天然小分子诱生机体抗病毒细胞因子研究

天然小分子是中药、药用植物和天然药物的重要活性成分,是重要的药物资源研究方向和内容。大多数抗病毒药用植物,如夏枯草、黄芪和黄芩等,其活性成分均为天然小分子。抗病毒细胞因子为一类生物体中具有联系机体固有免疫和特异性免疫应答,捕杀或抑制体内病毒的小分子功能蛋白。近年来研究表明,植物中的多酚类、苷类以及寡糖等小分子化合物可调控机体内源抗病毒细胞因子的表达水平,继而作用于各类DNA或RNA病毒:一方面刺激机体产生抗病毒蛋白,直接捕杀病毒;另一方面联动机体固有免疫和获得性免疫应答,抑制病毒复制,抗病毒感染,清除被病毒感染的细胞。本文综述了近几十年药用植物天然小分子诱生机体细胞因子抗病毒的作用及机制研究,并由此提出这类活性天然小分子将可能成为新一类的抗病毒药物。     

重组人干扰素α2a滴鼻剂抗病毒药效学研究

为了检测干扰素滴鼻剂抗病毒药效作用,采用组织细胞培养法及建立流行性感冒动物模型,对不同浓度的干扰素滴鼻剂进行了体内外抗病毒药效学研究。结果显示:在体外有抑制流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒、麻疹病毒、腺病毒、柯萨奇B3病毒的作用,对单纯疱疹病毒有部分抑制作用。在体内可有效抑制流感病毒所致的病毒性肺炎。可见,重组人干扰素α2a滴鼻剂在体内外均有较明显的抗呼吸道病毒的作用。     

黄酮类化合物对禽流感病毒的抑制作用

采用鸡胚培养法探讨黄酮类化合物对禽流感H5N1亚型病毒的抑制作用。实验分三种给药方式:即直接作用、先感染病毒后用药和先加药后感染。第一种给药方式说明黄酮类化合物可以直接灭活H5N1病毒;第二种给药方式说明黄酮类化合物可通过抑制流感病毒唾液酶的活性,从而抑制病毒粒子的复制;第三种给药方式反映一定浓度的药物可以阻断病毒对细胞的吸附作用。结果表明,黄酮类化合物对禽流感病毒的预防及治疗均有显著效果。     

盐酸阿比朵尔抗柯萨奇病毒B3的实验研究

为观察盐酸阿比朵尔对柯萨奇病毒的抑制作用,本实验以利巴韦林为阳性对照药物,采用细胞培养技术、细胞病变效应(CPE)抑制法、活细胞染色计数法(MTT)和培养上清中病毒滴度测定观察盐酸阿比朵尔抗柯萨奇病毒的作用。结果表明盐酸阿比朵尔的半数中毒浓度(TD50)为896.54μg/mL,药物抗病毒生物合成组、药物直接作用组、药物抗病毒吸附2h组、药物抗病毒有吸附8h组的病毒抑制率分别能达到74.48%、45.68%、28.90%和48.27%,在抗生物合成组,盐酸阿比朵尔能明显抑制柯萨奇病毒所致的CPE效应,降低培养上清中的病毒滴度,病毒抑制率随药物浓度增加而增高,存在量效关系。这提示盐酸阿比朵尔在细胞内对柯萨奇病毒有一定的抑制作用。     

盐酸阿比朵尔抗柯萨奇病毒B3的实验研究

为观察盐酸阿比朵尔对柯萨奇病毒的抑制作用,本实验以利巴韦林为阳性对照药物,采用细胞培养技术、细胞病变效应(CPE)抑制法、活细胞染色计数法(MTT)和培养上清中病毒滴度测定观察盐酸阿比朵尔抗柯萨奇病毒的作用.结果表明盐酸阿比朵尔的半数中毒浓度(TD50)为896.54μg/mL,药物抗病毒生物合成组、药物直接作用组、药物抗病毒吸附2h组、药物抗病毒有吸附8h组的病毒抑制率分别能达到74.48%、45.68%、28.90%和48.27%,在抗生物合成组,盐酸阿比朵尔能明显抑制柯萨奇病毒所致的CPE效应,降低培养上清中的病毒滴度,病毒抑制率随药物浓度增加而增高,存在量效关系.这提示盐酸阿比朵尔在细胞内对柯萨奇病毒有一定的抑制作用.     

鲫鱼囊胚细胞干扰素的诱导及部分特性

用紫外线灭活的草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)诱导鲫鱼囊胚细胞(CAB)能产生一种高滴度的抗病毒物质.这种物质在56℃及pH 2～11稳定;对胰蛋白酶敏感;抗病毒活性受被保护细胞的密度、培养温度及保护时间的影响;不能被GCRV的特异性抗体中和;无直接杀病毒作用;抗病毒机制依赖于细胞内RNA和蛋白质的合成;在多种鱼类培养细胞中具有抑制病毒作用.这些特性与哺乳类α/β干扰素一致,是一种鲫鱼干扰素.     

用于筛选抑制丙型肝炎病毒内部核糖体进入位点活性药物的整合型细胞药物筛选模型的构建和评价

目的：构建一个能用于筛选抑制丙型肝炎病毒内部核糖体进入位点（HCV—IRES）活性药物的整合型细胞药筛模型。方法：构建携带HCV 5＇-UTR调控报告基因分泌型碱性磷酸酶（SEAP）基因的质粒pHCV5’-SEAP和用作筛选标记的pNeo^R,线性化后共转染于Huh-7细胞中,经G418筛选后得到抗性细胞克隆,进行SEAP定量检测筛选后,得到能用于筛选抑制HCV-IRES活性药物的整合型细胞药筛模型;连续培养24代,用MTT法测细胞相对活力评价该药筛模型的生长稳定性,用SEAP定量检测法评价该药筛模型的SEAP表达稳定性,用反义寡聚核苷酸抑制试验评价模型的药筛灵敏度。结果：G418筛选后得到26个抗性细胞克隆;对其中5个抗性细胞克隆进行SEAP定量检测筛选后,得到3个能表达SEAP的阳性细胞克隆;连续培养24代过程中,该药筛模型的生长稳定性大干80％,SEAP表达稳定性达95％。结论：构建的细胞模型具有良好的稳定性和药筛灵敏度,符合作为药物筛选模型的要求。     

Scirpusin A和scirpusin B体外抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型的作用

Scirpusin A和scirpusin B是从药用植物中发现的2种天然茋类二聚体,具有一定的抗病毒效应。本研究利用人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)包膜和水疱性口炎病毒G蛋白(VSV-G)包膜的HIV假病毒及实验室适应株HIV-1ⅢB,在体外评价2种药物的抗病毒效果并初步探讨其作用机制。研究发现,scirpusin A和scirpusin B不仅能在体外有效抑制HIV假病毒感染TZM-bl细胞(一种HIV-1易感细胞),还能抑制实验室适应株HIV-1ⅢB。Scirpusin B的作用优于scirpusin A。对实验室适应株HIV-1ⅢB,scirpusin B的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为1.33μmol/L,scirpusin A的IC50为4.77μmol/L。此外,scirpusin A和scirpusin B还能抑制VSV-G包膜假病毒,提示其作用可能与病毒在细胞内的复制过程相关。Scirpusin A在病毒进入细胞后仍可发挥抑制作用,但具体机制尚待深入研究。     

鲫鱼囊胚细胞干扰素的诱导及部分特性

用紫外线灭活的草鱼呼肠孤病毒（ＧＣＲＶ）诱导鲫鱼囊胚细胞（ＣＡＢ）能产生一种高滴度的抗病毒物质。这种物质在５６℃及ｐＨ２￣１１稳定;对雎蛋白酶敏感;抗病毒活性脘被保护细胞的密度、培养温度及保护时间的影响;不能被ＧＣＲＶ的特异性抗体中和;无直接杀病毒作用;抗病毒机制依赖于细胞内ＲＮＡ和蛋白质的合成;在多种鱼类培养细胞中具有抑制病毒作用。这些特性与哺乳类α／β干扰素一致,是一种鲫鱼干扰素。     

植物多糖的抗病毒作用

病毒对人类的危害众所周知。传统的抗病毒药物一般为核苷类似物,如无环鸟苷、叠氮胸苷等。但这些药物抗病毒作用不彻底、毒副作用大。由于西医药对病毒病的局限性,人们对中药、天然药物的研究越来越活跃,其中植物多糖作为抗病毒药物的研究已有了相当的发展,为治疗病毒病提供了一个广阔的前景。     

抗热应激添加剂对奶牛产奶量、生理及血液指标的影响

为研制一种有效的奶牛抗热应激添加剂,将50头健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分为5组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,4个试验组饲喂基础日粮添加不同抗热应激添加剂,连续饲喂30d,测定产奶量、生理及血液指标。结果显示：中草药组、中草药＋纤维素酶组、中草药＋缓冲盐组、中草药＋缓冲盐＋纤维素酶组比对照组产奶量分别提高24．8％、27．9％、37．2％、39．5％;中草药剂和缓冲盐可减缓热应激奶牛的体温（P〉0．05）、呼吸和心率（P〈0．05）的升高,缓解外周血中自细胞数（WBC）、淋巴细胞数（LYM）、单核细胞数（MXD）、淋巴细胞百分比（LYM％）和单核细胞百分比（MXD％）（P〈0．05）的变化;添加中草药剂组肾上腺皮质醇（Cort）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）和甲状腺素（T4）水平基本稳定（P〉0．05）;使用中草药添加剂组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活性比对照组下降较慢（P〈0．05）,添加中草药加缓冲盐组GSH—Px活性可基本保持稳定（P〉0．05）。试验表明中草药剂可明显增强奶牛抗热应激力,和瘤胃缓冲盐同用效果更好,和纤维素酶同用作用不明显。     

Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1, crocin, amygdalin, geniposide, puerarin, ginsenoside Re, hesperidin, poncirin, glycyrrhizin, and baicalin by human fecal microflora and its relation to cytotoxicity against tumor cells

To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the biological effect of functional herbs, which have been used in Korea, Japan, and China as traditional medicines, and suggest new bioactive compounds transformed from herbal constituents, the metabolic activities of the functional herb components (ginsenoside Rb1, crocin, amygdalin, geniposide, puerarin, ginsenoside Re, poncirin, hesperidin, glycyrrhizin, and baicalin) toward their bioactive compounds (compound K, crocetin, benzaldehyde, genipin, daidzein, ginsenoside Rh1, ponciretin, hesperetin, 18b-glycyrrhetic acid, and baicalein) were measured in fecal specimens. The metabolic activities of these components were 882.7 +/- 814.5, 3,938.1+/- 2,700.8, 2,375.5 +/- 913.7, 1,179.4 +/- 795.7, 24.6 +/- 10.5, 11.4 +/- 10.8, 578.8+/- 206.1, 1,150.0+/- 266.1, 47.3 +/- 58.6, and 12,253.0 +/- 6,527.6 mmol/h/g, respectively. No differences were found in the metabolic activities of the tested components between males and females, although these metabolic activities between individuals are extensively different. The metabolites of functional herb components showed more potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells than nonmetabolites. These findings suggest that intestinal microflora may activate the pharmacological effect of herbal food and medicines and must be the biocatalytic converter for the transformation of herbal components to bioactive compounds.     

36种中药材体外抗菌活性筛选研究

该文研究36种常用中药材80%乙醇提取物在体外抗临床常见致病菌的抗菌活性。采用药敏纸片法测耐药菌的耐药谱,中药粗粉用80%乙醇浸泡提取,提取液减压浓缩得浸膏,通过琼脂打孔法测定提取物抑菌圈,再通过微量倍比稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:36种中药材醇提物中,有15种具有广谱抗菌活性,对实验中各标准菌表现出不同程度的抑制作用,对MRSA抗菌活性也较强。其中,岩陀、卷柏、首乌藤、苏木、乌药、夏枯草6种药材的抗菌活性比较突出,抑菌圈均大于11 mm,细菌对其表现为中高度敏感;它们对7株标准菌的MIC/MBC值除个别为12.5 mg·m L~(-1)以外,均小于1.563 mg·m L~(-1),对16株MRSA的MIC/MBC值均小于1.563 mg·m L~(-1),它们的萃取层活性均小于1 mg·m L~(-1)。所筛选出的15种抗菌活性较强的中药材,可为后续研究其活性单体化合物和作用机制,研发有效的抗多重耐药菌的中药制剂以及解决细菌耐药性问题提供一定的参考。     

A renaissance in herbal medicine identification: From morphology to DNA

Numerous adverse reactions have arisen following the use of inaccurately identified medicinal plant ingredients, resulting in conditions such as aristolochic acid nephropathy and herb-induced poisoning. This problem has prompted increased global concern over the safety of herbal medicines. DNA barcoding, a technique aiming at detecting species-specific differences in a short region of DNA, provides a powerful new tool for addressing this problem. A preliminary system for DNA barcoding herbal materials has been established based on a two-locus combination of ITS2 + psbA–trnH barcodes. There are 78,847 sequences belonging to 23,262 species in the system, which include more than 95% of crude herbal drugs in pharmacopeia, such as those of China, Japan, Korea, India, USA, and Europe. The system has been widely used in traditional herbal medicine enterprises. This review summarizes recent key advances in the DNA barcoding of medicinal plant ingredients (herbal materia medica) as a contribution towards safe and efficacious herbal medicines.     

广东省徐闻县药用植物资源调查

采用代表区域－样地－样方套－样方及样线调查的方法,通过野外调查、标本采集与鉴定等对广东省徐闻县药用植物资源的种类进行研究。结果表明,该县有药用植物100科469种,其中重点种类56种,广东省特色中药资源28种。野生药用植物资源的蕴藏量极少,应加强对资源的保护。     

Identification of herbal medicinal materials using DNA barcodes

Herbal medicinal materials have been used worldwide for centuries to maintain health and to treat disease. However, adulteration of herbal medicines remains a major concern of users and industry for reasons of safety and efficacy. Identification of herbal medicinal materials by DNA technology has been widely applied,started from the mid-1990s. In recent years, DNA barcoding of global plant species using four standard barcodes (rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA and ITS) has been a major focus in the fields of biodiversity and conservation. These DNA barcodes can also be used as reliable tools to facilitate the identification of herbal medicinal materials for the safe use of herbs, quality control, and forensic investigation. Many studies have applied these DNA barcodes for the identification of herbal medicinal species and their adulterants. The present article reviews efforts in the identification of herbal medicinal materials using the standard DNA barcodes and other DNA sequence-based markers.     

Quality control of herbal medicines

Different chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques commonly used in the instrumental inspection of herbal medicines (HM) are first comprehensively reviewed. Chemical fingerprints obtained by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, especially by hyphenated chromatographies, are strongly recommended for the purpose of quality control of herbal medicines, since they might represent appropriately the "chemical integrities" of the herbal medicines and therefore be used for authentication and identification of the herbal products. Based on the conception of phytoequivalence, the chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines could be utilized for addressing the problem of quality control of herbal medicines. Several novel chemometric methods for evaluating the fingerprints of herbal products, such as the method based on information theory, similarity estimation, chemical pattern recognition, spectral correlative chromatogram (SCC), multivariate resolution, etc. are discussed in detail with examples, which showed that the combination of chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines and the chemometric evaluation might be a powerful tool for quality control of herbal products.     

种植黄连和重楼对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了掌握中药材种植对土壤动物群落的影响,于2020年7月对成都市彭州境内种植期为3年和5年的黄连和重楼样地的小型土壤节肢动物进行了调查.共分离到小型土壤节肢动物526只,隶属于4纲17目69科98类或属,优势类群为等节跳属、平懒甲螨属、符跳属和副跳属.小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构在不同中药材样地间差异明显,影响群落组成...     

中草药干预糖尿病肾病炎症的作用

随着糖尿病发病率逐年升高,糖尿病肾病成为导致慢性肾脏疾病和终末期肾脏疾病的主要原因。而目前控制血糖及抑制肾素-血管紧张素系统的药物治疗,并不能有效防止糖尿病肾病进展。近年来发现,慢性低水平炎症和免疫系统激活在糖尿病性肾病的发生及发展中起着至关重要的作用。明确糖尿病肾病进展中的炎症机制将有助于确定新的潜在靶点及研发抗炎治疗策略。越来越多的证据表明,中药治疗可以有效改善糖尿病性肾病的高血糖和蛋白尿,并能延缓其进展成为终末期肾病。糖尿病肾病动物实验和体外研究证实中药复方、中草药提取物和中药单体具有调节炎症介质的作用。本文旨在归纳总结文献中与糖尿病肾病肾损伤相关的炎症分子和途径,并探讨中草药靶向抗炎治疗糖尿病肾病的作用。     

Herbal medicine use in the districts of Nakapiripirit, Pallisa, Kanungu, and Mukono in Uganda

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Traditional medicine (TM) occupies a special place in the management of diseases in Uganda. Not with standing the many people relying on TM, indigenous knowledge (IK) related to TM is getting steadily eroded. To slow down this loss it is necessary to document and conserve as much of the knowledge as possible. This study was conducted to document the IK relevant to traditional medicine in the districts of Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Kanungu and Pallisa, in Uganda. METHODS: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between October 2008 and February 2009 using techniques of key informant interviews and household interviews. RESULTS: The common diseases and conditions in the four districts include malaria, cough, headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flu, backache and eye diseases. Respondents stated that when they fall sick they self medicate using plant medicines or consult western-trained medicine practitioners. Self medication using herbal medicines was reported mostly by respondents of Nakapiripirit and Mukono. Respondents have knowledge to treat 78 ailments using herbal medicines. 44 species, mentioned by three or more respondents have been prioritized. The most frequently used part in herbal medicines is the leaf, followed by the stem and root. People sometime use animal parts, soil, salt and water from a grass roof, in traditional medicines. Herbal medicines are stored for short periods of time in bottles. The knowledge to treat ailments is acquired from parents and grandparents. Respondents' age and tribe appears to have a significant influence on knowledge of herbal medicine, while gender does not. CONCLUSION: This survey has indicated that IK associated with TM stills exists and that TM is still important in Uganda because many people use it as a first line of health care when they fall sick. Age and tribe influence the level of IK associated with herbal medicine, but gender does not.