利用水稻重组自交系群体对一些重要农艺性状进行基因定位和互作分析

对水稻（OryzasativaL．）籼（indica）、粳（Japonica）交（窄叶青8号×京系17）通过一粒传获得了一个自交9代的重组自交系（RIL）群体,该群体含有107个稳定纯合的株系,通过构建分子连锁图谱,对水稻播抽期、株高、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数、200粒重和结实率进行数量性状基因座位（QTL）分析,定位了影响播抽期的2个QTLs、株高的2个QTLs、每穗颖花数的2个QTLs和每穗实粒数的1个QTL。其中,控制播抽期的1个QTL即qHD－8为主效基因,控制株高的1个QTL即qPH－1为主效基因,其余为微效基因。同时分析了影响水稻生产力的数量性状基因座位间的互作。结果表明,影响播抽期、株高、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数和结实率的互适型互作共有24个,对性状有6．2％～10．9％的贡献率。     

“黄欧”系列玉米自交系宜机械粒收特征特性研究

黄旅群种质是我国重要的地方种质,具有较强的生态适应性。20世纪80、90年代以来我国育种家对黄改群和旅大红骨群种质进行了大量创新研究工作,通过相互改良,聚积了丰富的有利基因,通过导入外源种质,拓宽了遗传基础,为品种更新换代做出了突出贡献。机械粒收是未来我国玉米生产的重要方向,黄旅群种质急需提升籽粒脱水速度、成熟后抗倒伏(折)和抗茎腐病等农艺性状以适应机械化粒收,而在黄旅群种质内部缺少这些关键性状基因。本研究利用欧洲早熟种质硬粒种质UH004F和欧洲早熟Iodent种质UH004M改良黄旅群种质的机收特性,通过系谱法和回交转育法获得宜机械粒收黄旅群后代系,称之为"黄欧系"。通过对其农艺性状的观察研究,发现:(1)抽雄日数、吐丝日数和生育期缩短,表现出良好的早熟性;开花散粉至吐丝日数(ASI)增大;株高有增加趋势;穗位高有降低趋势;雄穗主支长有增加趋势;雄穗分支数在6～9个之间,与原有黄旅系相比互有增减;茎粗变细;穗位上节间长有增加趋势;田间倒伏(折)率大幅度降低,抗倒伏(折)能力进一步提高;穗长有增加趋势;穗行数略有减少的趋势;穗粗和轴粗均有下降趋势,其中轴粗下降趋势更加明显;籽粒长度有增加的趋势;在百粒重方面,除昌7-2后代系外,黄旅系后代系均有所降低;穗粒重有降低趋势;出籽率有增加趋势;籽粒含水量明显降低;(2)导入25%和50%比例的UH004F和UH004M的黄欧系在大多数性状上都有一定的变化趋势,主要表现在抽雄吐丝和生育期提早、ASI值增大、株高增高、穗位降低、雄穗主支长变长、雄穗分支数增加、茎粗变细、穗位上节间长拉长、抗倒伏(折)能力提高、穗长增加、穗行数减少、穗粗和轴粗降低、百粒重和穗粒重降低、收获时籽粒含水量降低等趋势。上述大多数性状都是在导入50%比例的欧洲早熟硬粒种质UH004F的变化趋势进一步增强。本研究表明,欧洲早熟种质含有适合创新改良黄旅群种质在机械粒收性状方面的优良等位基因,利用欧洲早熟种质改良黄旅群种质在宜机械粒收农艺性状的效果明显,可为后续大规模"黄欧系"的选育和应用提供理论指导。     

我国玉米自交系茎秆性状多样性分析

研究我国玉米自交系茎秆性状特征及其多样性,是培育宜机收玉米品种的重要前提。本研究以兰卡斯特、PB、四平头、旅大红骨和瑞德五大主要类群70份主要玉米自交系为材料,调查12个茎秆相关性状(茎高、穗位高、穗位系数、茎节数、穗位节、穗节系数、穗茎长、穗茎粗、茎鲜重、茎干重、含糖量和含水量),分析性状相关性和类群多样性。结果表明,我国地方种质四平头和旅大红骨茎秆性状表型变异丰富;灌浆期玉米茎秆含水量比较稳定;玉米植株高度与茎节长度显著相关;玉米雌、雄穗节之间的节间数比较恒定;玉米茎秆含糖量与茎节长度、茎粗、果穗着生位置有关;有效降低穗位高度应从降低果穗着生节入手;类群茎秆特征鲜明:兰卡斯特茎节较少,瑞德茎秆较粗,PB茎秆较细,旅大红骨茎秆较粗、茎节较短,四平头植株较矮、茎秆含糖量较低、干物质含量较低;兰卡斯特×四平头和兰卡斯特×PB类群间存在较强的生物量及籽粒产量杂种优势;挖掘和利用茎节较长、穗位较低的玉米地方种质是我国宜机收玉米育种的技术途径。本研究结果对玉米育种具有重要指导意义。     

玉米自交系×大刍草远缘杂交后代性状变异研究初探

采用人工剥苞多次授粉方法,将近缘一年生二倍体类玉米（大刍草）与普通玉米自交系杂交,对F1、F2以及回交后代B1的抽雄期、吐丝期、散粉期、株高、穗位高、分蘖进行调查研究,分析远缘杂交后代农艺性孳的遗传变化。结果表明,远缘杂交后代株高、穗化高分离变异较大,而抽雄期、吐丝期、散粉期分离变异较小,不同世代植株分蘖变化较大,F1代有57．5％植株、F2代有23％植株、BC1F1代有0．8％植株有分蘖;雌穗光周期敏感性大于雄穗。     

干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下玉米开花相关性状的QTL分析

干旱是影响玉米生产的重要限制因素,特别是花期对干旱胁迫非常敏感.本研究通过对玉米L050× B73的180个F2:3家系进行开花期干旱胁迫处理和分子标记鉴定,重点对开花相关性状进行了数量性状位点(QTL)分析.结果表明,在干旱胁迫处理条件下,存在与出苗到抽雄天数有关的6个QTL,位于第1、6、9染色体上各1个,位于第3染色体上有3个,共可解释的表现型变异为55.0%;基于出苗到散粉天数检测到4个QTL,其中两个位于第3染色体上,位于第1、2染色体上各1个,共可解释的表型变异为52.8%;对出苗到吐丝天数检测到分别位于第3、6染色体上的2个QTL,共可解释的表现型变异为20.4%;对抽雄至吐丝间隔天数(ASI)只检测位于第6染色体上的1个QTL,可解释6.5%的表现型变异.而正常灌溉环境下,检测到出苗到抽雄天数检测到1个QTL,位于第9染色体上,可解释的变异为15.0%;对出苗到散粉天数检测到3个QTL,位于第1、3、9染色体上,共可解释的变异为55.0%;对出苗到吐丝天数检测到4个QTL,分别位于第1、2、3、7染色体上.共可解释表现型变异的46.8%;对ASI检测到分别位于第2、6染色体上的2个QTL,可解释的变异为15.5%.这些QTL的基因效应以显性与超显性为主.     

不同发育阶段大豆株高和茎粗QTL的动态分析

利用中豆29×中豆32的重组自交系,以复合区间作图法对不同发育阶段的大豆株高和茎粗同时进行非条件和条件QTL定位,在11个连锁群检测到18个株高QTL,在9个连锁群检测到19个茎粗QTL。不同发育时期影响大豆株高和茎粗QTL的数量、加性效应和贡献率均不相同,QTL表达具有时序性和选择性,有些QTL仅表达1次,有些可多次连续表达。有3个株高QTL和1个茎粗QTL在3个年度重复表达,有6个株高QTL和2个茎粗QTL在2个年度重复表达。F连锁群上株高和茎粗QTL存在共位性,R1～R4期均有株高和茎粗QTL同时表达,但株高和茎粗QTL的增效基因不同,株高QTL表达次数多而茎粗QTL表达次数较少,前期(V4～R3)QTL表达数量多而后期(R4～R5)表达数量较少。株高和茎粗QTL的动态变化与表型相关分析结果一致,对于适期选择粗秆抗倒的高产材料具有指导作用。     

玉米雄穗颜色QTL分析

雄穗是玉米的重要生殖器官,不同品种间玉米的雄穗外观差异明显。对玉米雄穗的颜色进行遗传分析和QTL定位,筛选与雄穗颜色紧密连锁的分子标记,可以作为玉米的品种保护和品种鉴别的有用工具。同时,紫色雄穗中花色苷类色素含量较高,与玉米雄穗的抗虫性密切相关。本研究利用一个黑玉米自交系SDM为共同父本,分别与白玉米自交系木6和黄玉米自交系Mo17杂交,构建2个相关F2∶3群体,分别命名为MuS(木6×SDM)和MoS(Mo17×SDM),在云南和重庆两个不同的环境中种植,对玉米花药颜色(COAn)和花药护颖颜色(COCa)2个性状进行QTL定位。结果表明:玉米花药和花药护颖的颜色均为数量性状,受主效基因和微效基因共同控制。2个群体在2个环境中共检测到7个与花药颜色相关的QTL,位于第2、3、6和10染色体上,其中位于第10染色体标记区间umc1196a-IDP8526内的QTL在重庆和云南同时表达,对表型的贡献率分别为23.17%和19.98%;2个群体在2个环境中共检测到9个与花药护颖颜色相关的QTL,位于第3、6、9和10染色体上,其中3个QTL为环境钝感QTL(在2个环境中均表达,且至少在1个环境中贡献率大于10%),分别位于第6染色体标记区间umc1979-umc1796、mmc0523-umc2006内和第10染色体标记区间umc1196a-umc2043内,对表型的贡献率为10.69%～59.30%。2个群体检测到的主效QTL的位置和效应高度一致,且控制花药颜色和花药护颖颜色2个性状的主效QTL有连锁分布的现象,主要表现在bins 6.04处的标记mmc0523和bins 10.04处的标记IDP8526附近。位于第6和第10染色体上的在不同环境和遗传背景下稳定的QTL可以作为进一步精细定位的靶位点,也可以为玉米雄穗颜色的分子标记辅助选择提供有价值的参考。     

我国不同年代玉米自交系茎秆性状演替规律

茎秆是玉米植株重要的组成部分,与植株倒伏、籽粒产量密切相关。研究我国玉米茎秆性状变化趋势,探讨不同年代茎秆性状演变规律,为我国玉米抗倒伏及高产品种选育提供参考。本研究以20世纪60-90年代65个代表性玉米自交系为材料,调查植株茎高、穗位高、茎节数、穗位节、茎粗、茎秆含水量、茎秆含糖量7个茎秆性状,及其衍生的穗位系数(穗位高/茎高)和穗节系数(穗位节/茎节数),基于最佳线性无偏估计值,开展性状相关性分析及不同年代自交系茎秆性状演变规律研究。结果显示,玉米自交系间茎秆性状差异显著;不同年代的茎秆性状时代特征不明显;随着年代的更替,玉米茎高、穗位高、茎节数、穗位节呈下降趋势;20世纪60-90年代穗位高改良效果显著;80年代左右玉米茎秆粗细育种目标由粗壮型调整为纤细型,可能与合理密植、提高单产的育种目标有关;90年代,玉米茎秆含水量降低3个百分点,下降显著。总之,抗倒伏研究一直是我国玉米育种的重要研究方向,且穗位高改良效果显著,玉米茎节数、穗位节将成为玉米抗倒伏及高产研究中新的重要关注点,研究结果对玉米抗倒伏及高产育种具有重要的指导意义。     

玉米雄穗分枝数与主轴长的QTL鉴定

在包含103个SSR标记的连锁图谱基础上, 运用复合区间作图法检测玉米组合(N87-1×9526 )F3家系在正常与干旱胁迫环境下的雄穗分枝数与主轴长性状QTL。雄穗分枝数在正常环境下被检测到2个QTL座位, 分别位于第5和7连锁群上; 在胁迫环境下被检测到4个QTL座位分别位于 2、5、7和10连锁群上, 其中位于第5和7连锁群上的QTL不仅具有一致性而且与本作图群体中曾检测到的耐旱相关性状QTL存在连锁。雄穗主轴长在正常环境下被检测到2个QTL位于第2和第6连锁群上, 在干旱胁迫环境下被检测到了3个QTL分别于第2、4和10连锁群上, 其中位于第2染色体上的QTL是两种环境下所共同检测到的QTL。分析QTL的遗传作用方式表明, 雄穗分枝数以部分加性效应为主, 而雄主轴长全部表现为显性和超显性。     

阴湿环境对玉米杂交种生长发育特性的影响

比较了在人工遮光增湿环境和自然环境下18个玉米杂交种生长发育特性的差异,研究了阴湿环境对玉米杂交种生长发育特性的影响.结果表明: 遮光增湿环境使空气湿度比自然环境增加15.0%～16.4%,土壤湿度增加27.0%～78.4%,光照强度降低72.9%～77.9%,光量子减少72.8%～79.6%,差异均达显著或极显著水平,但不影响环境温度.阴湿环境导致玉米植株第7叶宽、有效功能叶数、成株叶片数、雄穗分枝数、茎粗、株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和单株粒重13个性状表现为负向变异(表型值变小),其中单株粒重降幅达72.3%,株高降幅7.1%,其余性状降幅介于14.8%～53.8%之间;第7叶长、第7叶长宽比、散粉至抽丝间隔天数(ASI)、小斑病指数和纹枯病指数等5个性状表现为正向变异(表型值增大),分别增大39.8%、80.5%、114.3%、73.0%和54.8%.用ASI、雄穗分枝数、成株叶片数、株高、单株粒重、小斑病指数和纹枯病指数7个性状计算出的综合耐阴湿系数作为玉米杂交种耐阴湿鉴定的指标,具有一定的可靠性,且简便易行.运用该指标可将18个杂交种划分为耐阴湿性强、耐阴湿性中等和耐阴湿性弱3类.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.