三峡库区消落带典型植物根际土壤磷形态特征

三峡库区消落带生态系统演变对水库安全具有重要影响,其中植物群落演变与土壤氮磷形态转化及释放等广受关注。然而,消落带植物根际效应与土壤磷形态关系及潜在影响并不清楚。选择三峡库区澎溪河消落带为研究对象,分别在冲积潮土、紫色土和水稻土分布的消落区采集典型草本植物(狗牙根、香附子、苍耳)和农作物(玉米)根际、非根际土壤,分析无机磷和有机磷的形态特征,探讨了消落带典型植物生长对土壤磷形态的根际效应及潜在影响。结果表明,土壤类型对土壤磷含量及磷赋存形态具有显著影响,紫色土磷含量最高,且活性磷含量低于冲积潮土和水稻土,表现出磷库稳定性较高;4种植物根际土壤全磷、有效磷及不同形态无机、有机磷(弱吸附态磷WA-P、潜在活性磷PA-P、铁铝结合态磷Fe/Al-P、钙结合态磷Ca-P、残渣态磷R-P)含量均高于非根际,表现出明显的根际富集效应;不同植物根际土壤全磷和有效磷表现为狗牙根苍耳香附子玉米,但磷形态在不同植物根际富集水平不同:活性较高的WA-P、PA-P含量在玉米和苍耳覆盖区均高于狗牙根和香附子,而较稳定Ca-P_i、R-P_i、Fe/Al-P_o、Ca-P_o含量在狗牙根和香附子覆盖区更高,表明玉米和苍耳生长有利于稳定性磷的活化,提高消落带土壤磷流失风险。不同植物根际对不同形态磷富集率差异明显,且玉米根际对活性磷形态的富集率最高,表明农业活动可能加速土壤稳定性磷的活化。pH、土壤有机质、土壤容重与无机磷的赋存形态关系密切,而有机磷赋存形态受pH影响显著,植物根际有机质积累和有机酸分泌等是影响土壤磷形态变化的主要因素。消落带植物群落演变及恢复对土壤磷形态转化具有重要影响。     

大兴安岭重度火烧迹地恢复后土壤磷形态与解磷细菌分布特征

为了探讨大兴安岭重度火烧迹地恢复后土壤不同磷形态含量、解磷细菌群落结构的差异及两者之间的关系,以人工恢复(樟子松人工林、落叶松人工林)、人工促进天然恢复(次生林)以及天然恢复(天然次生林)的林地土壤为研究对象,采用Sui等修正的Hedley磷素分级法对根际土壤和0～10、10～20 cm非根际土壤进行磷素分级测定,并用高通量测序法得到土壤解磷细菌种群丰度。结果表明: 0～10 cm非根际土壤水溶性磷(H₂O-P_i)、碳酸氢钠无机磷(NaHCO₃-P_i)、碳酸氢钠有机磷(NaHCO₃-P_o)及根际土壤NaHCO₃-P_o含量表现为落叶松人工林>樟子松人工林>天然次生林>次生林。10～20 cm非根际土壤H₂O-P_i、NaHCO₃-P_i、NaHCO₃-P_o及根际土壤H₂O-P_i、NaHCO₃-P_i含量表现为落叶松人工林>樟子松人工林>次生林>天然次生林。不同林分根际与非根际土壤H₂O-P_i、NaHCO₃-P_i和NaHCO₃-P_o含量的比值(R/S)均大于1。中等活性氢氧化钠磷(NaOH-P)包括氢氧化钠无机磷(NaOH-P_i)和氢氧化钠有机磷(NaOH-P_o)。在0～10 cm非根际土壤及根际土壤中NaOH-P含量表现为落叶松人工林>天然次生林>次生林>樟子松人工林,在10～20 cm非根际土壤中表现为落叶松人工林>樟子松人工林>次生林>天然次生林。土壤NaOH-P存在明显的根际效应。酸溶性磷(HCl-P)包括酸溶性无机磷(HCl-P_i)和酸溶性有机磷(HCl-P_o)。在0～10 cm非根际土壤中HCl-P含量表现为落叶松人工林>天然次生林>樟子松人工林>次生林,在10～20 cm非根际及根际土壤中表现为落叶松人工林>樟子松人工林>天然次生林>次生林。土壤残留磷(residual-P)含量对林地恢复方式不敏感。各林分土壤主要解磷细菌均为慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属、伯克霍尔德菌属和芽孢杆菌属。樟子松人工林和落叶松人工林土壤解磷细菌丰度显著高于次生林和天然次生林。冗余分析表明,解磷细菌与不同磷形态之间相关性各异。在现阶段来看,人工恢复更有利于提高土壤磷的有效性和增加解磷细菌的丰度。     

落叶松土壤有机磷形态与林木生长量的关系

采用Bowman-Cole有机磷分级体系,对落叶松人工林不同发育阶段根际与非根际土壤活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷含量的变化及其与有效磷和林木生长量的关系进行了研究。结果表明,构成落叶松人工林土壤有机磷的主要成分是中等活性有机磷和中稳性有机磷,两者之和占有机磷总量的77.07％～86．68％,根际土壤活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷是不同发育阶段土壤有效磷的主要来源,根际土壤有机磷总量、活性有机磷含量、中稳性有机磷含量和高稳性有机磷含量从幼龄林到近熟林随林龄递增而降低,近熟林之后有所增加,根际土壤中等活性有机磷含量随林龄变化不明显,非根际土壤各形态有机磷含量随林龄递增而呈波动性增加趋势,各发育阶段林木胸径、树高定期平均生长量与活性有机磷含量和有效磷含量关系最为密切。     

樟子松林根际与非根际土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根际与非根际土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征,以不同林龄(28、37、46年生)樟子松人工林为研究对象,以樟子松天然林为对照,研究根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量及其化学计量比,分析土壤性质与土壤化学计量特征间的相关性。结果表明：在樟子松人工林中,根际效应显著影响土壤N∶P,林龄显著影响土壤有机碳含量;各林龄人工林的土壤有机碳含量均显著低于天然林。人工林的根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮含量均随林龄增加先降低再升高;全磷含量在根际土壤中先升高再降低,在非根际土壤中先降低再升高。C∶N与C∶P在根际土壤中呈显著正相关,但在非根际土壤中不存在显著相关关系,说明根际土壤氮磷限制具有更高的协同性。根际与非根际土壤N∶P均值分别为4.98与8.40,表明樟子松人工林的生长受土壤N限制,且根际土壤受N限制程度更高。根际与非根际土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征受土壤性质的显著影响,其中,速效磷是最主要的驱动因子。呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松生长受N限制,其植物根系对土壤养分的富集与维持有明显作用,建议在樟子松生长阶段适当补充土壤氮素,并根据根际土壤氮磷限制的协同性适当补充磷素。     

落叶松人工林土壤酸度与有机磷形态的相关性

通过东北东部山地落叶松人工林不同发育阶段土壤酸度变化规律以及与有机磷形态相关关系的研究发现,不同发育阶段落叶松根际土壤水解性总酸度都高于非根际土壤,而交换性酸与总酸度的比值则相反;落叶松由幼龄林到成熟林随林龄的增大根际土壤活性酸(pH值)呈降低趋势,而非根际土壤活性酸(pH值)(除成熟林外)、根际与非根际土壤的交换性酸、土壤交换性铝、土壤水解性总酸度和交换性酸/总酸度的比值随林龄的增大呈显著增大趋势。但由于暗棕壤具有较强的缓冲性能,并且土壤活性酸(pH值)由幼龄林到成熟林随林龄的变化范围为5.27±0.25~5.93±0.12,因此,在落叶松树种适生的范围之内,不需施用石灰调节土壤的酸度。各年龄阶段森林根际土壤酸度与根际土壤有机磷形态相关密切。随着土壤潜性酸度的增加,各年龄阶段森林土壤有机磷总量、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷含量降低。活性有机磷分别与活性酸、水解性总酸度呈显著正相关,其与水解性总酸度相关性随林龄的增大而降低。     

岷江上游本地种油松和外来种辐射松造林对土壤磷的影响

通过测定岷江上游16年生本地种油松和外来种辐射松人工林下不同土壤层次中各形态磷素含量以及磷酸酶活力,阐述两种林分对土壤磷素含量及其分布的影响.结果表明,在各个土层中,两种林分下的土壤含水量、pH值、有机碳的含量以及微生物生物量磷均无显著差异.在0～20cm土层中,油松林与辐射松林土壤全磷、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量以及磷酸酶活力均无显著差异,而油松林土壤有效磷和有机磷显著高于辐射松林;在20～40cm土壤中,油松林土壤全磷、有效磷、有机磷、Al-P、Fe-P含量与辐射松林差异不显著,油松林土壤Ca-P含量、酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活力显著高于辐射松林;在40～60cm土壤中,油松林土壤除中性磷酸酶活力与辐射松林的差异不显著外,其余各形态磷素含量和酸性磷酸酶活力变化与20～40cm土壤中的一致.此外,随土壤深度的增加,两种人工林土壤各形态磷素含量、磷酸酶活力都呈降低的趋势.单从土壤磷的状况看,油松林土壤中磷素含量高于辐射松林.     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤磷库及其有效性初步研究

对樟子松人工林土壤不同层次中的全磷、速效磷 ,各级无机磷、有机磷的含量及其相关性进行了初步分析。结果表明 ,樟子松人工林土壤中全磷和速效磷含量都很低 (全磷约为0 0 5～ 0 18mg·g-1,表层土壤速效磷为 1 5 0～ 2 2 4mg·kg-1) ,处于我国土壤磷含量的最低水平 ,且速效磷不到全磷的 0 5 % ,有机磷占全磷的 4 0 %～ 80 % ,非蓄闭态无机磷以Ca P为主 ,在各土层中均为Ca P >Fe P >Al P。表层土壤中各种形态磷含量都显著高于下面三层 ,是各种生物、物理、化学过程最活跃的区域 ,并且存在磷酸盐沿着土壤剖面的淋溶。速效磷含量与有机磷、Fe P、Al P显著相关。不同密度和林龄的磷素状况无显著差异。可见 ,影响樟子松人工林土壤磷素有效性的因素很复杂 ,在较短的时间尺度上不同形态无机磷的相互转化及其影响因素对整个系统的磷素循环起主要作用 ,Fe P、Al P可能是沙地樟子松人工林土壤速效磷的主要来源 ,而有机磷则是重要的潜在有效磷源。     

不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤磷素组分特征变化

选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10a和20a)湿地为研究对象,以仍耕作油菜地和原始湿地为参照,分析了土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)、有机磷(OP)和无机磷(IP)各形态含量,探讨退耕还湖后湿地土壤磷素组分特征变化规律。结果表明:研究区土壤无机磷各形态含量大小顺序为:铁磷(Fe-P:73.55—391.76 mg/kg)钙磷(Ca-P:21.64—108.04 mg/kg)闭蓄态磷(O-P:17.15—29.57 mg/kg)铝磷(Al-P:5.84—25.97 mg/kg),其中Fe-P占了土壤无机磷总量的54.20%—74.13%;退耕还湖2—8a期间,湿地土壤Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量有逐渐降低趋势,而退耕8—20a后逐渐上升,以Fe-P为主的这3形态磷左右着退耕后土壤无机磷的变化;Ca-P随退耕年限增加整体呈上升趋势,对土壤无机磷的贡献逐渐增加;无机磷占土壤全磷的比例为35.90%—67.27%,主导着退耕后湿地土壤全磷变化;有机磷占土壤全磷的17.82%—50.51%,在退耕2a后下降,随后开始逐渐上升,对退耕后湿地土壤磷库恢复的贡献逐渐增加;其中Fe-P、O-P和Al-P控制着退耕后土壤磷素有效性变化。退耕后水文条件、植被生长和土壤黏粒含量变化不仅影响退耕后湿地土壤磷素组分特征,也影响着退耕后湿地土壤磷素有效性。     

白浆土-植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅳ.环境条件对土壤磷素有效性的影响

根际试验研究表明,水分、有机质、土壤酸度是影响白浆土磷素生物有效性的重要因子.调节土壤水分含量,能增强土壤中铁、铝磷酸盐的溶解,加速磷酸根离子从根际土壤向非根际土壤扩散.增加土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤对P素的吸附自由能(K值),提高土壤中的速效磷含量.适量施用石灰,调节白浆土酸度,由于化学溶解作用的影响,促进了土壤中铁、铝磷酸盐的溶解,增强了土壤中磷素的生物有效性.     

林线附近主要植被类型下土壤非生长季磷素形态

采用Hedley磷素分级方法,比较研究了岷江上游林线附近不同植被类型(高寒灌丛草甸、雪山杜鹃灌丛和岷江冷杉林)非生长季0—20cm土壤无机磷和有机磷形态。结果表明,研究区内土壤总磷平均含量(857.32mg·kg-1)较高,但活性磷含量仅占总磷的10%左右。生物态磷含量占总磷含量的60%以上,表明土壤磷素受生物作用影响较大。3种植被类型下土壤无机磷主要以D.HCl-Pi(稀盐酸提取无机磷)和C.HCl-Pi(浓盐酸提取无机磷)形态存在,活性无机磷和NaOH-Pi含量较少。高寒灌丛草甸土壤D.HCl-Pi和C.HCl-Pi含量均显著高于岷江冷杉,表明其含有更多的钙结合态磷。土壤有机磷与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关,NaOH-Po是有机磷主要的构成形态,占总磷含量的39.39%—53.69%。不同植被类型下土壤有机磷形态间差异较大,岷江冷杉林下土壤NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po含量最高,高寒灌丛草甸则含有更多的C.HCl-Po。低温和凋落物积累是造成林线附近土壤有机磷含量较高的重要原因。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质与微生物生物量的动态变化

为揭示不同林龄沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的动态和相互关系,以毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林为对象,分析土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮变化规律。结果表明:樟子松人工林土壤理化性质随林龄增加在不同沙地中表现不同,毛乌素沙地土壤容重和养分含量明显降低,科尔沁沙地土壤孔隙度和养分含量明显升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤养分则呈现先增加后降低趋势。与土壤理化性质变化趋势类似,毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而降低,科尔沁沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加呈先增加而后降低趋势。影响毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的主要因子分别是硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量。毛乌素与科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林主要限制因子为土壤氮,而呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松受土壤有机碳限制较强。     

不同磷源对磷高效利用野生大麦根际土壤磷组分的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以野生大麦磷高效利用基因型IS-22-30、IS-22-25和低效基因型IS-07-07为材料,研究不施磷(CK)、无机磷(KH₂PO₄,Pi)、有机磷(phytate,Po)及二者混合(KH₂PO₄+phytate,Pi+Po)的方式施磷30 mg·kg^-1时,磷高效基因型野生大麦对磷素吸收利用能力及土壤磷组分特征.结果表明： Pi处理野生大麦干物质量和磷素积累量最大,Pi+Po处理其次,Po处理最小,均显著高于CK处理,且磷高效基因型物质生产和磷素吸收能力显著高于磷低效基因型.土壤有效磷在不同磷源处理间差异显著,Pi处理时含量最高,Pi+Po处理次之,且磷高效基因型野生大麦根际有效磷含量显著高于磷低效基因型.磷高效基因型野生大麦根际有效磷呈现亏缺现象,在Pi和Pi+Po处理时亏缺程度较大.根际与非根际土壤无机磷组分含量为Ca₁₀-P>O-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca₂-P>Ca₈-P,且其含量随着Pi的增加而增加.各磷源处理下,磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P出现亏缺;Pi处理磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤Al-P、Fe-P出现富集.土壤中有机磷各组分含量为中活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷.野生大麦根际土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷呈现富集,其富集量在Pi处理时最大;中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷呈现亏缺.各磷源处理下,磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤活性有机磷含量显著高于磷低效基因型,中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷在基因型间差异不显著.Pi缺乏时,磷高效基因型野生大麦活化吸收Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和活性有机磷的能力较强.     

Labile Phosphorus in Soils of Forest Fallows and Primary Forest in the Bragantina Region, Brazil

We used the Hedley sequential extraction procedure to measure nine different organic inorganic soil phosphorus fractions in forest soil of the Bragantina region of Para, Brazil. We compared the labile fractions (resin‐extractable P + HCO3‐extractable inorganic and organic P) in Oxisols from three secondary forests (10, 20, and 40 years old) and a primary forest. These stands were located in an area that has supported shifting agriculture for approximately a century. After agricultural use, total P and labile P in soils of young secondary forests are diminished compared to the amounts presents in the primary forest soil. Within each stand, organic carbon content was a good predictor of labile organic and inorganic P, consistent with the large body of research indicating that mineralization of organic matter is important to plant nutrition in tropical ecosystems. During the reorganization of P pools during forest development, the pool of labile organic P (HCO3‐extractable) diminishes more than the other labile fractions, suggesting that it is directly or indirectly an important source of P for the regrowing forest vegetation. Across the four age classes of forest, the soil reservoir of labile P was equal to or greater than the total amount of P in the vegetation. If labile P measured by this method adequately represents P available to plants in the short term (as suggested by the current consensus), we would conclude that plant‐available P is reasonable abundant, and that the effects of agriculture on available P pools are detectable but not sufficient to compromise forest regrowth in this area.     

供磷水平和根际效应协同影响含碱性磷酸酶基因细菌群落的网络复杂性和稳定性北大核心

【目的】通过研究长期不同供磷水平下根际、土体土壤中编码碱性磷酸酶基因(alkaline phosphatase gene,phoD)细菌群落特征、网络复杂性、群落的稳定性及其与磷酸酶活性之间的关系,揭示供磷水平和根际效应在调控土壤有机磷矿化中的微生物学机制。【方法】选取华北平原长期施磷的小麦-玉米轮作体系石灰性土壤为基质土壤,开展根箱试验。选取的试验处理包括3个供磷水平,分别是0、50.0、200.0 kg P/hm^(2)(分别表示为P0、P50、P200)。玉米种子播种30 d后,采集玉米的根际土和土体土。采用高通量测序技术分析根际和土体土壤中编码碱性磷酸酶基因(phoD)细菌群落,探究施肥及根际效应对含phoD基因细菌的群落特征、网络特征的影响及其与磷酸酶活性的关系。【结果】随着施磷量的增加,速效磷(available P,AP)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性在根际、土体土壤中均显著提高,且两者呈显著正相关。phoD基因丰度在P0、P200处理的根际土壤中显著高于土体土壤。含phoD基因细菌群落的α多样性在P50处理下的根际土壤显著高于土体土壤。冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,土壤中AP、有机磷(organic P,Po)和全磷(total P,Pt)是影响微生物群落的主要因素。与不施磷处理(P0)相比,施磷处理(P50、P200)下根际土壤中网络节点数和连接数降低,而土体土壤中网络节点数和连接数增加;同时,施磷处理含phoD基因细菌群落的鲁棒性(robustness)在根际土壤中显著提高,而在土体土壤中显著降低。Mantel检验表明,含phoD基因微生物群落中的优势物种在根际土壤与AP、酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)、内聚力(cohesion)和网络的鲁棒性显著相关,在土体土壤中无显著性。【结论】供磷水平及根际效应协同影响phoD基因丰度、含phoD基因细菌群落的α多样性、群落结构、优势物种、网络的复杂性及群落的稳定性,进而影响磷酸酶活性,调控了土壤中有机磷的矿化。     

中亚热带不同母质发育森林土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

本研究以福建三明砂岩和花岗岩发育的米槠林土壤和杉木林土壤为对象,分析土壤磷组分、铁铝氧化物、微生物生物量以及磷酸酶活性等指标,研究母质和森林类型对土壤磷组分的影响程度和机制。结果表明: 母质和森林类型显著影响土壤不同磷组分含量。总体上,砂岩发育土壤全磷含量、活性无机/有机磷、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量均显著高于花岗岩发育土壤,并且砂岩发育米槠林土壤活性有机磷含量、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量显著高于砂岩发育杉木林土壤,而花岗岩发育米槠林与杉木林土壤磷组分的含量差异不显著。花岗岩发育的2种森林土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于砂岩,而砂岩发育米槠林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量磷(MBP)显著高于砂岩发育杉木林土壤。土壤不同磷组分的含量与土壤不同形态铁铝氧化物含量、MBP、MBC呈显著正相关,而与土壤pH、ACP呈显著负相关,表明土壤母质和森林类型可能主要通过土壤铁铝氧化物赋存形态、ACP、MBP等生物及非生物因子影响中亚热带森林土壤磷组分分配特征。     

Variation of soil carbon pools in Pinus sylvestris plantations of different ages in north China

Plantations play an important role in absorbing atmospheric CO₂ and plantation soil can serve as an important carbon (C) sink. However, the stocks and dynamics of soil C in differently aged plantation forests in north China remain uncertain. In this study, we measured soil inorganic carbon (SIC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen content (STN), the light (LF) and heavy fractions (HF) of soil organic matter (SOM) to a depth of 1 m in 3 different ages (10-, 30-, 40-year-old) of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Mongolia pine) plantations in 2011 and 2012. Soil pH, texture and moisture were also measured to explore the causes of SOC dynamics for different stand ages. Our results showed that no significant difference in SIC content was observed at different soil depths. As forest age increases, SIC content as well as the C and N content in SOM, LF and HF initially rose and then decreased, while the LF in SOC initially decreased and then increased. Although the C:N ratio of SOC and HF did not significantly change, the C:N ratio of LF increased with depth. SOC dynamics at different stand ages were significantly correlated with soil moisture and clay content. Soil pH and moisture explained 58.63% of the overall variation of SOC at different depths. Moreover, the SOC increased during the early stage of afforestation, mostly because of the increase in recalcitrant C; however, the decrease of SOC with increasing stand age was also mainly affected by C loss in the recalcitrant C pool.     

Four decades of post-agricultural forest development have caused major redistributions of soil phosphorus fractions

Fertilisation of agricultural land causes an accumulation of nutrients in the top soil layer, among which phosphorus (P) is particularly persistent. Changing land use from farmland to forest affects soil properties, but changes in P pools have rarely been studied despite their importance to forest ecosystem development. Here, we describe the redistributions of the P pools in a four-decadal chronosequence of post-agricultural common oak (Quercus robur L.) forests in Belgium and Denmark. The aim was to assess whether forest age causes a repartitioning of P throughout the various soil P pools (labile P, slowly cycling P and occluded P); in particular, we addressed the time-related alterations in the inorganic versus organic P fractions. In less than 40 years of oak forest development, significant redistributions have occurred between different P fractions. While both the labile and the slowly cycling inorganic P fractions significantly decreased with forest age, the organic fractions significantly increased. The labile P pool (inorganic + organic), which is considered to be the pool of P most likely to contribute to plant-available P, significantly decreased with forest age (from >20 to <10% of total P), except in the 0-5 cm of topsoil, where labile P remained persistently high. The shift from inorganic to organic P and the shifts between the different inorganic P fractions are driven by biological processes and also by physicochemical changes related to forest development. It is concluded that the organic labile P fraction, which is readily mineralisable, should be taken into account when studying the bioavailable P pool in forest ecosystems.     

Rhizosphere effect and fine-root morphological adaptations in a chronosequence of silver birch stands on reclaimed oil shale post-mining areas

Mining activities create wastelands that require reclamation. The relief of abandoned opencast oil shale mining area is rugged, and the mining spoil is extremely stony and alkaline (pH 8), with low N and organic content. Planting of fast-growing deciduous tree species such as silver birch (Betula pendula) on post-mining area is the best means to accelerate the development of a new forest ecosystem in such harsh conditions. A chronosequence of silver birch stands (1, 2, 3, 5, 29, 40 years old) was investigated to reveal changes in bulk soil (S) and rhizosphere (R) properties, in rhizosphere effect on bacterial activity and diversity, and in fine-root morphological adaptations in relation to stand development. The rhizosphere effect on bacterial activity was measured as a rhizosphere/soil (R/S) ratio and on species diversity as a similarity (%) between rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities. Bacterial species diversity was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique and was expressed as Shannon diversity index. Biolog EcoPlates were used to determine the summed activity of cultivable bacteria in rhizosphere and bulk soil. Short-root morphological parameters were measured using WinRHIZO™ Pro.Soil pH and available P concentration decreased logarithmically, and N% and organic matter concentration increased linearly with increasing stand age. During the first 30 years of stand development SIR increased an order, from 0.18 to 1.90 mg C g⁻¹. Bulk soil bacterial diversity increased logarithmically with stand age. The bacterial diversity was higher in rhizosphere than in bulk soil. Rhizosphere effect on bacterial activity was low a year after planting, increased more than two times in the next 2 years, and decreased thereafter rapidly with stand age. Rhizosphere effect, indicating plant support to rhizosphere microbial communities, was highest when soil conditions were still poor, but trees had already overcome the transplant shock. All short-root morphological parameters showed certain trends with age. Specific short-root length varied between 56 and 313 m g⁻¹ and decreased logarithmically with stand age and soil improvement. The fastest changes in short-root morphology, rhizosphere effect, and soil pH occurred during the early development of silver birch stands - in the first 5 years; P nutrition and N use efficiency improved simultaneously. Rhizosphere effect and short-root morphological adaptation have an important role in soil and stand development on oil shale post-mining area, and silver birch is a promising tree species for reclamation of alkaline mining spoil.     

半干旱区沙质退化草地造林对土壤质量的影响

采用野外调查与室内培养相结合的方法,研究了我国北方半干旱区科尔沁沙地退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后0～10 cm表层土壤理化性状、土壤碳氮矿化量、土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性等的变化. 结果表明32年生樟子松人工林土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷等养分含量分别下降了21%、42%和45%;5月和11月樟子松人工林土壤NH4 -N显著高于草地(P=0.001;P=0.019),而5、8和11月草地土壤NO3--N含量显著高于樟子松人工林(P＜0.001;P=0.048;P=0.031);5、8和11月樟子松人工林土壤有机碳日矿化释放的CO2-C量均大于草地,而二者土壤氮矿化率差异不显著(P＞0.05);5和8月樟子松人工林土壤微生物量碳含量与草地相比差异不显著,11月则显著高于草地;土壤养分和水分含量是影响土壤微生物量碳含量的重要因素;与草地相比,樟子松人工林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性升高. 上述结果说明半干旱区沙质退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后土壤质量出现一定程度的下降;由于植被的改变,樟子松人工林土壤理化性状和生物学性状等表现出与草地不同的季节动态特征.造林作为我国北方半干旱区沙地退化生态系统的一种恢复手段具有一定的局限性.