云南常见牛肝菌属真菌中汞含量及食用安全评价

汞(Hg)是危害人类健康的主要重金属元素之一,多数食用菌对Hg有很强的富集能力,测定食用菌中Hg含量,并对其进行食用安全性评价具有重要意义。采用冷原子吸收直接测汞仪系统测定85份云南常见牛肝菌属真菌菌盖、菌柄中总Hg含量;以同一牛肝菌子实体菌盖与菌柄总Hg含量比(Q(C/S))分析牛肝菌属真菌对Hg的富集特征;根据联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)现行每周Hg允许摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake,PTWI)标准和中国GB 2762—2012规定的食用菌中Hg限量标准评价样品的食用安全性。结果表明,菌盖和菌柄中总Hg含量分别在0.13~22.00、0.20~8.40 mg·kg-1DW,不同产地、种类及不同采集年份的样品中总Hg含量存在明显差异;同一牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄总Hg含量比(Q(C/S))在0.28~4.08,92%的样品Q(C/S)1,表明多数样品中菌盖对Hg的富集能力强于菌柄。根据GB 2762—2012规定的食用菌及其制品中总Hg含量限量标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1),发现所有测试样品的总Hg含量均超标;根据PTWI标准,假设成年人(60 kg)每周食用300 g新鲜牛肝菌,则多数样品Hg摄入量低于允许摄入量,无安全风险,而少数样品Hg摄入量高于允许摄入量,食用有一定的潜在风险。同时,牛肝菌总Hg含量与种类、产地、采集时间等因素密切相关,采食及安全评价需综合考虑这些因素。     

紫外指纹图谱结合化学计量学对黄精基原植物的鉴别

运用紫外光谱技术结合化学计量学,建立快速鉴别不同基原黄精的方法。通过单因素实验确定黄精最佳提取溶剂、时间和用量,制备测试液,采用紫外光谱技术建立3种基原黄精的紫外指纹图谱,光谱数据转化后进行主成分(PCA)和系统聚类分析(HCA)。该方法重现性、精密度、稳定性较好,结果表明不同种类黄精紫外指纹图谱具有指纹特性,3种基原植物黄精紫外光谱图在210 nm、220 nm、280 nm附近差异明显;聚类分析和主成分分析三维投影图反映出不同种类黄精的化学成分积累具有差异,能较好地区分滇黄精(Polygonatum kingianum)、黄精(P. sibiricum)与多花黄精(P. cyrtonema)。紫外光谱结合化学计量学能快速鉴别不同种类黄精,可作为黄精的鉴别和质量控制新方法,为黄精临床应用、资源开发及黄精属植物分类提供辅助方法。     

滁菊的HPLC指纹图谱制作及其化学计量学分析

建立滁菊的HPLC指纹图谱,结合化学计量学手段对不同滁菊的指纹图谱进行分析研究,以期为滁菊的质量控制和产地追溯提供依据。采用HPLC法建立指纹图谱,并用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)和系统聚类、主成分分析2种化学计量学法对指纹图谱和特征峰进行分析。分析结果发现样品有27个共有峰,12个滁菊样品具有较高的相似度,杭菊与滁菊的相似度较差,聚类分析与主成分分析结果和相似度分析结果一致。将HPLC指纹图谱与化学计量学结合可对滁菊进行鉴别和质量评价,为其质量控制和追溯提供了理论参考。     

松乳菇中氨基酸及其它营养素含量的测定

以秦巴山区野生松乳菇子实体为材料 ,分别对其菌盖和菌柄样品中氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、灰分及微量元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明 :在所测定的 1 7种氨基酸中 ,菌盖含有 1 7种 ,菌柄含 1 6种 ,氨基酸总含量分别为 1 9.89%和 1 3 .79% ;必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的 3 6.75 %和 3 5 .95 %。菌盖和菌柄中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、灰分含量分别为 2 4 .2 7% ,1 9.0 3 % ;6.84 % ,5 .0 2 % ;1 1 .5 2 % ,1 5 .2 6% ;3 7.4 1 % ,2 3 .89%和 7.4 2 % ,5 .2 8%。钙、铁、锌、铜、锰 5种微量元素中 ,铁含量最高 ,在菌盖和菌柄样品中分别为 0 .1 68% ,0 .1 2 %     

数据融合快速鉴别9种野生食用牛肝菌

食用菌种类与产地品质存在差异,加上因牟利产生的混杂销售现象,严重制约了高原特色农产品来源鉴别、种质资源评价和深入挖掘利用。本试验融合牛肝菌光谱信息建立支持向量机（SVM）模型,寻找最佳的样品种类鉴别方法。结果显示：（1）元素标准曲线R ²>0.999,RSD<5.0%,标准物回收率94%-106%,测定方法可靠;（2）样品含Ca、Na等人体必需元素,但Cd含量超标;（3）脂肪酸、蛋白质等化合物和Ni、Co等矿质元素对种类鉴别贡献最大;（4）中级数据融合优于低级数据融合,优于单一光谱数据模型。数据融合结合化学计量学可实现样品种类快速准确鉴别,对食用菌市场监督、种质资源评价及挖掘利用具有理论参考意义。     

我国鹅膏菌新发现种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)的肽类毒素分析

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对在广州发现的鹅膏菌新种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)不同组织部位的肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)的含量进行了分析,结果表明,致命鹅膏是一种剧毒蘑菇,其毒素含量相当高,子实体中组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,达8152.6μg/g干重,菌柄的毒素含量次之,为3742.3μg/g干重,菌托中的毒素含量最低,只有1142.5μg/g干重;在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鹅膏毒肽为主,尤其以αamanitin的相对含量最高,但从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽尤其是Phallacidin的相对含量依次增加。     

基于质构仪质地多面分析法对香菇质地评价

香菇Lentinula edodes质地是影响其食味品质和货架期的一系列重要品质指标。本研究首次基于质构仪质地多面分析法（TPA）,结合传统感官评级对ZX6（浙香6号）和Lsm9两个香菇亲本及其2个杂交菌株（L1*11和L4*6）子实体的不同部位（菌柄P1、菌盖顶部P2、菌盖中心P3和菌盖侧边P4）的7个质地指标和2个传统的感官评级（菌盖紧实度和菌柄紧实度）进行评价。相关性分析显示传统感官紧实度评级可以与6个质地指标存在显著相关性,说明TPA方法可取代并量化传统方法,不同取样部位的相关性分析显示菌盖中心取样部位（P2）在7个参数中与其他菌盖部位具有最大范围的相关性,这与主成分分析结果基本一致,说明P2可最大程度代表菌盖的质地情况。此外,显著正相关存在于硬度1、粘附性、硬度2、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性6个指数间。从品种和遗传角度而言,ZX6除了内聚性较低以外,其他参数均高于Lsm9。杂交菌株L4*6在硬度1、硬度2、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性5个指数与低值亲本Lsm9无显著差异,说明Lsm9决定上述指标的遗传变异在杂交F1菌株L4*6存在一定程度的显性遗传,L1*11在硬度1、硬度2和胶黏性方面显著低于双亲,存在“超亲现象”。本研究为后续香菇子实体质构分析提供了科学和精细的方法依据,同时也为遗传学分析提供基础。     

不同产地、不同种类以及不同部位中的石韦总黄酮含量分析

目的:采用紫外可见分光光度法对不同产地、不同种类以及不同部位的石韦药材中的总黄酮的含量进行分析研究,对药用石韦的质量控制提供一定的依据。方法:利用60%乙醇超声提取不同石韦粉末,采用紫外-可见光分光光度法在510 nm波长处测吸光度,分析不同石韦中的总黄酮含量。结果:不同种类、不同产地以及不同部位的石韦中总黄酮含量存在明显差异。结论:通过本实验对不同石韦中的总黄酮含量测定的分析,为石韦药材品种的鉴别和质量研究提供了一定的参考。     

基于FTIR的黄芪药材产地鉴别及预测研究

采集12个主产县90批黄芪药材的FTIR指纹图谱,分析各产地药材的光谱特征,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)及反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)建立其产地的快速鉴别及预测模型。结果表明,不同产地黄芪药材FTIR指纹图谱及平均光谱均具有一定差异;所建OPLS-DA模型能够对不同产地黄芪药材进行较为明确的分类鉴别;不同产地黄芪药材的FTIR光谱差异主要分布在3400~2920、1650~1420、1370~1050、930~770 cm-1及590~520 cm-1波数范围;所建BP-ANN模型对测试集黄芪药材产地的预测准确率大于83%。因此,基于FTIR指纹图谱的OPLS-DA模型及BP-ANN模型能够用于黄芪药材的产地鉴别及预测。     

我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析*

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对产于我国的28种鹅膏菌的主要肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)进行了检测分析,并和采于欧洲(德国)的毒鹅膏Amanita phalloides作对照,结果表明,3种东亚所特有的鹅膏菌(灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种)和欧洲毒鹅膏所含毒素种类多、含量高,其子实体菌盖部位主要毒素总量分别达到12583.7μg/g、8152.6μg/g、1058.2μg/g、7456.2μg/g干重子实体,这4种鹅膏菌可称之为剧毒鹅膏菌。其它25种鹅膏菌中有10种检测出含有微量鹅膏毒肽,含量在19.5μg/g-151.2μg/g之间。在4种剧毒鹅膏菌中,子实体组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,菌柄的毒素含量次之,菌托中的毒素含量最低;对于灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种,无论在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中,鹅膏毒肽类毒素的含量都高于鬼笔毒肽类毒素,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高;而在欧洲毒鹅膏中,菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鬼笔毒肽为主,尤其以phallacidin的相对含量最高,并且从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽的相对含量依次增加。     

Determination of differences in the nonvolatile metabolites of pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) according to different parts and heating times using 1H NMR and principal component analysis.

The differences in the nonvolatile metabolites of pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) according to different parts and heating times were analyzed by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data. The 1H NMR spectra and PCA enabled the differences of nonvolatile metabolites among mushroom samples to be clearly observed. The two parts of mushrooms could be easily discriminated based on PC 1, and could be separated according to different heattreated times based on PC 3. The major peaks in the 1H NMR spectra that contributed to differences among mushroom samples were assigned to trehalose, succinic acid, choline, leucine/isoleucine, and alanine. The content of trehalose was higher in the pileus than in the stipe of all mushroom samples, whereas succinic acid, choline, and leucine/isoleucine were the main components in the stipe. Heating resulted in significant losses of alanine and leucine/isoleucine, whereas succinic acid, choline, and trehalose were the most abundant components in mushrooms heat-treated for 3 min and 5 min, respectively.     

Mushroom stem cells

Contrary to the rarity of totipotent cells in animals, almost every cell formed by a fungus can function as a "stem cell". The multicellular fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi consist of the same kind of filamentous hyphae that form the feeding phase, or mycelium, of the organism, and visible cellular differentiation is almost nonexistent. Mushroom primordia develop from masses of converging hyphae, and the stipe (or stem), cap, and gills are clearly demarcated within the embryonic fruiting body long before the organ expands and unfolds through water uptake and cell wall loosening. Though frequent references are made to gilled mushrooms in this article, the totipotent nature of fruiting body cells and lack of meristems is also applicable to basidiomycetes that spread their spore-producing tissues inside tubes (e.g., boletes), over spines and rippled surfaces, or form spores in cavities within the fruiting body.Even in the mature mushroom, every hypha retains its totipotency. Among animals, only sponges exhibit a similar degree of developmental flexibility, which is interesting, because these simple metazoans may be relatively close relatives of fungi.     

First report of the ectomycorrhizal status of boletes on the Northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico determined using isotopic methods

Despite their prominent role for tree growth, few studies have examined the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland, seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF). Although fruiting bodies of boletes have been observed in a dry tropical forest on the Northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, their occurrence is rare and their mycorrhizal status is uncertain. To determine the trophic status (mycorrhizal vs. saprotrophic) of these boletes, fruiting bodies were collected and isotopically compared to known saprotrophic fungi, foliage, and soil from the same site. Mean δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values differed significantly between boletes and saprotrophic fungi, with boletes 8.0‰ enriched and 2.5‰ depleted in ¹⁵N and ¹³C, respectively relative to saprotrophic fungi. Foliage was depleted in ¹³C relative to both boletes and saprotrophic fungi. Foliar δ¹⁵N values, on the other hand, were similar to saprotrophic fungi, yet were considerably lower relative to bolete fruiting bodies. Results from this study provide the first isotopic evidence of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland SDTF and emphasize the need for further research to better understand the diversity and ecological importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in these forested ecosystems.     

Strain typing of shiitake (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lentinula edodes</Emphasis>) cultivars by AFLP analysis,focusing on a heat-dried fruiting body

To validate strain typing by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis in shiitake (Lentinula edodes) cultivars, the reproducibility of AFLP markers with DNA extracted from the heat-dried fruiting body was evaluated. DNAs were extracted from three different portions of the heat-dried fruiting body – the stipe, pileus, and gill – and AFLP analysis of all parts was carried out using two combinations of selected amplification primer pairs. AFLP profiles of DNA from the gill tissue of heat-dried fruiting body were almost identical to those of cultured mycelia in the same strains, although it was difficult to detect reproducible AFLP profiles from stipe and pileus DNA. These results indicated that AFLP analysis would be applicable for strain typing with heat-dried fruiting bodies of L. edodes by using the DNA extracted from gills.Contribution No. 364 of the Tottori Mycological Institute     

灵芝子实体中三萜类物质抗肿瘤活性的谱效关系

通过HPLC指纹图谱结合多元线性回归分析对不同产地灵芝子实体的功效性特征进行评价,为寻找灵芝中活性三萜提供理论依据。利用高效液相分析方法,结合样品对肿瘤细胞L1210的增殖抑制率,运用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统2004A版”软件和多元线性回归分析11批不同品种灵芝子实体中的三萜活性成分。样品与标准指纹图谱的相似度均在0.9以上,共标定了12个共有物质峰,其中与抗L1210肿瘤细胞活性关系密切的三萜物质有灵芝酸C₂、灵芝酸G、灵芝烯酸B、灵芝烯酸A、灵芝酸K、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸F和灵芝醛A。     

Fingerprint and relationship composition-antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. & Dur

Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. & Dur. is an endemic Algerian plant species growing in pre-desert area. The aerial parts are commonly used in the folk medicine. The fingerprint of the aerial part of S. satureioides essential oil (EO) collected periodically at different growing stages was established by GC and GC/MS analyses. Besides, the seasonal variations of the EO components were also investigated. In order to highlight the effect of seasonal variation/variability of the EO composition on the fingerprint pattern, chemometrics methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap associated with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied. The antioxidant activity of the EO was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The relationship between GC fingerprint and antioxidant activity named spectrum-effect relationship was investigated by partial least squares (PLS) regression. The EO fingerprint was essentially marked by the three major oxygenated monoterpenes which were α-terpineol (34.48–42.43%), borneol (15.24–23.37%) and thymol (19.27–26.96%). Successfully, multivariate models were developed to relate the antioxidant activities responses to the EO chemical composition.     

The study on the chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii by microwave assisted extraction coupled with GC-MS

The chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii, a kind of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), was studied by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimized conditions of MAE were examined. The method of MAE was evaluated in contrast to heat reflux extraction (HRE) method and by the validation tests of precision and repeatability. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and peak area of each component were less than 0.2% and 6%, respectively. Twenty-five different batches of samples collected from different producing areas and the toasting process of F. xanthii were studied. The characteristic differences in the producing areas and the chemical variances in the toasting process were obtained and studied by principal components analysis (PCA) and similarity analysis. The trends of main varying components were attempted to be described in order to specify the related pharmacology and toxicology in crude and toasted samples. The results suggest that the chromatographic fingerprint developed by MAE coupled with GC-MS provides useful information to reveal the quality of F. xanthii and evaluate the quality changes in the producing process.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法分析卵孢小奥德蘑子实体不同部位挥发性成分及营养成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对卵孢小奥德蘑子实体菌盖和菌柄的挥发性成分进行测定。结果表明从卵孢小奥德蘑子实体菌盖和菌柄分别鉴定出101和102种化合物,其中44种为相同物质,占挥发性物质的43%。主要以烷类、酯类和酸类化合物为主,其中十四烷、八甲基环四硅氧烷、己酸、抗坏血酸二棕榈酸酯和芳樟醇相对含量最高。营养成分分析表明,卵孢小奥德蘑子实体含粗纤维1.2%、总糖28.7%、脂肪0.3g/100g、蛋白质3.58g/100g、灰分1.6%;必需氨基酸0.871g/100g,占氨基酸总量（2.783g/100g）的31.30%;1kg子实体含29.2mg Na、4.37×10 ³mg K、115mg Mg、12.6mg Zn、6.19mg Ca、46.5mg Fe、6.93μg B₁、17.9μg B₂、33.6μg B₆。本研究首次对卵孢小奥德蘑营养成分和挥发性成分进行了系统研究,为进一步研究卵孢小奥德蘑中活性物质及完善化合物谱图库提供理论支撑。