对林业生物技术基因工程与繁殖技术的探讨

科学的进行林业生物技术应用研究,将之科学的运用到实际工作中去,将会极大推动林业经济的发展。本文通过分析林业生物技术在林业实际工作中的应用,对生物技术在林业中的应用进行了研究,具有重要的参考意义。     

浅谈生物技术在林业建设中的应用

本文通过分析林业生物技术在林业实际工作中的应用,对生物技术在林业中的应用进行研究,论述了生物技术在林业中应用具有的重要参考意义。     

生物技术在乳品中的研究和应用进展

随着生物技术的不断发展和乳品产业的不断进步,生物技术在乳品中的研究和应用也日益增多。生物技术赋予乳品更多的风味、更高的质量和更多的健康益处,也让乳业行业逐渐显现更多创新可能。本文梳理了生物技术在乳品中的研究脉络和应用进展,为乳品创新提供参考和启示,总结了发酵技术(包括发酵剂、益生菌)、微生态技术、测序技术和合成生物学技术等生物技术在乳业方面的研究及应用进展,论述了生物技术在乳品产业应用中的难点和局限性,并展望了未来的发展方向和潜在的热点。     

生物技术与林木遗传改良——现状与前景

现代生物技术是70年代初在重组DNA技术、细胞培养技术以及生物反应技术等深入发展的基础上产生的一门新兴学科。一般认为生物技术包括细胞工程、基因工程、酶工程和发酵工程等四个方面。近十几年来,生物技术在林木遗传改良中应用的研究越来越受到重视,尽管这些研究尚处于初级阶段,但已取得了一些令 人鼓舞的成果,并在林木遗传改良方面展示了 其广阔的应用前景。     

全球生物技术的发展与未来

2005年1月,新西兰科学技术部发布了《2025年生物技术发展报告》。该报告分析了未来20年中全球生物技术的发展趋势,并预测了生物技术在健康保健、初级生产、产业与环境和国防领域的可能应用。本文以报告内容为基础,对其研究成果进行了概括与总结,希望这些信息能够开阔我国生物技术界的视野,对我国相关科技研究与管理活动起到决策参考作用。1全球生物技术产业发展现状“生物技术”一词既可以用来描述科技技术的一个门类,也可以泛指经济活动中的一个产业。从研究开发向实际应用转换的情况看,在全球范围内生物技术产业当前依然是一个较为幼小但…     

生物技术研究的进展及管理问题

随着分子生物学、分子遗传学和生物化学等基础学科研究的不断深入,以及更精密而高效的实验设备和工艺制造技术的提供,已导致生物技术的显著进展。不少研究成果已经或正在从实验室向实际应用过渡,并已开始形成新的产业。与此同时,人们估计到基因工程产物可能有潜在的危害,在生物技术迅速发展的形势下,如何对研究工作及其产物的应用施以合理的管理,也已成为当务之急。一、生物技术研究和应用的近期进展这里涉及的主要是基因工程或称重组 DNA 技术的研究及应用,因为要列出所有的研究     

海洋生物制药现状及展望

现代生物技术在制药产业中发挥了重要作用,海洋生物技术的出现和发展推动了海洋生 物药物的研究,是今后生物技术药物的发展方向。综述了生物技术在海洋药物开发中的应用,并 展望了新世纪海洋生物制药的前景。     

美国军队的生物技术研究

现代生物技术在民事部门已经得到了广泛地应用。特别是在生物医学和农业科学领域发展更为突出.同样,这项技术对军队建设的诸多方面亦有着很重要的作用。美国军方充分认识到这一点。近些年来陆续制定了比较详细的规划,对其发展作出了明确的规定。本文拟就这方面的情况作一概括地介绍。一、生物技术在军队中的地位: 美国军队于1985年以前已经开始了一系列的生物技术研究。在1985年美国生物技术发展会议上发表了题为“生物技术解决军事医学问题的作用”和“美国海军非医学生物技术基础研究计划”的研究报告。1985年,军方组织人力详细地调查了生物技术在美国军队中的发展现状和前景。在题为“生物技术:提高     

GPS定位仪在林业资源管护中的应用

经济正在不断发展,科技正在不断进步,在林业领域采用先进的科学技术对林业的发展具有非常重要的作用。GPS技术作为一项新兴的科学技术,在我国具有广泛的应用。我们把先进的GPS技术引入到林业领域中,对森林资源进行监测,对森林灾害预警,使我国林业有了更好的发展。     

关于生物技术应用与发展的探析

生物高新技术的研究成果伴随着生物技术的不断发展而层出不穷,这些技术为人类认识和完善自我、认识和改造自然创造了有利的条件与机会,同时也给企业高端技术投资带来了发展前景。本文将从生物技术的基本特征、生物技术的创新前景、生物技术的应用和生物技术产业的发展趋势这四个方面进行阐述。     

Genetic engineering in conifer forestry: Technical and social considerations

Summary Over the past 20 years, DNA-based biotechnologies have been applied to agricultural production and many crops with new and useful attributes have been cultivated in various countries. The adoption of this new technology by farmers has been swift, and benefits in terms of increased production per unit land and environmental benefits are becoming obvious. In forestry, the application of biotechnology is somewhat lagging behind and to date there are no commercial plantations with genetically modified trees. However, most tree species used in plantation forestry have been genetically transformed, and results demonstrate the successful and correct expression of new genes in these plants. At the same time, this new technology is being viewed with concern, very similar to the concerns voiced over the use of genetic engineering in agriculture. This paper discusses some of the issues involved for world forestry, with particular focus on future demand for timber and timber products and how modern biotechnology can contribute to meet the growing demand. Tree genetic engineering techniques will be outlined, and results reviewed for a number of species. Concerns over the use of this new technology will be described and analyzed in relation to scientific considerations.     

现代生物技术与饲用微生态制剂

近年来,使用抗生素的副作用越来越多地受到关注,世界上许多国家已出台相应政策来控制抗生素的使用。但是由于养殖行业的迅猛发展,养殖密度加大,养殖动物病害发病的风险提高,急需可替代抗生素的新型绿色饲料添加剂产品。微生态制剂作为一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,在养殖行业发挥了重要作用。随着饲用微生态制剂产品研发的深入,现代生物技术在提升微生态制剂的理论和应用研究方面发挥着重要作用。PCR、核酸分子杂交、基因工程以及组学等技术已应用于微生物菌种鉴定、基因改良、作用机理等研究中。本文对饲用微生态制剂的研发现状进行了阐述,并综述了现代生物技术在饲用微生态制剂研究中的应用。     

Agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries and their possible contribution to food security

Latest FAO figures indicate that an estimated 925 million people are undernourished in 2010, representing almost 16% of the population in developing countries. Looking to the future, there are also major challenges ahead from the rapidly changing socio-economic environment (increasing world population and urbanisation, and dietary changes) and climate change. Promoting agriculture in developing countries is the key to achieving food security, and it is essential to act in four ways: to increase investment in agriculture, broaden access to food, improve governance of global trade, and increase productivity while conserving natural resources. To enable the fourth action, the suite of technological options for farmers should be as broad as possible, including agricultural biotechnologies. Agricultural biotechnologies represent a broad range of technologies used in food and agriculture for the genetic improvement of plant varieties and animal populations, characterisation and conservation of genetic resources, diagnosis of plant or animal diseases and other purposes. Discussions about agricultural biotechnology have been dominated by the continuing controversy surrounding genetic modification and its resulting products, genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The polarised debate has led to non-GMO biotechnologies being overshadowed, often hindering their development and application. Extensive documentation from the FAO international technical conference on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries (ABDC-10), that took place in Guadalajara, Mexico, on 1-4 March 2010, gave a very good overview of the many ways that different agricultural biotechnologies are being used to increase productivity and conserve natural resources in the crop, livestock, fishery, forestry and agro-industry sectors in developing countries. The conference brought together about 300 policy-makers, scientists and representatives of intergovernmental and international non-governmental organisations, including delegations from 42 FAO Member States. At the end of ABDC-10, the Member States reached a number of key conclusions, agreeing, inter alia, that FAO and other relevant international organisations and donors should significantly increase their efforts to support the strengthening of national capacities in the development and appropriate use of pro-poor agricultural biotechnologies.     

Case studies on the use of biotechnologies and on biosafety provisions in four African countries

This review is based on a study commissioned by the European Commission on the evaluation of scientific, technical and institutional challenges, priorities and bottlenecks for biotechnologies and regional harmonisation of biosafety in Africa. Biotechnology was considered within four domains: agricultural biotechnologies (‘Green’), industrial biotechnologies and biotechnologies for environmental remediation (‘White’), biotechnologies in aquaculture (‘Blue’) and biotechnologies for healthcare (‘Red’). An important consideration was the decline in partnerships between the EU and developing countries because of the original public antipathy to some green biotechnologies, particularly genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and food from GM crops in Europe. The study focus reported here was West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso).The overall conclusion was that whereas high-quality research was proceeding in the countries visited, funding is not sustained and there is little evidence of practical application of biotechnology and benefit to farmers and the wider community. Research and development that was being carried out on genetically modified crop varieties was concentrating on improving food security and therefore unlikely to have significant impact on EU markets and consumers. However, there is much non-controversial green biotechnology such as molecular diagnostics for plant and animal disease and marker-assisted selection for breeding that has great potential application. Regarding white biotechnology, it is currently occupying only a very small industrial niche in West Africa, basically in the sole sector of the production of liquid biofuels (i.e., bio-ethanol) from indigenous and locally planted biomass (very often non-food crops). The presence of diffused small-scale fish production is the basis to develop and apply new (Blue) aquaculture technologies and, where the research conditions and the production sector can permit, to increase this type of production and the economy of this depressed areas. However, the problems bound to environmental protection must not be forgotten; priority should be given to monitor the risks of introduction of foreign species. Red biotechnologies potentially bring a vast domain of powerful tools and processes to achieve better human health, most notably improved diagnostics by molecular techniques, better targeting of pathogens and a better knowledge of their sensitivities to drugs to permit better treatment.Biosafety regulatory frameworks had been initiated in several countries, starting with primary biosafety law. However, disparate attitudes to the purpose of biosafety regulation (e.g., fostering informed decision-making versus ‘giving the green-light for a flood of GMOs’) currently prevent a needed consensus for sub-regional harmonisation. To date, most R&D funding has come from North America with some commercial interests from Asia, but African biotechnology workers expressed strong desire for (re-)engagement with interested parties from the European Union. Although in some of the visited countries there are very well qualified personnel in molecular biology and biosafety/regulation, the main message received is that human resources and capacity building in-house are still needed. This could be achieved through home-based courses and capacity-building including funds for post-degree research to motivate and retain trained staff.     

Agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries and their possible contribution to food security

Latest FAO figures indicate that an estimated 925 million people are undernourished in 2010, representing almost 16% of the population in developing countries. Looking to the future, there are also major challenges ahead from the rapidly changing socio-economic environment (increasing world population and urbanisation, and dietary changes) and climate change.Promoting agriculture in developing countries is the key to achieving food security, and it is essential to act in four ways: to increase investment in agriculture, broaden access to food, improve governance of global trade, and increase productivity while conserving natural resources. To enable the fourth action, the suite of technological options for farmers should be as broad as possible, including agricultural biotechnologies. Agricultural biotechnologies represent a broad range of technologies used in food and agriculture for the genetic improvement of plant varieties and animal populations, characterisation and conservation of genetic resources, diagnosis of plant or animal diseases and other purposes. Discussions about agricultural biotechnology have been dominated by the continuing controversy surrounding genetic modification and its resulting products, genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The polarised debate has led to non-GMO biotechnologies being overshadowed, often hindering their development and application.Extensive documentation from the FAO international technical conference on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries (ABDC-10), that took place in Guadalajara, Mexico, on 1–4 March 2010, gave a very good overview of the many ways that different agricultural biotechnologies are being used to increase productivity and conserve natural resources in the crop, livestock, fishery, forestry and agro-industry sectors in developing countries. The conference brought together about 300 policy-makers, scientists and representatives of intergovernmental and international non-governmental organisations, including delegations from 42 FAO Member States. At the end of ABDC-10, the Member States reached a number of key conclusions, agreeing, inter alia, that FAO and other relevant international organisations and donors should significantly increase their efforts to support the strengthening of national capacities in the development and appropriate use of pro-poor agricultural biotechnologies.     

Constraints on the development of biotechnology in Zambia

Biotechnology can play an essential role in fostering the economic and social development of developing countries like Zambia. However, due to a number of constraints, Zambia is not in a position to exploit the emerging opportunities from biotechnology. Prominent among these constraints are the lack of a biotechnology policy, an insufficient number of trained personnel, a poor science and technology base and very little basic research in universities and research institutions. The challenge Zambia must overcome is to establish a capacity and capability to innovate its own biotechnology as well as to adapt biotechnologies developed elsewhere to the Zambian conditions and environment. Despite all the hurdles and setbacks Zambia will face as she endeavours to enter the world of biotechnology, Zambia cannot afford to be a mere spectator as the rest of the world invests and benefits from the promise of biotechnology.The authors are with the Food Technology Research Unit, National Council for Scientific Research, Box 310158 Lusaka, Zambia     

A critical review of the application of white rot fungus to environmental pollution control

Research on white rot fungi for environmental biotechnology has been conducted for more than 20 years. In this article, we have reviewed processes for cell growth and enzyme production including the factors influencing enzyme productivity and the methods for enhancement of enzyme production. Significant progress has been achieved in molecular biology related to white rot fungi, especially related to the extraction of genetic material (RNA and DNA), gene cloning and the construction of genetically engineered microorganisms. The development of biotechnologies using white rot fungi for environmental pollution control has been implemented to treat various refractory wastes and to bioremediate contaminated soils. The current status and future research needs for fundamentals and application are addressed in this review.     

Biotechnology and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa

Whether development is defined by the long-standing economic parameter of per capita gross national product (GNP) or by the newly introduced Human Development Index (HDI), which is not based exclusively on per capita GNP, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa rank at or near the bottom of the developing world. Agriculture and agro-based processing are the mainstays of the economies of the majority of these countries. Because of this, and also because many of the diseases endemic in these countries are communicable, the application of modern biotechnology (including genetic engineering, tissue culture and monoclonal antibody technology) and related biotechnologies could play an important part in creating sustainable development in the region. There is, therefore, an urgent need to train more of the region's indigenous citizens, and to equip more laboratories, in modern biotechnology. It is suggested that, in order to accelerate the harnessing of the fruits of biotechnology, more countries in the region should affiliate with the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB). It is further suggested that a regional equivalent of the ICGEB be built and the services of non-governmental biotechnology organizations used.The author is with Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria. Address correspondence to P. M. B. 1457, Enugu, Nigeria     

Advanced agricultural biotechnologies and sustainable agriculture

Agricultural biotechnologies are anchored to a scientific paradigm rooted in experimental biology, whereas sustainable agriculture rests on a biological paradigm that is best described as ecological. Both biotechnology and sustainable agriculture are associated with particular social science paradigms: biotechnology has its foundation in neoclassical economics, but sustainability is framed by an emerging community-centered, problem-solving perspective. Fundamentally, biotechnology and neoclassical economics are reductionist in nature. Sustainability and community problem-solving, however, are nonreductionist. Given these differences, we might see the development of two rather distinct systems of food production in the near future.     

Will genomics guide a greener forest biotech?

Forest biotechnology has been increasingly associated with wood production using plantation forestry, and has stressed applications that use pedigreed material and transgenic trees. Reasons for this emphasis include limitations of available technologies to conform to underlying genetic features of undomesticated forest tree populations. More recently, genomic technologies have rapidly begun to expand the scope of forest biotechnology. Genomic technologies are well suited to describe and make use of the abundant genetic variation present in undomesticated forest tree populations. Genomics thus enables new research and applications for conservation and management of natural forests, and is a primary technological driver for new research addressing the use of forests trees for carbon sequestration, biofuels feedstocks, and other 'green' applications.