Effect of rhizobia inoculation,N and P supply on Orobanche foetida parasitising faba bean (Vicia faba minor) under field conditions

Orobanche foetida is a chlorophyll-lacking holoparasite that subsists on the roots of plants and causes significant damage to the culture of some leguminous plants particularly faba bean. To evaluate the effect of rhizobia as a biological agent and the effect of nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) to control O. foetida parasitism in faba bean (Vicia faba minor), a trial was conducted in infested and non-infested fields with O. foetida in the Oued Beja Agricultural Experimental Unit, Tunisia. This field trial was performed during two consecutive cropping seasons using the susceptible cv. Badï, two selected rhizobia strains (Bj1 and Mat) and N combined or not with P. Mat strain showed an antagonistic effect which displayed a parasitism index two-fold lower than the control and carried two times less of emerged parasite spikes at crop maturity. Seed-yield losses caused by O. foetida infestation were very high and reached 95% for the control. Despite this high reduction, faba bean inoculated with Mat strain showed an average yield three-fold higher than the control. Broomrape parasitism did not significantly affect the protein/starch ratio of seeds for all treatments. The Mat strain is a potential candidate for developing an integrate method to control O. foetida parasitism on faba bean.     

Importance of plant extract formulations in managing different pests attacking beans in new reclaimed area and under storage conditions

Field evaluation of some botanical formulations like Neem Azal T/S, Neem Azal T/S + TS/fort and petroleum ether extract of Curcuma longa for the management of different pests attacking broad bean crop in a new reclaimed area at El- Noubaria and under storage conditions has been carried out. All tested formulations could be considered efficient in controlling Aphis craccivora infesting broad bean under field conditions. As to the leafminer, the number of living Liriomyza trifolii larvae decreased significantly compared to non-treated control. The number of living larvae continued to decrease until seven days post-treatment after which an increase in their number was noticed after 14 days post-treatment. Neem Azal T/S + additive (TS/fort) ranked first in comparison to other treatments for the control of aphids and leafminers attacking broad bean in the field either by killing, deterrent or antifeedant effect. The yield of treated crop increased significantly in comparison to the control. Another spray was used before harvesting the crop with the same formulations for protection of the stored crop. Neem Azal T/S with adjuvant (TS/fort) protected broad bean seeds from weevil attack for one year. Petroleum ether extract of C. longa could protect the stored crops for two months only. The percentage weight loss in one kg stored seeds treated in the field with Neem formulation + adjuvant was very small compared with those seeds treated with petroleum ether extract of C. longa and control.     

Previous infestation of pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum on broad bean plants resulted in the increased performance of conspecific nymphs on the plants

Abstract

We studied the effects of previous infestation of broad bean plants by pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum on the performance of conspecific nymphs on the plants and the involvement of jasmonic acid (JA)-related defenses. The time needed for newly emerged nymphs to become reproductive adults on broad bean plants previously infested by conspecifics (pre-infested plants) was significantly shorter than on uninfested (control) broad bean plants. The total numbers of nymphs produced by aphids on preinfested and control plants were not significantly different. Preinfested plants produced significantly less endogenous JA than that control plants did. To test the effect of JA decreases, we conducted experiments on the developmental duration of nymphs on broad bean plants treated with JA (JA-treated plants) before infestation. The time needed for nymphs to become reproductive adults on JA treated preinfested broad bean plants was not significantly different from that on JA-treated control plants. The results suggested a possible parental care by pea aphids: the adult aphids manipulated JA-related defenses in broad bean plants that had positive effects for their offspring.     

Integrated control of root rot and wilt disease of faba bean by soil amendment with suppressive compost in combination with seed coating with an antagonistic yeast

For this study, 21 isolates of fungi belonging to Rhizoctonia and Fusarium genera were isolated from the diseased faba bean plants, obtained from the different localities in Assiut governorate, showing root rot and wilt symptoms. The isolates proved to be pathogenic on Masr 1 faba bean cultivar under greenhouse conditions. F. oxysporum isolates caused wilt disease; however, the isolates of R. solani and other Fusarium species caused root rot. The virulence of isolates on the tested faba bean cultivar was different. The highly pathogenic isolates of these fungi were employed in this study. The effect of soil amendment with Planta Rich and Rich Composts (CMs) alone or in combination with seed coating by the antagonistic yeast Pichia guilliermondi before sowing on the severity of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rot and Fusarium wilt of faba bean was tested under greenhouse and field conditions. The tested isolates of yeast proved to be highly antagonistic to the pathogen in vitro. The test rates of CMs were equivalent to 2, 7, 10 and 14 ton/feddan in the greenhouse and 7 and 10 t/feddan in the field conditions. Uncomposted soil was used as a control. The results showed that the tested CMs have a suppressive effect on the severity of root rot and wilt diseases of faba bean under greenhouse and field conditions. The application of CMs (Planta Rich and Rich) alone at the rates equivalent to 2, 7, 10 and 14 t/feddan in greenhouse and 7 and 10 t/feddan in the field conditions to the soil infested with the tested pathogens reduced percentage of the tested diseases compared with uncomposted soil. Combined CMs treatments with yeast seed treatment increased the suppressive effect of CMs on the disease severity.     

Effetto della Presenza di Zuccheri Sull'attivita Esochinasica in Cotiledoni Germinanti di Ricino

Abstract

The effects of sugars on the development of hexokinase and fructokinase activities in isolated cotyledons from germinating castor bean seeds. — The possibility of an inductive effect of hexose concentration on the rate of synthesis of enzymes involved in the phosphorylation of sugars has been investigated. Cotyledons were removed from castor bean seeds germinated 48 h at 27 °C in the dark, and incubated 12 h in water or in 0,05–0,1 M glucose or fructose. The activities of hexokinase and of fructokinase (determined spectrophotometrically in the soluble fraction from cell free extracts) was found to increase, upon incubation, at a rate more than 100% higher for the cotyledons incubated in the presence of sugars than for those in water. The results suggest some specificity of the effect of fructose on fructokinase and of glucose on hexokinase. « Insoluble » hexokinase was not affected by the sugars. Protein synthesis inhibitors such as actinomycin D and puromycin inhibited any increase of kinase activities in the isolated cotyledons.     

Effetto di Inibitori Della Sintesi Proteica Sull'aumento di Attività Enzimatiche e sul Risveglio del Metabolismo Nell'Endosperma di Semi di Ricino in Germinazione

Abstract

Effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the development of metabolic activity in the endosperm during the germination of castor bean seeds. — The effect of chloramphenicol, streptomycin and actinomycin-C on the increase of the activities of glyceroaldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose 1–6 diphosphate-1-phosphatase, phosphomonoesterase, in the endosperm of germinating castor bean seeds was investigated.

In all cases, the protein synthesis inhibitors depressed the activation of the enzymes tested: in particular, actinomycin (50 μg/ml) completely suppressed the increase of the activities.

The development of the rate of oxygen uptake and the conversion of fats to sugars was strongly affected by the inhibitors.

These data suggest that the increase of the activities of several enzymes in the germinating endosperm is dependent on enzyme synthesis rather than on the conversion from the inactive to the active form of the enzymes.     

Biological Control of Bacterial Wilt of Bean Using a Bacterial Endophyte, Pantoea agglomerans

Indoor studies were conducted to determine the potential use of Pantoea agglomerans isolate LRC 8311 as a biocontrol agent for control of bacterial wilt of bean caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. Soaking seeds of great northern bean cv. US1140 in a suspension of 3 × 10⁸ cfu/ml P. agglomerans resulted in thorough endophytic colonization of the entire bean seedling from root to apical stem after 7 days, regardless of whether the inoculated seeds were hilum injured or not. Colonization of seedlings by P. agglomerans increased seedling height after 10 days, and had no negative effect on seedling emergence. Treatment of hilum‐injured bean seeds of great northern bean cv. US1140 or navy bean cv. Morden003 with a mixture of P. agglomerans + C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens resulted in a high rate of colonization of seedlings by P. agglomerans, reduced frequency of infection by C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, improved seedling emergence and height, and reduced disease severity, compared with seeds treated with the wilt pathogen alone. Application of P. agglomerans as a soil drench 24 h after planting was also effective in suppressing bacterial wilt in some instances, but was generally not as effective as seed treatment. The study suggests that seed treatment with P. agglomerans may be an effective and practical method for control of bacterial wilt of bean.     

Infestation of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) decreases the nutritional quality and germination potential of soybean seeds

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius), is one of the major pests of soybean; this pest mainly feeds on soybean pods. Its population is highest when the soybean plants bear mature seeds. We aimed to determine the effect of bean bug infestation on soybean according to changes in nutrient levels and seed germination potential. Newly emerged adult males of R. pedestris (n = 5 per plant) were released into a meshed cage containing soybean plants at the R5 stage. Another meshed cage with soybean plants was treated as control. Healthy seeds harvested from control plants were selected and accounted as undamaged seeds and seeds from bug-released cages were visually categorized into 7 different classes according to the intensity of damage incurred due to bean bug infestation. The seeds were then compared in terms of changes in weight, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content, and germination potential. Elevated protein levels were observed in seeds that showed a higher intensity of damage. On the other hand, the lipid and carbohydrate contents and germination potential were reduced in seeds showing a higher degree of damage. Germination potential in terms of lipid and carbohydrate loss caused by bug infestation is also discussed.     

格列喹酮联合复方樟柳碱治疗糖尿病性视乳头炎临床疗效探究

摘要 目的：探究格列喹酮联合复方樟柳碱在治疗糖尿病性乳头炎中的临床效果。方法：选择2019年6月至2020年1月于我院接受治疗的100例糖尿病性视乳头炎患者,按照其选择治疗方式的差异将其分为实验组与对照组（每组50例）,对照组患者仅接受复方樟柳碱治疗,实验组患者在对照组基础上加用格列喹酮治疗,对比两组患者治疗效果、治疗前后视力水平、视野平均缺损程度、脂联素水平、超敏-C反应蛋白（hypersensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP）水平、血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor ,VEGF）水平、不良情绪及生活质量的变化,对比治疗中不良反应发生率。结果：（1）实验组总有效率98.00 %,对照组总有效率86.00 %,两组比较差异明显（P<0.05）;（2）治疗前两组患者视力水平和视野平均缺损程度差异不大,治疗后两组患者视力水平明显提升,视野平均缺损程度明显下降,同时实验组视力水平高于对照组,视野平均缺损程度低于对照组（P<0.05）;（3）治疗前两组患者的脂联素、hs-CRP以及VEGF水平无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后实验组脂联素水平高于对照组,hs-CRP和VEGF水平低于对照组（P<0.05）;（4）治疗前两组HAMA、HAMD和SF-36评分无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后实验组HAMA和HAMD评分低于对照组（P<0.05）,SF-36高于对照组（P<0.05）;（5）实验组不良反应总发生率12.00 %,对照组为10.00 %,两组对比无差异（P>0.05）。结论：格列喹酮联合复方樟柳碱对糖尿病性视乳头炎具有较好的治疗效果,能够显著降低患者视野缺损程度,提高患者视力水平,降低患者炎症介质和血管生长因子水平,缓解患者的焦虑抑郁情绪,改善患者的生活质量,同时治疗的安全性还较高,值得临床推广应用。     

Evoluzione Del Metabolismo Ossidativo Dei Semi di Ricino Durante la Maturazione

Abstract

Changes of respiratory metabolism in developing castor bean seeds. — The respiratory metabolism and the effect of the removal of the teguments on gas exchanges in castor bean seeds at various stages of development has been investigated. Maximal values of oxygen uptake rate were found in the period of fat accumulation. From this period on, oxidative activity steadly decreased to become, in the mature seeds, almost undetectable.

In all stages of maturation, the removal of the teguments induced a decrease of the respiratory rate of the seeds. This finding indicated that the respiratory rate of the internal tissues is not directly limited by a scarce availability of oxygen caused by a low permeability of the teguments to gases.

The value of the respiratory quotient (R.Q.) was found close to 1 in the first stages, during the growing of the endosperm while in the following period of fat accumulation it rised to 1.6, and falled again, just before the abscission of the seed, to 0.7. This fall of the R.Q. suggests that the oxidative activity of these seeds in the last stages of maturation is supported either by the oxidation of substrates more reduced than carbohydrates (probabily fats), or, partially, by the conversion of fats to sugars.     

Strobilurins Seed Treatment Enhances Resistance of Common Bean Against Bean common mosaic virus

Commercial formulations of strobilurins (azoxystrobin, kresoxim‐methyl, trifloxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) were evaluated for their efficacy against Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in screenhouse and field conditions. Highest seed germination and seedling vigour were recorded with 20 μg/ml pyraclostrobin seed treatment in comparison with the control. In screenhouse studies, 76% protection against BCMV was recorded with pyraclostrobin seed treatment at 10 μg/ml. Under field conditions with natural BCMV inoculum, pyraclostrobin seed treatment resulted in 65% protection against BCMV. The protection offered by strobilurins against BCMV was evaluated by ELISA, with lowest immunoreactive values recorded in common bean seedlings raised from seeds treated with pyraclostrobin and kresoxim‐methyl. Strobilurins in addition to exerting a direct positive physiological effect on common bean plants also protect bean plants against BCMV infection in screen house and field conditions. Thus, it is proposed that these reduced‐risk pesticides are potential inducers against BCMV and growth enhancers and could be a beneficial component of integrated disease management of common bean.     

乳癌术后方对乳腺癌术后患者生活质量、肿瘤标志物和外周血T细胞亚群的影响

摘要 目的：观察乳癌术后方对乳腺癌术后患者生活质量、肿瘤标志物和外周血T细胞亚群的影响。方法：选择2017年6月~2018年6月期间我院收治的乳腺癌术后长期门诊随访患者100例,根据双色球法将患者分为对照组（50例）和实验组（50例）,对照组接受西医常规标准化治疗,实验组在此基础上于术后接受乳癌术后方治疗,治疗1年后对比两组疗效、生活质量、肿瘤标志物、外周血T细胞亚群和3年无病生存率。结果：实验组的临床总有效率为84.00%（42/50）,效果优于对照组的56.00%（28/50）,组间比较有统计学差异（P<0.05）。治疗后,实验组症状领域评分较对照组低,总体健康状况、功能领域评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,实验组血清糖类抗原125（CA125）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、恶性肿瘤特异性生长因子（TSGF）水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,治疗后实验组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺较高,CD8⁺较低（P<0.05）。实验组的3年无病生存率高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：乳腺癌术后患者在西医常规标准化治疗基础上添加乳癌术后方,效果较好,可有效控制癌症,提高机体免疫功能,促进生活质量改善,提高3年无病生存率。     

草假单胞菌HT1在蚕豆根和茎的定殖特性及对内生细菌多样性的影响

[背景] 关于蚕豆内生生防细菌的定殖规律及其对内生细菌微生物多样性的研究鲜有报道。[目的] 明确草假单胞菌HT1在蚕豆的定殖特性以及对根茎部内生细菌群落多样性的影响。[方法] 采用抗生素标记法测定菌株HT1的定殖特性,利用高通量测序技术分析该菌灌根处理与对照处理蚕豆根茎部内生细菌的群落多样性。[结果] 菌株HT1的定殖数量为根>茎>叶,呈先升后降的趋势,根部、茎部、叶部在第7天达到最大值,在第83天仍能检测到标记菌株。灌根处理降低了内生细菌的丰富度,提高了根内生细菌物种多样性;灌根处理组根部厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门丰度显著提高,茎部变形菌门的相对丰度有所升高但无显著影响;在属水平上,灌根处理后,根部如Romboutsia、Mitsuaria、乳杆菌属、德沃斯氏菌属等属的相对丰度明显升高,茎部假单胞菌、Muribaculaceae、Elstera、鞘氨醇单胞菌属等属的相对丰度明显升高。[结论] HT1菌株能在蚕豆植株体内定殖达83 d以上,并且可以影响蚕豆植株内部的微生物群落结构组成,提高相关微生物的相对丰度。     

Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on common bean in screenhouse and field experiments

The efficacy of aqueous and emulsifiable formulations of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 was evaluated on the population density of Tetranychus urticae infesting common bean plants under screenhouse and field conditions. Synthetic acaricide abamectin was included as a check. Bean plants were artificially infested with T. urticae and allowed to multiply. Three treatments were applied in the screenhouse and 1 treatment in field trials. Mite density was recorded 2 d before spraying and weekly postspraying. The number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and the dry weight of seeds per plant were recorded only in the screenhouse trials. In both screenhouse and field trials, fungal formulations applied at the concentration of 10⁸ conidia/mL and the acaricide reduced the population density of mites as compared to the controls. There were significant differences in T. urticae population densities between the treatments at the various post‐spraying sampling dates. In the screenhouse, the mite densities were near zero from 3‐week postspraying in the treated leaves. At 4‐week postspraying, there were no more leaves in the untreated control (T1) and in the control water + Silwet‐L77 (T2). Fungal formulations were as effective as abamectin in reducing mite densities in both screenhouse and field experiments. There were significant differences in the production parameters during the 2 screenhouse trials, with fungal and abamectin treatments generally having the highest yield. Results of this study underline the potential of the M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 as an alternative to acaricides for T. urticae management.     

Fungicidal effect of ultraviolet-C radiations in prevention of mycoflora of castor bean seeds

The effect of ultra violet (UV-C) radiation on germination and fungal flora of castor bean seeds was estimated with different doses stored up to 80?days interval. Results revealed that 20 and 40?min radiated castor bean seeds showed complete reduction in most of the fungi while germination of castor bean seeds were enhanced when UV-C radiations applied for 20?min. Increasing the radiation doses and storage period has been shown decrement in Aspergillus species colonisation.     

Incidence, field spread, seed transmission and effects of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik-Virus in Vicia faba in eastern Scotland

In eastern Scotland seed-borne infection with broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and/or Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik-Virus (EAMV) was detected in five of 39 seed lots of field bean in 1975 and in four of 21 commercial crops of field bean or broad bean sampled in 1975 or 1976. Tests failed to detect the main weevil vector of these viruses, Apion vorax, in 1975 and 1976 but Sitona weevils were found in most crops and were numerous in many, reaching maximum numbers in August. No spread of BBSV and EAMV was detected in commercial crops containing seed-borne infection. In experimental field bean crops containing plants manually inoculated with virus, no virus spread was detected in 1975, and only 0–015% uninoculated plants became infected with EAMV in 1976. Sitona, therefore, was an inefficient vector. The percentage of virus infection in seed harvested from field bean plants manually inoculated 3, 5, 7 and 11 wk after emergence in the field was 1–5, 2–7, 0–4 and 0–06 for BBSV and 0–5, 2-1, 0–6 and 0 for EAMV respectively. Seed harvested from unrogued and rogued plots of field bean grown from seed containing 3–4% seed-borne infection produced 0–05% and no infected plants, respectively. Yield losses in field bean plants manually inoculated with virus before flowering were up to 20% but were much greater in plants infected through the seed. Loss in yield was largely caused by a decrease in number of seeds per pod. The absence of A. vorax, the late arrival of Sitona weevils in the crop and their inefficiency as vectors, and the smaller effects of BBSV and EAMV on crop yield than in southern England appear to make eastern Scotland very suitable for the production of bean seed free from BBSV and EAMV.     

罗沙司他治疗肾性贫血的效果观察及对TSAT、Cys C及NOX2的作用分析

摘要 目的：探讨罗沙司他治疗肾性贫血的效果观察及对转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）、胱抑素C（Cys C）及NADPH氧化酶2（NOX2）的作用。方法：选择2019年12月到2020年12月在我院接受治疗的125例肾性贫血患者,采用随机数表法分为试验组（n=63）和对照组（n=62）。对照组给予重组人促红素治疗,试验组给予罗沙司他治疗。比较两组临床疗效、TSAT、Cys C、NOX2、红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）、铁蛋白（SF）、转铁蛋白（TRF）及铁调素（Hepc）水平变化情况及药物不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗后,两组总有效率比较差异显著（P<0.05）;治疗前,试验组和对照组血清TSAT、Cys C及NOX2比较无显著差异;治疗后,试验组和对照组血清TSAT随着时间的推移而升高,且试验组高于对照组,Cys C及NOX2随着时间的推移而升减降低,且试验组低于对照组,差异显著（P<0.05）;治疗前,试验组和对照组RBC、Hb、Hct检验结果比较无显著差异;治疗后,试验组和对照组RBC、Hb、Hct均随着时间的推移而升高,且试验组高于对照组,差异显著（P<0.05）;治疗前,试验组和对照组SF、TRF及Hepc检验结果比较无显著差异;治疗后,试验组和对照组血清SF、TRF均随着时间的推移而升高,且试验组高于对照组,Hepc随着时间的推移而下降,且试验组低于对照组,差异显著（P<0.05）;两组不良反应总发生率分别为4.76%、8.06%（P>0.05）。结论：在肾性贫血患者中应用罗沙司他效果显著,可能与其可有效改善血清TSAT、Cys C及NOX2水平有关,且不增加不良反应。     

The effect of faba bean extrusion on the growth performance,nutrient utilization,metabolizable energy,excretion of sialic acids and meat quality of broiler chickens

Soybean meal in broiler chicken diets can partly be replaced by faba bean seeds. Unfortunately, high levels of antinutritional factors and resistant starch found in these seeds can have a detrimental impact on both broiler chickens’ performance and nutrient digestibility. It is, however, possible to increase the usefulness of faba bean for broiler nutrition by a technological process known as extrusion. In this study, the authors made and attempt to investigate the effect of different forms of faba bean seeds (raw or extruded) on broiler chicken performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy values (AME_N), nutrient utilization and meat quality, as well as on the excretion of total and free sialic acids. In the trial, the total of 160 1-day-old male broiler chicks of the Ross 308 strain were used. Experimental birds were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, each containing 10 replication (floor pens); one replication included nine birds. The first group contained 300 g/kg diet of raw faba bean seeds, whereas the second group – 300 g/kg diet of extruded faba bean seeds. The applied extrusion process was found to exert a positive impact and led to a decrease in phytic phosphorus, H, NDF, ADF and resistant starch content in studied faba bean seeds. Experimental birds fed diets containing extruded faba bean seeds were characterized by a lower feed intake (2299 g) and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) (1.52 g/g) in comparison with the other group (feed intake 2466 g; FCR 1.61 g/g). Extrusion of faba bean seeds improved dry matter retention, dietary AME_N value, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and starch, as well as most amino acids. In addition, the above-mentioned process resulted in a decrease in the excretion of total and free sialic acids. Extruded faba bean seeds failed to have a significant impact on broiler meat quality. It was concluded that application of extrusion can increase the use of faba bean seeds in broiler chicken nutrition.     

Feeding preferences and related types of behaviour of Neomegalotomus parvus

Laboratory studies with Neomegalotomus parvus(Westwood) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) with one nymph per Petri dish in multiple-choice tests indicated that seeds of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan(L.) Mills.], lablab (Dolichos lablabL.), and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] were visited before seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and rice (Oryza sativaL.). The percentage of individuals engaging in dabbing/antennation resulting in probing, and percentage probing resulting in feeding, were higher on common bean (97%) and pigeon pea (87%) seeds than on lablab (55%), soybean (50%), or rice (5%) seeds. No significant differences were found in preference (number of flanges) among pigeon pea, common bean, and lablab, and preference (insects on foods) varied throughout the assessment period (5 d). In tests using 10 nymphs per dish, pigeon pea was the preferred food (number of flanges and insects on plants) throughout the period (5 d). In no-choice tests, the average duration of a feeding session and the longest feeding session were greater on lablab and common bean than on pigeon pea, soybean, or rice seeds. The number of feeding sessions was greater on seeds of common bean, pigeon pea, and soybean than on those of lablab or rice. Laboratory tests with N. parvusadults indicated that pigeon pea seeds were located faster, followed by common bean, soybean, and rice. When pods were tested, dabbing/antennation time was shorter on pigeon pea than on soybean, and probing time was longer on soybean than on pigeon pea or common bean. On pigeon pea, 100% of the insects probed the host, while on common bean and soybean pods, and on rice panicles, these values dropped to 71.8%, 46.0%, and 10.5%, respectively. Adults showed similar feeding times on pigeon pea, common bean, and soybean pods, but did not feed on rice panicles. Electronmicroscopical analysis showed the presence of two apical lobes with 12 peg sensilla on the labial tip. Sensillum tips were stained with silver nitrate solution, indicating a permeability of the cuticle and, therefore, their function as taste receptors.     

铅持续胁迫下不同世代蚕豆生理生化指标的变化

为了解长期持续铅胁迫下植物不同世代间生理生化指标的变化,分析植物对铅污染的适应机制及植物对长期持续污染的响应机理,该研究以在250 mg·kg~(-1)Pb持续污染的实验田中种植所得的第4、第8、第10、第13和第15世代蚕豆种子为材料,通过盆栽法,与同世代未受Pb胁迫的蚕豆做对照,分析了与抗氧化酶系统、总代谢等相关的8个生理指标,即叶绿素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(PRO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活力。结果表明:(1)在长期持续Pb胁迫下,与蚕豆光合作用能力有关的叶绿素含量在第8代与第13代之间与对照组相比具有显著的差异性(P0.05)。(2)可溶性糖含量随胁迫时间的延长而逐渐升高,并在第10代时达到最高,随后开始向无污染的正常水平恢复并趋于稳定;蛋白质含量在胁迫至第13代后开始增加。(3)MDA与PRO含量在胁迫至第10代时达到最高,并随胁迫时间的延长而降低,至第13代后逐渐趋于稳定。(4)抗氧化酶系统中的SOD、GR和MDH也同样呈现出先高后低的趋势,且GR的变化程度最大,MDH活力最早表现出与对照组的最大差异。研究认为:在长期的持续Pb污染胁迫下,蚕豆种群对Pb污染胁迫的适应性不断提高。