the forms differ in song and second that gregarious males are more reluctant to sing than solitary males due to sex role reversal. We also tested for a difference in the relationship between the size of the forewing resonator, the mirror, and carrier frequency, as most models of sound production in crickets indicate that mirror size should predict carrier frequency.     

A NEW SOUND TRAP,AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE MIGRATORY AND ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE FIELD CRICKET TELEOGRYLLUS COMMODUS (WALKER)

ABSTRACT

A new sound trap for capturing male and female crickets attracted to the calling song of the male is described. Major advantages of the trap are its portability and effectiveness. It was designed to operate in conjunction with a previously described cricket-song generator. The trap is compared with other designs and the acoustic and migratory behaviour of crickets revealed by sound trapping are discussed.