采用蛋白质组学技术筛选鼻咽癌细胞的甲基化沉默基因

为筛选鼻咽癌的甲基化沉默基因,采用二维凝胶电泳(2-DE)技术分离甲基转移酶抑制剂5-杂氮-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2-dC)处理与未处理鼻咽癌细胞5-8F的蛋白质,PDquest图像分析软件识别差异蛋白质点,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定差异蛋白质.然后采用Western blotting和RT-PCR检测差异蛋白质nm23-H1在药物处理与未处理5.8F细胞中的表达水平,采用甲基化特异性PCR(MS-PCR)检测nm23-H1基因在药物处理与未处理5-8F细胞中的甲基化水平.建立了5-aza-2-dC处理与未处理5.8F细胞蛋白质的2-DE图谱,识别了49个差异表达的蛋白质点,鉴定了33个差异表达的蛋白质,其中包括rim23.H1在内的15个蛋白质在5-aza-2-dC处理后的5-8F细胞中表达上调,而18个蛋白质表达下调.Western blotting和RT-PCR结果显示,nm23-H1在5-aza-2-dC处理5-8F细胞后表达上调,MS-PCR结果显示,在5-aza-2-dC处理5-8F细胞后nm23-H1基因甲基化水平下降,结果证实,nm23-H1基因是5-8F细胞中的甲基化沉默基因.15个5-aza.2-dC处理后表达上调的基因可能是5-8F细胞中的甲基化沉默基因,为筛选鼻咽癌甲基化失活基因提供了科学依据.     

慢病毒转染对鼻咽癌细胞5-8F增殖迁移的影响

目的:探讨慢病毒转染对鼻咽癌细胞株5-8F增殖、迁移的影响,以验证慢病毒转染是否能有效的应用于鼻咽癌细胞的增值及迁移相关研究。方法:以红色荧光标记的慢病毒为转染载体,选定不同的MOI值转染鼻咽癌5-8F细胞株,扩大培养后筛选纯化,流式细胞仪检测转染效率。以最佳MOI值转染后的5-8F(RFP-5-8F)细胞为实验组,未转染的亲代5-8F为空白对照组,取对数生长期未转染的亲代5-8F和红色荧光标记的慢病毒转染的5-8F(RFP-5-8F)细胞进行MTT、划痕实验,观察细胞镜下形态,了解细胞转染前后生长曲线,细胞迁移能力的变化。结果:流式细胞仪检测5-8F细胞慢病毒转染效率大于95%,转染最佳MOI值为30,镜下荧光强度适中。实验组与对照组比较,转染前后5-8F细胞光镜形态相似,生长曲线一致,差异无统计学意义(P=0.997),划痕实验显示5-8F与RFP-5-8F细胞迁移能力一致,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:慢病毒转染后鼻咽癌细胞能真实有效的的反应原细胞的增值及迁移能力,可以很好的应用于鼻咽癌增殖及其转移机制的相关研究。     

DNA甲基化抑制鼻咽癌细胞系膜联蛋白A1基因表达

为了研究不同分化程度和转移潜能鼻咽癌(NPC)细胞系膜联蛋白A1(ANXA1)mRNA和蛋白质表达情况及其与基因甲基化的关系．培养NPC细胞系CNE1、CNE2、5-8F、6-10B和永生化非癌性人鼻咽黏膜上皮细胞NP69细胞用于实验,用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MSP)方法检测ANXA1基因甲基化状态,同时利用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测ANXA1基因的mRNA表达水平．然后用不同浓度的5-杂氮-2′-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2dC)对NPC细胞进行去甲基化处理,MSP和RT-PCR方法检测处理组和对照组细胞ANXA1基因甲基化状况和mRNA表达水平,并用Western-blotting方法检测ANXA1基因蛋白质表达水平．结果发现,NP69细胞ANXA1基因无甲基化,4株NPC细胞系ANXA1基因都存在不同程度的甲基化,甲基化程度与细胞的分化程度和转移潜能相关．NPC细胞ANXA1基因mRNA表达水平降低,低于NP69细胞,其降低的程度与基因的甲基化程度相关．5-aza-2dC能够剂量依赖性地引起ANXA1基因去甲基化,经去甲基化处理后,NPC细胞系ANXA1基因的mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平相应提高．研究证明,NPC细胞系ANXA1基因的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平出现下调,甲基化是导致表达下调的主要原因,5-aza-2dC去甲基化处理能够恢复ANXA1基因的表达水平．     

苦参碱对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53的表达研究

目的：探讨苦参碱对体外培养的人鼻咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨苦参碱诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法：采用MTT法检测不同浓度苦参碱（0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2 mg/ml）对CNE1、CNE2细胞增殖的影响;采用荧光定量PCR法检测这些浓度的苦参碱处理48 h后CNE2细胞p53 mRNA的变化;Western Blot检测其蛋白的变化情况。结果：MTT结果显示苦参碱具有抑制CNE1、CNE2细胞体外增殖作用,其抑制率存在浓度、时间依赖性。荧光定量PCR及Western Blot检测结果显示,苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞p53 mRNA和蛋白的表达,且亦呈浓度依赖性。结论：苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,呈现浓度、时间依赖性,其作用与抑制CNE2细胞中p53基因和蛋白的表达密切相关。     

鼻咽癌上皮细胞凋亡有关癌基因表达的变化

用DNA拓扑异构酶I抑制剂-喜树硷体外诱导人低分化鼻咽癌上皮细胞系（CNE－2Z）细胞发生凋亡,并用流式细胞仪检测了有关癌基因表达的变化情况。结果：4μmol／L喜树俭作用24h后,c－myc、bcl－2及p53表达均较对照组明显降低,提示CNE－2Z细胞发生凋亡时或许会受c－myc、bcl－2和p53等癌基因的影响。     

中药臭灵丹中3, 5-二羟基-6, 7, 3′, 4′-四甲氧基黄酮对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞凋亡的影响及机制

中药臭灵丹中黄酮类化合物3,5-二羟基-6,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄酮(3,5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone,HTMF)体外对多种肿瘤细胞有抑增殖作用,但机制尚未完全清楚.为探讨HTMF对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞凋亡的影响,用MTT法检测HTMF对CNE细胞株的增殖抑制率,倒置显微镜观察HTMF作用于CNE细胞后细胞形态变化,Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞核形态的变化,流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率,Western blot法检测凋亡蛋白Caspase3和Caspase9的变化,流式细胞仪检测线粒体跨膜电位(△准m)值的改变,并用JC-1荧光染料染色,激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体膜电位变化.结果显示,分离自臭灵丹的HTMF呈浓度、时间双重依赖性显著抑制CNE细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,引起线粒体膜电位下降及凋亡蛋白Caspase3和Caspase9的活化.提示:3,5-二羟基-6,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄酮对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞的生长有显著的抑制作用,并可通过降低线粒体膜电位激活Caspase9,进而活化Caspase3诱导CNE细胞凋亡.     

槲皮素对鼻咽癌CNE2细胞的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用

本研究以人鼻咽癌细胞CNE2为研究对象,探讨了槲皮素在鼻咽癌细胞CNE2中抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡的效果和分子机制。本研究采用细胞增殖检测试剂盒-8(CCK-8)实验测定了槲皮素在CNE2细胞中的半数抑制浓度(IC50);并采用Ca依赖性磷脂结合蛋白Annexin V和荧光染料碘化丙啶(PI)双染的方法,检测了槲皮素诱导CNE2细胞凋亡的情况;然后采用平板克隆实验,评价了槲皮素对CNE2细胞克隆形成能力的影响;最后采用免疫印迹法,检测了槲皮素对CNE2细胞中凋亡标志分子、Wnt通路及其下游靶标分子的作用。结果表明,槲皮素不仅呈浓度依赖性诱导CNE2细胞凋亡,也呈浓度依赖性阻遏Wnt信号通路、下调其靶标蛋白c-Myc和Survivin的表达,进而抑制CNE2细胞的恶性增殖。综上所述,本研究发现了槲皮素抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖、诱导鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的效果,并阐明了其分子机制,提供了槲皮素作为鼻咽癌临床治疗候选药物的实验数据。     

Survivin特异性SiRNA提高鼻咽癌移植瘤放射敏感性

目的：研究Survivin特异性SiRNA（small interfering RNA）对鼻咽癌移植瘤的放疗增敏作用,探索提高鼻咽癌疗效的新方法。方法：Survivin特异性SiRNA转染鼻咽癌5-8F细胞系,培养48h后,采用RT-PCR、流式细胞仪（flow cytometry,FCM）分别检测Survivin mRNA和蛋白在5-8F细胞中表达。将Survivin基因特异性SiRNA转染5-8F细胞,培养24h后,用剂量为6GY的放射线处理,培养6h后,收集细胞,进行裸鼠皮下接种,50d后处死裸鼠,对移植瘤进行分析。结果：Survivin特异性SiRNA能有效抑制5-8F细胞中Survivin表达。Survivin特异性SiRNA组,Survivin表达阳性率12.37±1.86%,与对照组阳性率91.93±1.3%和阴性对照组阳性率92.43±2.34%比较,差别具有显著性（p〈0.01）。特异性SiRNA加放射组移植瘤（0.03±0.03g）显著小于特异性SiRNA组（0.28±0.02g,p〈0.01）与阴性SiRNA加放射组（0.17±0.02g,p〈0.01）。结论：Survivin特异性SiRNA增强了鼻咽癌5-8F细胞移植瘤的放射敏感性。     

苦参碱对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 的表达研究

目的：探讨苦参碱对体外培养的人鼻咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 mRNA 和蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨苦参碱 诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法：采用MTT 法检测不同浓度苦参碱（0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2 mg/ml）对CNE1、CNE2 细胞增 殖的影响;采用荧光定量PCR 法检测这些浓度的苦参碱处理48 h后CNE2 细胞p53 mRNA的变化; Western Blot 检测其蛋白的 变化情况。结果：MTT结果显示苦参碱具有抑制CNE1、CNE2 细胞体外增殖作用,其抑制率存在浓度、时间依赖性。荧光定量 PCR及Western Blot 检测结果显示,苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞p53 mRNA 和蛋白的表达,且亦呈浓度依赖性。结论：苦参碱抑制 CNE2 细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,呈现浓度、时间依赖性,其作用与抑制CNE2 细胞中p53 基因和蛋白的表达密切相关。     

microRNA-136对人鼻咽癌细胞5-8f的抑制作用研究

CpG岛的高甲基化是肿瘤中作为抑癌基因microRNA失活的重要表观遗传机制之一。利用UCSC预测hsa-miR-24、hsa-miR-126、hsa-miR-132、以及hsa-miR-136定位于CpG岛内部或附近,采用甲基化酶抑制剂5-Aza-CdR处理鼻咽癌细胞5-8f,经RT-PCR与MSP检测,结果表明hsa-miR-136在5-8f中存在高甲基化,5-Aza-CdR能逆转hsa-miR-136甲基化,恢复hsa-miR-136的表达。外源过表达hsa-miR-136能明显抑制鼻咽癌细胞5-8f的增殖;同时流式细胞技术检测显示,hsa-miR-136能诱导5-8f细胞发生晚期凋亡,迁移实验也显示hsa-miR-136能明显抑制5-8f细胞的迁移。综上所述,hsa-miR-136可作为治疗鼻咽癌潜在的靶标。     

颌下腺导管细胞与胶原海绵细胞相容性的实验研究

为探讨胶原海绵对颌下腺 (submandibulargland ,SMG)导管细胞的细胞相容性 ,采用HE染色光镜观察及免疫组化观察SMG导管细胞接种于胶原海绵后 ,细胞的生长情况。光镜下可见接种后第 1d细胞数量较少 ,分散于胶原海绵支架中间 ,第 7d细胞数量明显增加 ,免疫组织化学染色抗IV型胶原抗体染色呈阳性 ,说明细胞与支架材料之间已经有细胞外基质产生。胶原海绵具有良好的细胞相容性 ,是一种理想的支架材料。与胶原海绵复合培养 ,颌下腺导管细胞仍可保持良好的增殖能力。     

Transformations of the Cell Center during Cell Differentiation

A question was posed as to how the multicomponent and polyfunctional organelle dynamically changes during metazoan ontogenesis. The centrosome structure is gradually formed and its functions are switched on during early embryogenesis, one of which is the cell center formation. During cell differentiation, the condition of the cell center and surrounding structures may be different: first, the cell center is quite distinct; second, the cell center is absent due to redistribution of the microtubule organizing centers; third, the cell center disappears due to reversible or irreversible inactivation of the centrosome and other centers of microtubule organization. The assembly of the Golgi complex does not depend directly to the cell center presence. In some cell types, the Golgi complex is topologically associated with the cell center, while in others it exists as individual dictyosomes despite the cell center presence. In some other cell types, the common Golgi complex is assembled without the cell center, but in the presence of microtubules that are formed by noncentrosome centers of microtubule organization. In still others, degradation of both the cell center and the common Golgi complex takes place in the case of centrosome inactivation.     

Determining Cell Number During Cell Culture using the Scepter Cell Counter

Counting cells is often a necessary but tedious step for in vitro cell culture. Consistent cell concentrations ensure experimental reproducibility and accuracy. Cell counts are important for monitoring cell health and proliferation rate, assessing immortalization or transformation, seeding cells for subsequent experiments, transfection or infection, and preparing for cell-based assays. It is important that cell counts be accurate, consistent, and fast, particularly for quantitative measurements of cellular responses.Despite this need for speed and accuracy in cell counting, 71% of 400 researchers surveyed¹ who count cells using a hemocytometer. While hemocytometry is inexpensive, it is laborious and subject to user bias and misuse, which results in inaccurate counts. Hemocytometers are made of special optical glass on which cell suspensions are loaded in specified volumes and counted under a microscope. Sources of errors in hemocytometry include: uneven cell distribution in the sample, too many or too few cells in the sample, subjective decisions as to whether a given cell falls within the defined counting area, contamination of the hemocytometer, user-to-user variation, and variation of hemocytometer filling rate².To alleviate the tedium associated with manual counting, 29% of researchers count cells using automated cell counting devices; these include vision-based counters, systems that detect cells using the Coulter principle, or flow cytometry¹. For most researchers, the main barrier to using an automated system is the price associated with these large benchtop instruments¹.The Scepter cell counter is an automated handheld device that offers the automation and accuracy of Coulter counting at a relatively low cost. The system employs the Coulter principle of impedance-based particle detection³ in a miniaturized format using a combination of analog and digital hardware for sensing, signal processing, data storage, and graphical display. The disposable tip is engineered with a microfabricated, cell- sensing zone that enables discrimination by cell size and cell volume at sub-micron and sub-picoliter resolution. Enhanced with precision liquid-handling channels and electronics, the Scepter cell counter reports cell population statistics graphically displayed as a histogram.     

Determination of Mammalian Cell Counts,Cell Size and Cell Health Using the Moxi Z Mini Automated Cell Counter

Particle and cell counting is used for a variety of applications including routine cell culture, hematological analysis, and industrial controls^1-5. A critical breakthrough in cell/particle counting technologies was the development of the Coulter technique by Wallace Coulter over 50 years ago. The technique involves the application of an electric field across a micron-sized aperture and hydrodynamically focusing single particles through the aperture. The resulting occlusion of the aperture by the particles yields a measurable change in electric impedance that can be directly and precisely correlated to cell size/volume. The recognition of the approach as the benchmark in cell/particle counting stems from the extraordinary precision and accuracy of its particle sizing and counts, particularly as compared to manual and imaging based technologies (accuracies on the order of 98% for Coulter counters versus 75-80% for manual and vision-based systems). This can be attributed to the fact that, unlike imaging-based approaches to cell counting, the Coulter Technique makes a true three-dimensional (3-D) measurement of cells/particles which dramatically reduces count interference from debris and clustering by calculating precise volumetric information about the cells/particles. Overall this provides a means for enumerating and sizing cells in a more accurate, less tedious, less time-consuming, and less subjective means than other counting techniques⁶.Despite the prominence of the Coulter technique in cell counting, its widespread use in routine biological studies has been prohibitive due to the cost and size of traditional instruments. Although a less expensive Coulter-based instrument has been produced, it has limitations as compared to its more expensive counterparts in the correction for "coincidence events" in which two or more cells pass through the aperture and are measured simultaneously. Another limitation with existing Coulter technologies is the lack of metrics on the overall health of cell samples. Consequently, additional techniques must often be used in conjunction with Coulter counting to assess cell viability. This extends experimental setup time and cost since the traditional methods of viability assessment require cell staining and/or use of expensive and cumbersome equipment such as a flow cytometer.The Moxi Z mini automated cell counter, described here, is an ultra-small benchtop instrument that combines the accuracy of the Coulter Principle with a thin-film sensor technology to enable precise sizing and counting of particles ranging from 3-25 microns, depending on the cell counting cassette used. The M type cassette can be used to count particles from with average diameters of 4 - 25 microns (dynamic range 2 - 34 microns), and the Type S cassette can be used to count particles with and average diameter of 3 - 20 microns (dynamic range 2 - 26 microns). Since the system uses a volumetric measurement method, the 4-25 microns corresponds to a cell volume range of 34 - 8,180 fL and the 3 - 20 microns corresponds to a cell volume range of 14 - 4200 fL, which is relevant when non-spherical particles are being measured. To perform mammalian cell counts using the Moxi Z, the cells to be counted are first diluted with ORFLO or similar diluent. A cell counting cassette is inserted into the instrument, and the sample is loaded into the port of the cassette. Thousands of cells are pulled, single-file through a "Cell Sensing Zone" (CSZ) in the thin-film membrane over 8-15 seconds. Following the run, the instrument uses proprietary curve-fitting in conjunction with a proprietary software algorithm to provide coincidence event correction along with an assessment of overall culture health by determining the ratio of the number of cells in the population of interest to the total number of particles. The total particle counts include shrunken and broken down dead cells, as well as other debris and contaminants. The results are presented in histogram format with an automatic curve fit, with gates that can be adjusted manually as needed.Ultimately, the Moxi Z enables counting with a precision and accuracy comparable to a Coulter Z2, the current gold standard, while providing additional culture health information. Furthermore it achieves these results in less time, with a smaller footprint, with significantly easier operation and maintenance, and at a fraction of the cost of comparable technologies.     

细胞提取物重编程研究进展

体细胞重编程是在特定的条件下使已分化的细胞转变成为另一种细胞.体细胞重编程的方式主要有体细胞核移植技术、细胞融合技术、细胞提取物处理技术及特定转录因子转染技术.现有研究表明,细胞提取物重编程技术在体细胞重编程中发挥着一定的作用,为此,就该技术的最新研究进展和可能机制作一综述.     

Cell Physician: Reading Cell Motion

Cell motility is an essential phenomenon in almost all living organisms. It is natural to think that behavioral or shape changes of a cell bear information about the underlying mechanisms that generate these changes. Reading cell motion, namely, understanding the underlying biophysical and mechanochemical processes, is of paramount importance. The mathematical model developed in this paper determines some physical features and material properties of the cells locally through analysis of live cell image sequences and uses this information to make further inferences about the molecular structures, dynamics, and processes within the cells, such as the actin network, microdomains, chemotaxis, adhesion, and retrograde flow. The generality of the principals used in formation of the model ensures its wide applicability to different phenomena at various levels. Based on the model outcomes, we hypothesize a novel biological model for collective biomechanical and molecular mechanism of cell motion.