铅胁迫对玉米幼苗叶片光系统功能及光合作用的影响

通过同时测定玉米叶片的叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和对820 nm光的吸收、分析叶片的气体交换过程以及叶绿体活性氧清除关键酶的活性,研究了不同浓度的铅(Pb)胁迫对玉米光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光化学活性和光合作用的影响,并分析了Pb胁迫下两个光系统的相互关系.结果表明:铅胁迫显著抑制了玉米地上部分和地下部分的生长、降低了叶片光合色素含量、并通过非气孔因素限制了光合作用、导致过剩激发能的增加;铅胁迫显著抑制了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性、伤害了PSII反应中心、PSII的受体侧和供体侧(放氧复合体)以及PSI光化学活性.     

在盐胁迫下光抑制及其恢复进程对冬小科光合功能的影响

研究了盐和强光双重胁迫以及在弱光下恢复对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）光合功能的影响。结果表明,单纯用低浓度盐（200mmol/L NaCl）胁迫时,对反向PSⅡ光合功能的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和qP等参数没有什么影响,但巳十分明显地抑制光合碳同化能力,而高盐（400mmol/L NaCl）胁迫损伤PSⅡ功能,从而加剧对碳同化功能的抑制,说明光合作用对不同盐浓度的响应不同。研究结果还表明,盐胁迫能加剧强光对光合功能的损伤,使之受到更加严重的光抑制。在低盐浓度下,光抑制初期形成形成QB-非还原性PSⅡ反应中心,在随后的光抑制进程和弱光下恢复期间,能有效的被用来合成有活性的PSⅡ和修复可逆性失活的PSⅡ反应中心。而高盐和强光双重胁迫使PSⅡ遭受严重破坏,QB-非还原性PSⅡ反应中心只有在光抑制初期可部分地用于修复可逆性失活的PSⅡ,随着光抑制的进程,它们不能用于合成有活性PSⅡ和修复受严重破坏的PSⅡ,结果导致它们的含量在弱光下恢复时继续增加。     

低温弱光胁迫对日光温室栽培杏树光系统功能的影响

以温室栽培的金太阳杏为材料,测定了金太阳杏叶片光合速率(P_n)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)和开放的PSⅡ反应中心的激发能捕获效率(F_v^′/F_m^′), 探讨了低温弱光(7 ℃、200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 PFD)对叶片光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)和PSⅡ的抑制作用.结果表明：温室栽培的金太阳杏叶光合作用的最适温度在25 ℃左右.光下7 ℃的低温可使叶片净光合速率(P_n)大幅下降,造成激发压(1-q_P)增大,进而引起光抑制.低温弱光条件使PSⅠ和PSⅡ功能受到破坏,与单纯低温胁迫(7 ℃,黑暗)处理相比,经低温、弱光(7 ℃, 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1PFD)胁迫2 h后,PSⅠ活性下降了28.26%,而PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）没有发生显著变化,表明低温弱光条件下PSⅠ比PSⅡ 更易发生光抑制.     

低温光抑制恢复过程中黄瓜叶片PSⅡ活性及其电子传递对PSⅠ的影响

以“津春4号”黄瓜为试材,通过测定黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和对820 nm光的吸收曲线,结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析,研究低温光胁迫(4℃,200 μmol·m-2·s-1)6 h后,黄瓜叶片在常温(25℃)不同光强(0、15、200μmol·m-2·s-1)下PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ活性的恢复,以及恢复过程中PS Ⅰ与PS Ⅱ的相互作用.结果表明:低温光胁迫6h后,PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ发生不同程度的光抑制.在常温恢复阶段,PS Ⅱ活性快速恢复且对光强不敏感;PS Ⅰ活性在弱光下(15 μmol·m-2·s-1)快速恢复,在较强光(200 μmol·m-2·s-1)下恢复较慢.在低温光抑制恢复过程中,常温下PS Ⅱ活性恢复较快可能导致PS Ⅱ向PS Ⅰ的线性电子传递过快,进而抑制PS Ⅰ的活性恢复.因此,在进行黄瓜抗冷性育种时,不应该仅追求较高的PS Ⅱ抗性和较快的PS Ⅱ恢复速度,还应该注意两个光系统活性的协调.在生产中,应当在低温逆境发生及其之后较长一段时间内采取措施降低叶表面光照强度,以利于对植株光合机构的保护和光合活性的恢复.     

三种常绿阔叶树光系统Ⅱ在低温胁迫下的光抑制及恢复

冬季低温胁迫对亚热带常绿阔叶树光合活性的主要影响之一,体现在光合机构的低温光抑制。为了阐明冬季低温胁迫下常绿阔叶树光系统Ⅱ的光抑制程度及光保护机制,该文研究了冬季自然低温胁迫(零下低温冻害和零上低温寒害)对红叶石楠、枇杷和猴樟三种亚热带常绿阔叶树光合机构光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制的影响以及春季气温回暖后的恢复情况。结果表明:冻害和寒害低温胁迫使猴樟的PSⅡ活性显著降低,PSⅡ受到较严重的光抑制,低温胁迫解除后PSⅡ活性未能完全恢复。红叶石楠PSⅡ活性下降程度和光抑制程度最轻,春季PSⅡ活性显著上升,光抑制显著下降。枇杷PSⅡ活性和光抑制程度介于猴樟和红叶石楠之间。低温胁迫下红叶石楠的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)接近常温水平; 枇杷的NPQ略有降低,春季恢复正常; 猴樟NPQ最低,春季低温解除后仍不能完全恢复。此外,三种常绿阔叶树在冬季低温胁迫和春季恢复时期的NPQ与PSⅡ的光抑制程度存在显著的负相关关系。综合以上结果分析表明,冬季低温对红叶石楠PSⅡ影响不大,对枇杷有一定影响但春季气温回暖后可以及时恢复,对猴樟PSⅡ有显著的光抑制且恢复过程较慢,同时NPQ对保护常绿阔叶树PSⅡ免受冬季低温光抑制有重要的贡献。     

在盐胁迫下光抑制及其恢复进程对冬小麦光合功能的影响(英文)

研究了盐和强光双重胁迫以及在弱光下恢复对冬小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)光合功能的影响。结果表明 ,单纯用低浓度盐 (2 0 0mmol/LNaCl)胁迫时 ,对反映PSⅡ光合功能的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和qP等参数没有什么影响 ,但已十分明显地抑制光合碳同化能力 ,而高盐 (4 0 0mmol/LNaCl)胁迫损伤PSⅡ功能 ,从而加剧对碳同化功能的抑制 ,说明光合作用对不同盐浓度的响应不同。研究结果还表明 ,盐胁迫能加剧强光对光合功能的损伤 ,使之受到更加严重的光抑制。在低盐浓度下 ,光抑制初期形成的QB_非还原性PSⅡ反应中心 ,在随后的光抑制进程和弱光下恢复期间 ,能有效的被用来合成有活性的PSⅡ和修复可逆性失活的PSⅡ反应中心。而高盐和强光双重胁迫使PSⅡ遭受严重破坏 ,QB_非还原性PSⅡ反应中心只有在光抑制初期可部分地用于修复可逆性失活的PSⅡ ,随着光抑制的进程 ,它们不能用于合成有活性PSⅡ和修复受严重破坏的PSⅡ ,结果导致它们的含量在弱光下恢复时继续增加     

水分胁迫对长期UV—B辐射下柚树苗生理特性的影响

水分胁迫下,柚[Citrus maxima(Burm.)Merr.]树苗叶片相对含水量（RWC）、水势（ΨW)、净光合速率（Pn)、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素（Chl)含量下降,丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro)含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先上升后下降,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性、抗坏血酸（AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量明显降低。叶绿素荧光参数中光系统Ⅱ光化学原初效率（Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qp)下降,非光化学猝灭（qN)和热能耗散系数（KD）升高。显示膜系统和PSⅡ是水分胁迫的主要抑制位点。抗旱性强的品种具有较高的活性氧清除能力。长期紫外线－B（UV－B）增强辐射能缓解水分胁迫下柚树苗叶片RWC、ΨW、APX活性和GSH、AsA含量下降,但对水分胁迫下的Pro含量、Pn和叶绿素荧光特性作用不明显。初步推测：UV－B和水分胁迫对植物有部分相同的作用机制,都导致植株膜脂过氧化程度加剧和PSⅡ的失活,同时存在各自作用方式的特异性。     

低温弱光下水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探讨低温弱光下水杨酸（SA）对黄瓜光合功能的调控作用,以‘津优3号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,叶面喷施不同浓度的SA溶液,研究低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗气体交换参数、光化学效率、MDA含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：低温弱光胁迫使黄瓜幼苗叶片的光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、PSⅡ光下实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）及暗下最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）明显降低,胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）显著升高,说明低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗P_n下降的主要原因是非气孔限制;低温弱光还可引起黄瓜幼苗丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低,过氧化物酶（POD）活性先升高后降低.而胁迫前用0.5～2.5 mmol·L^-1 SA预处理幼苗,其叶片的P_n、G_s、T_r、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v/F_m及SOD、POD和CAT活性与CK（水预处理）相比均有不同程度的提高,C_i和MDA含量有所降低.表明SA可有效调控低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗叶片的光合功能,提高其低温弱光耐性,其适宜浓度为1 mmol·L^-1.     

低温对水稻类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化及光合机构光能分配的影响

研究了低温胁迫对水稻类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化和光能分配的影响。类囊体膜蛋白组分的SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析结果显示,低温弱光条件下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)功能蛋白的稳态水平均有所降低。低温(77K)荧光分析表明,低温处理后类囊体膜光能吸收明显下降,而且FPSⅡ/FPSⅠ的比值均较对照组下降,表明低温弱光条件下有更多的激发能被分配到PSⅠ。低温处理同时还改变了类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化水平,捕光天线LHCⅡ蛋白中lhcb1的磷酸化水平明显降低,lhcb2的磷酸化水平增加,进一步证实lhcb2向PSⅠ移动,改变光能分配。PSⅡ反应中心D1、D2蛋白和核心天线CP43的磷酸化水平增高,有利于PSⅡ二聚体的稳定。     

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统Ⅱ和光系统Ⅰ的光抑制

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度,快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究.该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况.与单纯强光胁迫相比,NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制加重,同时PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响,而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSⅡ供体侧受伤害明显,同时PSⅠ反应中心活性(P700+)在盐胁迫下明显降低.这些结果表明,NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制,并且浓度越高抑制越明显,但对PSⅠ的抑制作用低于PSⅡ.高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSⅡ供体侧造成破坏,且PSⅠ光抑制严重.     

Cyclic electron flow plays an important role in photoprotection of tropical trees illuminated at temporal chilling temperature

Our previous study indicated that PSII is more sensitive to chilling and light stress than PSI in tropical trees, and Erythrophleum guineense is more sensitive to chilling stress than Dalbergia odorifera and Khaya ivorensis, but the underlying physiological mechanisms are unclear. Although recent studies have reported that cyclic electron flow (CEF) plays an important role in photoprotection, the role of CEF in protecting PSI and PSII of tropical tree species remains unclear. We investigated the effect of temporal chilling temperature on energy distribution in PSII, the redox state of P700 and CEF in the above-mentioned tropical evergreen tree species grown in an open field. Our results indicated that the overclosure of PSII reaction centers at chilling temperature led to excess excitation pressure in PSII. At the temporal chilling temperature under low light, PSI acceptor side limitation [Y(NA)] was lower than those at 25°C for all species. Although the effective quantum yield of CEF [Y(CEF)] was not significantly stimulated in E. guineense and K. ivorensis under temporal chilling at low light levels, the ratio of Y(CEF) to the effective quantum yield of PSII [Y(II)] significantly increased. Under chilling conditions Y(CEF)/Y(II) was stimulated much more in K. ivorensis and D. odorifera compared with that in the chilling-sensitive E. guineense. These results suggested that stimulation of Y(CEF)/Y(II) plays an important role in protecting PSI and PSII from photoinhibition caused by chilling stress.     

Low temperature and high light dependent dynamic photoprotective strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana has been recognized as a chilling tolerant species based on analysis of resistance to low temperature stress, however, the mechanisms involved in this tolerance are not yet clarified. The low temperature-induced effects are exacerbated when plants are exposed to low temperatures in the presence of high light irradiance but the experimental data on the impact of light intensity during cold stress and its influence during recovery from stress are rather limited. The main objective of this study was to re-examine the photosynthetic responses of A. thaliana plants to short term (6 days) low temperature stress (12/10°C) under optimal (150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and high light (500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) intensity and the subsequent recovery from the stress. Simultaneous measurements of the in vivo and in vitro functional performance of both photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), as well as, net photosynthesis, low temperature (77 K) chlorophyll fluorescence and immunoblot analysis of the relative abundance of PSII and PSI reaction center proteins were used to evaluate the role of light in the development of possible protective mechanisms during low temperature stress and the consequent recovery from exposure to low temperature and different light intensities. The results presented clearly suggest that Arabidopsis plants can employ a number of highly dynamic photoprotective strategies depending on the light intensity. These strategies include one based on LHCII quenching and two other quenching mechanisms localized within the PSII and PSI reaction centers, which are all expressed to different extent depending on the severity of the photoinhibitory treatments under low temperature stress conditions.     

Supramolecular organization and dual function of the IsiA chlorophyll-binding protein in cyanobacteria

A significant part of global primary productivity is provided by cyanobacteria, which are abundant in most marine and freshwater habitats. In many oceanographic regions, however, the concentration of iron can be so low that it limits growth. Cyanobacteria respond to this condition by expressing a number of iron stress inducible genes, of which the isiA gene encodes a chlorophyll-binding protein known as IsiA or CP43'. It was recently shown that 18 IsiA proteins encircle trimeric photosystem I (PSI) under iron-deficient growth conditions. We report here that after prolonged growth of Synechocystis PCC 6803 in an iron-deficient medium, the number of bound IsiA proteins can be much higher than previously known. The largest complexes bind 12-14 units in an inner ring and 19-21 units in an outer ring around a PSI monomer. Fluorescence excitation spectra indicate an efficient light harvesting function for all PSI-bound chlorophylls. We also find that IsiA accumulates in cyanobacteria in excess of what is needed for functional light harvesting by PSI, and that a significant part of IsiA builds supercomplexes without PSI. Because the further decline of PSI makes photosystem II (PSII) increasingly vulnerable to photooxidation, we postulate that the surplus synthesis of IsiA shields PSII from excess light. We suggest that IsiA plays a surprisingly versatile role in cyanobacteria, by significantly enhancing the light harvesting ability of PSI and providing photoprotection for PSII.     

Functional aspects of the photosynthetic light reactions in heat stressed Arabidopsis deficient in digalactosyl-diacylglycerol

Plants are often submitted, in their natural environment, to various abiotic stresses such as heat stress. However, elevated temperature has a detrimental impact on overall plant growth and development. We have examined the physiological response of the dgd1-2 and dgd1-3 Arabidopsis mutants lacking 30-40% of digalactosyl-diacylglycerol (DGDG) exposed to heat constraint. These mutants, which grow similarly to wild type under normal conditions, were previously reported to be defective in basal thermotolerance as measured by cotyledon development. However their functional properties were not described. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and absorbance changes at 820 nm were used to monitor photosystem II (PSII) and PSI activity, respectively. It was observed that both mutants have similar photosystem activities with some differences. The mutants were less able to use near saturation light energy and elicited higher rates of cyclic PSI electron flow compare to wild type. Arabidopsis leaves exposed to short-term (5 min) mild (40 °C) or strong (44 °C) heat treatment have shown a decline in the operating effective quantum yield of PSII and in the proportion of active PSI reaction centers. However, cyclic PSI electron flow was enhanced. The establishment of the energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence was accelerated but its decline under illumination was inhibited. Furthermore, heat stress affected the process implicated in the redistribution of light excitation energy between the photosystems known as the light state transitions. All the effects of heat stress mentioned above were more intense in the mutant leaves with dgd1-3 being even more susceptible. The decreased DGDG content of the thylakoid membranes together with other lipid changes are proposed to influence the thermo-sensitivity of the light reactions of photosynthesis towards heat stress.     

Response of xanthophyll cycle and chloroplastic antioxidant enzymes to chilling stress in tomato over-expressing glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene

Over-expression of chloroplastic glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene (LeGPAT) increased unsaturated fatty acid contents in phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of thylakoid membrane in tomato. The effect of this increase on the xanthophyll cycle and chloroplast antioxidant enzymes was examined by comparing wild type (WT) tomato with the transgenic (TG) lines at chilling temperature (4 °C) under low irradiance (100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Net photosynthetic rate and the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) 2 (F_v/F_m) in TG plants decreased more slowly during chilling stress and F_v/F_m recovered faster than that in WT plants under optimal conditions. The oxidizable P700 in both WT and TG plants decreased during chilling stress under low irradiance, but recovered faster in TG plants than in the WT ones. During chilling stress, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the de-epoxidized ratio of xanthophyll cycle in WT plants were lower than those of TG tomatoes. The higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in TG plants resulted in the reduction of O₂ ^−· and H₂O₂ contents during chilling stress. Hence the increase in content of unsaturated fatty acids in PG by the over-expression of LeGPAT could alleviate photoinhibition of PS2 and PS1 by improving the de-epoxidized ratio of xanthophyll cycle and activities of SOD and APX in chloroplast.     

Is light quality involved in the regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus in attached rice leaves?

The regulatory effect of light quality on the photosynthetic apparatus in attached leaves of rice plants was investigated by keeping rice plants under natural light, in complete darkness, or under illumination with light of different colors. When leaves were left in darkness and far-red (FR)-light conditions for 6 days at 30°C, there was an initial lag in chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl a/b ratio, and maximum photosystem (PS) II photochemistry that lasted until the second day; these then rapidly decreased on the fourth day. In contrast, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) rapidly disappeared with no lag under low or zero light conditions. By using spectrophotometric quantitation, it was determined that the PSII and PSI reaction centers were regulated by light quality, but cytochrome (Cyt) f was regulated by light intensity. However, the PSII heterogeneity was also strongly modified by the light intensity; PSIIα with the large antenna decreased markedly both in content and in antenna size. Consequently, the PSIIα/PSI ratio declined under FR-light because the low intensity of FR-light dominated over its quality in the modulation of the PSIIα/PSI ratio. An imbalance between them induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although the ROS were scavenged by stromal enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR). The activities of these stromal enzymes are also regulated by light quality. Thus, although the photosynthetic apparatus is regulated differently depending on light quality, light quality may play an important role in the regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus.     

Enhanced photochemical light utilization and decreased chilling-induced photoinhibition of photosystem II in cotton overexpressing genes encoding chloroplast-targeted antioxidant enzymes

The aim of this study was to determine whether increases in stromal superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) via transformation could reduce photosystem (PS) II photoinhibition at low temperature for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants and to determine by what mechanism this protection may be realized. During 3-h exposures of lincomycin-treated leaf discs to 10 degrees C and a photon flux density of 500 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1, all transgenic plants exhibited significantly greater PSII activity and O2 evolution than did wild-type plants. Also, the rate constant of PSII photoinactivation was significantly lower for all transgenic plants than for wild-type plants. No significant differences existed between genotypes in non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence and the regulated component of the thermal dissipation of excitation energy. The relationship between changes in variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the time-dependent averaged excessive light exposure was similar for all genotypes. This observation excluded the possibility that differences in PSII photodamage were due to improvements in the direct protection of PSII from active oxygen by antioxidant enzyme overproduction. Similar decreases in Fv/Fm during the stress treatment for all genotypes when leaves were pre-treated with 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) suggested that the effect of overproduction involved events downstream of PSII in the electron transfer pathway. Since all transgenic plants exhibited a significantly higher photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence during the chilling treatment, we concluded that, under the conditions used in this study, the enhancement of the protection of PSII from photodamage by increasing the stromal antioxidant enzyme activity in cotton leaves was due to the maintenance of a higher rate of electron transport and, consequently, a lower reduction state of QA.