广东省城市资源环境基尼系数

广东省经济的快速发展与资源消耗、污染物排放是密切相关的,如何对资源消耗和污染物排放的公平性、合理性进行评价一直是个难题.构建资源环境基尼系数,用来评价广东省资源消耗和污染物排放的公平性、合理性.资源环境基尼系数是反映在经济贡献率相同的情况下,资源消耗、污染物排放公平程度的一个指标.选取广东省2005年能源消耗、COD排放、SO2排放和工业固体废物排放作为评价指标,计算其资源环境基尼系数,并以绿色贡献系数来判断资源消耗和污染物排放的不公平因子.结果表明,上述 4 项指标的资源环境基尼系数分别为 0.15,0.39,0.38,0.87.能源消耗处于绝对平均的范围内,COD和SO2排放处于相对合理的范围内,工业固废排放处于差距悬殊状态.广东省资源环境的分配差异较大,21个地市中,不公平因子主要集中在清远、韶关、云浮、河源这4个城市,而深圳、广州、中山3个城市体现出的是一种绿色发展模式.为缩小广东资源环境分配的空间差异,清远、韶关、云浮、河源等城市需要转变发展模式,实现经济与资源环境的协调发展.     

京津冀地区污染物排放与城市化过程的耦合关系

我国快速的城市化发展不仅带来了经济的迅速发展和人口的大量聚集,同时也对资源和环境产生了巨大的影响。在城市化进程较为快速的城市群地区,城市化带来的生态环境胁迫尤为突出。以典型污染物为指标,定量研究了京津冀地区13个城市在2000年、2005年、2010年的工业和生活污染物的排放总量、人均排放量、排放效率、排放强度的时空特征,研究了经济发展与污染物排放的定量响应模式,以探讨污染物排放与城市化的耦合关系。研究发现:(1)京津冀地区的污染物排放空间分异特征显著,其中北京的生活污水、生活COD等污染物排放总量为地区内最高,唐山、天津、石家庄等城市的工业污染物排放高于其它城市。(2)北京、天津工业污染物的排放效率较高,人均排放量、排放强度低于其它城市。(3)2000—2010年间,京津冀地区的生活污水、工业废气、工业固废排放显著增加(P0.05),而其它生活和工业污染物排放量、排放效率和排放强度等呈显著下降趋势(P0.05)。(4)京津冀地区的工业废水、工业和生活SO2、生活烟尘、工业固废和工业废气等污染物的排放量与经济发展存在环境库兹涅兹曲线特征(R20.5,P0.05)。定量揭示了京津冀地区污染物排放的时空分布特征及其与城市化发展的关系,可为城市群区域污染物排放的管理及环境保护政策的制定提供科学参考。     

SO_2污染与绿色植物

随着现代工业的发展,向大气排放的污染物种类及数量日益增多,目前引起人们注意的大气污染物已有近百种之多,全世界每年进入大气的污染估计达6.14亿吨,其中SO_2为1.46亿吨,约占总量的22%。一、SO_2对植物的毒害空气污染物中的SO_2,比其它任何毒性化合物都具有更长的历史,世界上曾发生的几次严重毒害事件,都与大气中SO_2污染物密切相关。SO_2被氧化成SO_3,并与水形成     

工业对生态环境的影响--以广东顺德市为例

环境问题在程度上是由工业发展引起的。以广东省顺德市为例。环境问题如江河、大气、土壤环境污染等与工业三废排放、工业类型、工类布局、工业能耗等有密切关系。解决对策是实施可持志发展战略,调整优化工业结构,工业合理布局规模经营,推行清洁生产、进行污染治理等。     

织带厂废水处理工艺优化及工程应用研究

优化了水解酸化-接触氧化-混凝处理工艺中的停留时间、混凝剂种类和用量,并将优化后的工艺参数在某织带废水处理工程中进行了应用.结果表明,以硫酸业铁作为絮凝剂,该织带厂废水经过20 h处理后效果良好; 其中,pH下降了2.9,CODcr及BOD5去处效率均达到90%以上,色度去除率达85%;可以确保该织带厂污水处理后达到《广东省水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26-2001)中的第二时段一级标准.该试验为解决广东省织带厂废水处理提供了一条可行途径,并对该类型高浓度染料废水的治理具有借鉴和参考价值.     

植物对大气污染的反应与城市绿化

大气污染是人类面临的最严峻问题之一,根据植物对大气污染的反应方式来选择城市绿化树种是减轻排放后大气污染物的一种重要补充工具。过去我国在植物对不同大气污染物反应特性方面的研究主要局限于：根据不同浓度的大气污染物对植物进行的熏气试验和现场观察植物叶片的宏观受害症状来粗略判断植物对不同污染物的抗性等级。因无统一的指标评价植物抗性能力,不同的方法得出同一植物对同种污染物抗性等级不同的矛盾结论。本文全面分析了近期国内外有关植物对大气污染物抗性特征方面的最新研究进展,建议利用植物在混合大气污染物作用下的宏观和微观、形态和解剖、生态和生理等方面的综合反应特性,科学地划分植物对大气污染物的抗性等级,结合植物的吸污能力,提出筛选绿化植物的合理化建议。     

植物对大气污染的反应与城市绿化

大气污染是人类面临的最严峻问题之一,根据植物对大气污染的反应方式来选择城市绿化树种是减轻排放后大气污染物的一种重要补充工具,过去我国在植物对不同大气污染物反应特性方面的研究主要局限于：根据不同浓度的大气污染物对植物进行的熏气试验和现场观察植物叶片的宏观受害症状来粗略判断植物对不同污染物的抗性等级。因无统一的指标评价植物抗性能力,不同的方法得出同一植物对同种污染物抗性等级不同的矛盾结论：本文全面分析了近期国内外有关植物对大气污染物抗性特征方面的最新研究进展,建议利用植物在混合大气污染物作用下的宏观和微观,形态和解剖,生态和生理等方面的综合反应特性,科学地划分植物对大气污染物的抗性等级,结合植物的吸污能力,提出筛选绿化植物的合理化建议。     

大气汞源解析受体模型研究进展

大气汞循环演化对全球汞的生物地球化学循环起着极其重要的作用。人为活动(化石燃料燃烧、水泥生产、氯碱制造以及金属冶炼与加工等)已成为大气汞的重要来源。在一定条件下,大气中的汞会发生干湿沉降而对某一局部环境——受体产生很大的影响。大气汞沉降在城市和工业区呈现出很强的空间梯度现象,排放源附近的汞沉降量明显较强。利用对受体的研究开展大气汞的源解析工作,是大气汞研究的一个重要领域。本文综述了污染物源解析的受体模型的研究及应用,介绍了化学质量平衡法、因子分析法、正交矩阵因子分解法、多元线性回归法等方法,概括了源解析在大气汞方面的应用成果,对我国区域大气汞源解析受体模型的建立及应用进行了探讨。     

全球变化生态学:全球变化与陆地生态系统

工业革命以来,伴随着人类社会的飞速发展,地球系统的物质循环也在不断加速,与此同时,大量的工业污染物和有害废弃物累积于大气、水体、土壤和生物圈中,如氟里昂积存于大气中,有机化合物富集于水生生物体内,化石燃料燃烧释放的污染物和温室气体进入大气、水体、土壤和生物体等。     

天然和人工饲养水生生物及渔饲料中多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的研究现状

POPs是英文Persistent Organic Pollutants的缩写,中文名称为"持久性有机污染物",它是一类具有长期残留性、生物累积性、半挥发性和高毒性,并通过各种环境介质(大气、水、生物等)长距离迁移,对人类健康和环境具有严重危害的天然的或人工合成的有机污染物。首批被《斯德哥尔摩公约》中列入全球控制的POPs有12种(类),它们可以分为三类:(1)有机氯农药:艾氏剂、氯丹、滴滴涕、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯、六氯苯(同时是工业化学品和非故意排放副产品);(2)工业化学品:     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.