甘肃马衔山平车前叶片δ^13C的海拔和时间差异

以甘肃马衔山自然生长的平车前为材料,比较了不同海拔高度和不同月份下叶片δ＾１３Ｃ的变化结果表明,随海拔的升高,叶片δ＾１３Ｃ值增大,生长实期叶片δ１３Ｃ也高于生长后期叶片δ＾１３Ｃ值,并且叶片δ＾１３Ｃ具有年间差异。叶片δ＾１３Ｃ的这种变化也许与植物对环境的适应有关。     

生长光强对亚热带自然林两种木本植物稳定碳同位素比、细胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率的影响

生长于１００％、４０％和１６％自然光下的荷木和黧蒴幼苗叶片稳定碳同位素比（δ１３Ｃ,－‰）,细胞间ＣＯ２浓度（Ｃｉ）和水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）有一定的差别。１６％和４０％弱光下,δ１３Ｃ的负值增加－０．５４Ｊ‰到－０．８９‰。Ｃｉ增大８．１－１３．２μｉＬ－１,ＷＵＥ则下降６－２４％。结果表明,叶片的水分和气体交换特性受生长光强的调节,叶片的δ１３Ｃ值可反映其生长过程中受光的强弱状况。     

鼎湖山地区人类活动对马尾松年轮13C/12C的影响

南亚热带鼎湖山保护区的非核心地带的旅游活动和附近工厂区污染气体的排放,影响了 年轮中的δ＾１３Ｃ值和窃据的δα值。旅游点年轮的δ＾１３Ｃ值自１９６５－１９９２年以年均－０．０２６‰速率下降,１９８０－１９９２年年均下降速率增至－０．０４４‰。工厂点的年轮δ＾１３Ｃ则随时间而递增,气体污染改变了δ＾１３Ｃ值的年际变化图式。１９８０－１９９２年,对照点、旅游点和工厂点空气ＣＯ２浓度年均增高速率分别为０     

菠萝叶片的稳定碳同位素比与PEP羧化酶及PEP羧激酶活性

专性景天酸代谢（ＣＡＭ）植物菠萝（Ａｎａｎａｓｃｏｍ ｏｓｕｓ （Ｌ．） Ｍｅｒｒ．）的下数第５ 到第３５ 位叶为材料,研究稳定性碳素同位素（δ１３Ｃ）值,磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸（ＰＥＰ）羧化酶和ＰＥＰ羧激酶活性的变化。１１ 个不同叶位叶片的δ１３Ｃ值平均为－ １２．９４‰,最大变幅相差－ ２．０６‰。两个酶的活性呈单峰形变化,第８—１１ 位叶的活性最高,低位叶的酶活下降。本试验条件下,ＰＥＰ羧激酶平均活性比ＰＥＰ羧化酶高３．４ 倍。结果表明,ＣＡＭ 植物的暗下羧化与光下脱羧之间具有一定的协调性。老叶虽然酶活较低,但总的看来,ＣＡＭ 水平变化不大     

中国东北样带草原区植物δ^13C值及水分利用效率对环境梯度的 …

测定了中国东北森林－草原样带草原区１５个常见植物种叶片的δ＾１３Ｃ值,并以此作为植物长期水分利用效率的指示值,研究了不同植物种的水分利用效率对年均降水量、年均在气温度和海拔高度等环境梯度变化的响应。结果表明：有相当一部分植物种的δ＾１３Ｃ植和水分利用效率均随年均降水量和年均温增加而呈不同程度的降低趋势（如羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｔｒｉｎ．）Ｔｚｖｅｌ．）、家榆（Ｕｌｍｕｓ ｐｕｍｉ     

南京地区近二十年来雪松树轮的稳定碳同位素与气候重建

对采自南京太平门的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄａｒａ （Ｒｏｘｂ．）Ｌｏｕｄ．）树轮α－纤维素的δ＾１３Ｃ与气候各要素的回归方程,并进行了气候重建,重建值与观测值吻合较好,表明南京地区树轮α－纤维素稳定碳同位素与５～７月平均降雨量及５～９月平均气温显著相关,重δ＾１３Ｃ对应于５～７月的少雨和５～９月的高温,轻δ＾１３Ｃ对应于５～７月的多雨和５～９月的低温,在一定程度上反映了东亚季风盛行区树木生长与     

泡泡刺叶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶季节性聚态变化

以不同季节的泡泡刺为研究对象,利用电氏物活性染色技术发现,在５月（春季）的电泳图谱上未出现磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸送终化酶（ＰＥＰＣ）,７月（夏季）的ＰＥＰＣ分子量４７３ＫＤ,为四聚体,９月（秋季）的ＰＥＰＣ以聚体和四聚体两种形式存在,分子量分别大约是１９２ＫＤ的４７３ＫＤ。泡泡刺水同季节叶片δ＾１３Ｃ值为－２４‰～－２５‰,其解剖结构无“Ｋｒａｎｚ”结构,５月和７月叶片中苹虹酸（Ｍａｌ）含量不具有昼夜波     

太湖全新世沉积物有机碳同位素的分布及其古气候意义

通过太湖两个钻孔岩芯有机碳同位素（＾１３Ｃ／＾１２Ｃ）的分析,发现δ＾１３Ｃ的垂直分布与太湖地区１６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来古气候波动相关。根据δ＾１３Ｃ垂直分布曲线可推测,大约在１１０００－６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．,太湖地区处于温暖湿润期,气温高于现在平均温度,另一方面,根据太湖两岩芯沉积物的δ＾１３Ｃ值的对比发现,大约在１１０００－６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．,西太湖（Ｗ１Ｂ）岩芯沉积物的δ＾１３Ｃ平均值明显高于     

云南西双版纳片断化热带雨林植物叶片δ^13Ｃ值的特点及其对水分利用效率的

通过测定西双版纳两个热带雨林类型中２２６个植物种叶片的δ^13Ｃ值,以其为植物水分利用效率的指示物,研究了本地区热带雨林植物叶片δ^13Ｃ值的特点及水分利用状况,比较了不同样线植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值以及不同生活型植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值的差异。研究发现：１．西双版纳地区热带雨林植物叶片δ^13Ｃ值的范围在－３．８６５％－－２．７６０％之间,与其他典型热带地区的研制结果相近,表明该地区具有世界其他典型热麻的特征;２．补蚌样地所有植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值低于城子样地,植物叶片δ^13Ｃ平均值在同一样地不同样线之间也存在显差异,表明水分状况和样线的方法位是样线之间存在差异的主要原因;３．常绿植物叶片的δ^13Ｃ值显低于落叶植物,乔木、灌木、草本和藤本植物叶片的δ^13Ｃ值之间也存在显差异,水分利用状况因此而不同。     

美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO2浓度下的10种植物气孔导率,蒸腾速率…

报道了美国生物圈二号内生长在高ＣＯ２浓度下（〉２２００μｍｏｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１）４．５年后的５种热带雨林植物和５种荒漠植物气孔导率,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化,结果表明,热带雨林植物在ＣＯ２浓度为３５０～４００μｍｏｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１时的气孔导度,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率分别为：（１２７．４±６５．６）ｍｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１,（２．０４±０．６１）ｍｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１和（２．９０±０．５     

北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种叶片特点及其生理生态特性

荆条、山杏、辽东栎、北京丁香、大叶白蜡、核桃楸等６种植物在不同光照条件下的气孔导度,不同生境下叶片形态参数和叶片解剖特征进行了研究。扫描电子显微镜图片显示这片植物的气孔全着生在远轴面,气孔密度大小是：辽东栎〉山杏〉北京丁香〉核桃楸〉大叶白蜡,方差分析结果显示这５种植物叶片上气孔密度存在极显著差异,且叶片外表微观上差异比较明显。生境不仅影响叶片的气孔密度,而且也导气孔导度的差异,全光照条件下,山杏、     

Genetic diversity in apricot revealed by AFLP markers: species and cultivar comparisons

The genetic diversity of apricot ( Prunus armeniaca; 2n = 16) was studied using AFLP markers. Forty seven apricot cultivars were selected from the following geographic regions: Europe, North America, North Africa, Turkey, Iran and China. Five EcoRI- MseI AFLP primer combinations revealed 416 legible bands, of which 379 were polymorphic markers. A similarity matrix was prepared using the simple matching coefficient of similarity. A UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated a gradient of decreasing genetic diversity of varieties from the former USSR to Southern Europe. This is coherent with the historical dissemination of apricot from its center of origin in Asia. The American cultivars were intermediate demonstrating a different genetic base than the European and/or Mediterranean cultivars. Euclidean distances from the first ten Factorial Component Analysis coordinate axes were used to generate a tree using the Ward algorithm. The results of these analyses were evaluated based on the known geographic origins and agronomic characteristics of the cultivars studied. Four cultivar groups were identified: Diversification, Geographically Adaptable, Continental Europe and Mediterranean Basin. To evaluate the relationship of the common apricot with some closely related species, one or two accessions of the following related species or sub-species from within the section Armeniaca were included in the analysis: Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Prunus mume, Prunus brigantiaca, Prunus dasycarpa, and Prunus holosericea. A Neighbour Joining dendrogram was made using the similarity matrix. The P. holosericea accession fell well within the cultivar group, thus supporting its classification as a variant of P. armeniaca. The P. armeniaca var. ansu accession was sister to the common apricot cluster with a bootstrap value of 96%. P. mume was farther removed. P. brigantiaca was the most-distant from the common apricots. P. dasycarpa was intermediate between P. brigantiaca and P. mume, in accord with its plum-apricot hybrid origin. The results have a direct application for the selection of new breeding progenitors.     

The use of the [13C]/[12C] ratio for the assay of the microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons

The study deals with a comparative analysis of the relative abundances of the carbon isotopes 12C and 13C in the metabolites and biomass of the Burkholderia sp. BS3702 and Pseudomonas putida BS202-p strains capable of utilizing aliphatic (n-hexadecane) and aromatic (naphthalene) hydrocarbons as sources of carbon and energy. The isotope composition of the carbon dioxide, biomass, and exometabolites produced during the growth of Burkholderia sp. BS3702 on n-hexadecane (delta 13C = -44.6 +/- 0.2@1000) were characterized by the isotope effects delta 13CCO2 = -50.2 +/- 0.4@1000, delta 13Cbiom = -46.6 +/- 0.4@1000 and delta 13Cexo = -41.5 +/- 0.4@1000, respectively. The isotope composition of the carbon dioxide, biomass, and exometabolites produced during the growth of the same bacterial strain on naphthalene (delta 13C = -21 +/- 0.4@1000) were characterized by the isotope effects delta 13CCO2 = -24.1 +/- 0.4@1000, delta 13Cbiom = -19.2 +/- 0.4@1000 and delta 13Cexo = -19.1 +/- 0.4@1000, respectively. The possibility of using the isotope composition of metabolic carbon dioxide for the rapid monitoring of the microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the enviroment is discussed.     

Biogeochemical processes of methane cycle in the soils, swamps and lakes of Western Siberia

The biogeochemical processes of methane production and oxidation were studied in the upper horizons of tundra and taiga soils and of raised bogs and lake bottom sediments nearby the Tarkosalinsk gas field in western Siberia. Both in dry and water-logged soils, the total methane concentration (in soil particles and gaseous phase) was an order of magnitude higher than in the soil gaseous phase alone (22 and 1.1 nl/cm3, respectively). In bogs and lake bottom sediments, methane concentration was as high as 11 microliters/cm3. Acetate was the major precursor of the newly formed methane. The rate of aceticlastic methanogenesis reached 55 ng C/(cm3 day), whereas that of autotrophic methanogenesis was an order of magnitude lower. The most active methane production and oxidation were observed in bogs and lake sediments where the delta 13C values of CO2 were inversely related to the intensity of bacterial methane oxidation. Methane diffusing from bogs and lake bottom sediments showed delta 13C values ranging from -78 to -47@1000, whereas the delta 13C value of carbon dioxide ranged from -18 to -6@1000. In these ecosystems, methane emission comprised from 3 to 206 mg CH4/(m2 day). Conversely, the dry and water-logged soils of tundra and taiga took up atmospheric methane at a rate varying from 0.3 to 5.3 mg CH4/(m2 day). Methane consumption in soils was of biological rather than of adsorptive nature. This was confirmed by the radioisotopic method and chamber experiments, in which weighting of methane carbon was observed (the delta 13C value changed from -51 to -41@1000).     

高山林线急尖长苞冷杉不同器官的稳定碳同位素组成分布特征

通过分析青藏高原东南部色季拉山林线物种急尖长苞冷杉不同年龄叶片、嫩枝、枝条、树干及根系的稳定碳同位素比值（6BC）及其空间分布特征,研究了植物光合作用后稳定碳同位素分馏及其影响因素．结果表明：植物不同器官δ^13C值差异显著（P〈0．001）,为树干（-24．19‰）〉枝条（-24．56‰）〉根部（-25．05‰）〉嫩枝（-25．12‰）〉叶片（-27．25‰）,说明从光合作用器官到非光合作用器官有明显的碳同位素分馏,且非光合作用器官之间也存在差异．随着急尖长苞冷杉叶片或嫩枝年龄的增加,叶片δ^13C值降低,而嫩枝δ^13C值升高（P〈0．01）．冠层上部叶片δ^13C值明显高于冠层下部（P〈0．01）,嫩枝δ^13C值则无显著性差异（P〉0．05）．远离树干2．5m的枝条δ^13C值有明显的高度变化（P〈0．01）,而离树干较近（1．5或0．5m）的枝条及树干在不同高度之间无差异（P〉0．05）．在同一冠层高度,随着与树干距离加大,枝条δ^13C值降低,且在中部和下部枝条尤为明显．说明林线地区冷杉光合作用后存在明显的碳同位素分馏;特定冠层高度树干与枝条生长所需的碳并不是全部来源于同高度的叶片光合作用合成的碳．     

新疆阿勒泰地区近440年来大气δ^13C变化

化石燃料的大量使用和森林的过度砍伐,引起大气中CO₂浓度的大幅度增加,同时由于Suess效应,大气CO₂中的δ¹³C在不断地下降．植物中δ¹³C的变化是大气CO₂浓度和同位素比值变化的敏感指示器．文中利用树木年轮δ¹³C序列和植物碳同位素分馏模型,尝试恢复了新疆阿勒泰地区近440年来大气δ¹³C的变化．结果表明,1850年之前,从树木年轮δ¹³C序列恢复的大气δ¹³C相对恒定在-6．60％0(R²=0．052),而1850年之后,该大气δ¹³C明显降低(R²=0．65)。平均约为-7．04‰,平均年降低0．0084‰．这一结果高于从冰芯气泡所恢复的大气δ¹³C,1850年～1981年冰芯大气δ¹³C平均年降低约0．0065‰．这可能与从树木年轮δ¹³C序列恢复的大气δ¹³C有更高的分辨率及树木生长点大气δ¹³C不同于全球大气δ¹³C值有关．     

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis for assessment of genetic variability in apricot germplasm

Thirty SSR primer combinations, developed from peach SSR-enriched genomic libraries and BAC libraries of peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.], were tested for cross amplification with 74 apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm accessions. Twelve primer pairs amplified 14 polymorphic SSR loci useful for discriminating most apricot cultivars, as well as for investigating patterns of variation in apricot germplasm. Levels of polymorphism were higher than the levels described using other codominant marker systems (i.e., isozymes, RFLP markers). Overall, 107 alleles were identified, and all but 11 accessions were unambiguously discriminated. Genetic differentiation of native germplasm into traditional ecogeographical groups was low, with a high level of genetic identity (> 0.75) between the groups. However, neighbor joining cluster analysis of marker distances between cultivars reflected the complex history of apricot domestication, producing groupings not evidently based on the geographical origin of the cultivars. Distant positioning of Chinese cultivars on UPGMA and neighbor joining dendrograms supports the authors' consideration of Chinese apricots as subspecies, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu Maxim., rather than a separate species.     

大兴安岭北部樟子松树轮δ13C的高向变化及其与树轮宽度的关系

通过对大兴安岭北部樟子松树轮样品高向的年轮宽度和稳定碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)进行测定,分析了高向上δ¹³C的变化特征及其与年轮宽度的关系.结果表明： 在木质部全轮、早材和树皮内皮3种成分中,样品高向δ¹³C均呈现由顶部至基部先显著增加,在冠层底部达到最大值,再向下迅速减少至谷值的变化趋势.早晚材平均宽度比由基部至顶部增大.高向上δ¹³C年均值序列与轮宽年均值序列呈现较为明显的反向对应关系,与早晚材宽度比年均值序列呈现在冠层以上较为一致的变化趋势.样本高向上年轮宽度序列及δ¹³C序列均存在不同程度的显著差异,δ¹³C值的高向变化与年际变化基本处于同一量级.树体高向δ¹³C序列逐年变化趋势基本一致,同一高度盘的δ¹³C序列与年轮宽度序列基本呈负相关,但不同高度的显著性有所差异.
     

渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征的研究

采用土钻法研究了油松、刺槐、樟子松、华山松、侧柏和山杏６个树种的垂直根系分布特征。结果表明,立地条件对刺槐根系分布特征有明显的影响,林地土壤水分状况的差异是造成这种影响的关键所在;土壤种类、结构等对刺槐根系的分布特征也有很大影响;油松在幼年期（８年生）即可达到根系分布的最大深度,但根系密度却随着林龄的增大呈明显的增大趋势;不同树种在根系垂直分布特征方面存在着很大差异,其中刺槐根系分布最深。根据各树     

Assessing environmental and physiological controls over water relations in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand through analyses of stable isotope composition of water and organic matter

This study investigated the influence of meteorological, pedospheric and physiological factors on the water relations of Scots pine, as characterized by the origin of water taken up, by xylem transport as well as by carbon isotope discrimination (Delta13C) and oxygen isotope enrichment (Delta18O) of newly assimilated organic matter. For more than 1 year, we quantified delta2H and delta18O of potential water sources and xylem water as well as Delta13C and Delta18O in twig and trunk phloem organic matter biweekly, and related these values to continuously measured or modelled meteorological parameters, soil water content, stand transpiration (ST) and canopy stomatal conductance (G(s)). During the growing season, delta18O and delta2H of xylem water were generally in a range comparable to soil water from a depth of 2-20 cm. Long residence time of water in the tracheids uncoupled the isotopic signals of xylem and soil water in winter. Delta18O but not Delta13C in phloem organic matter was directly indicative of recent environmental conditions during the whole year. Delta18O could be described applying a model that included 18O fractionation associated with water exchange between leaf and atmosphere, and with the production of organic matter as well as the influence of transpiration. Phloem Delta13C was assumed to be concertedly influenced by G(s) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (as a proxy for photosynthetic capacity). We conclude that isotope signatures can be used as effective tools (1) to characterize the seasonal dynamics in source and xylem water, and (2) to assess environmental effects on transpiration and G(s) of Scots pine, thus helping to understand and predict potential impacts of climate change on trees and forest ecosystems.