OFD1基因在初级纤毛及其与癌症发生发展方面的研究进展

初级纤毛是由微管组成的细胞器,它负责感受细胞内环境并参与细胞间信号的转导。初级纤毛也是细胞信号整合的枢纽,是Hedgehog信号通路的关键分子,它的形成与细胞周期有关,初级纤毛的异常可以导致某些疾病的发生。研究表明人的乳腺癌和胰腺癌细胞中初级纤毛缺失,而在正常乳腺及胰腺细胞中呈激活状态,然而,初级纤毛在正常细胞和癌细胞之间的调控机制目前仍不清楚。OFD1是人类的一个致病基因,它是中心粒的末端组成成分,它负责调节中心粒的长度,同时也是初级纤毛形成所必需的基因。OFD1也定位于中心粒随体,研究表明自噬通过降解中心粒随体中的OFD1促进初级纤毛的形成,中心粒随体中OFD1基因的消除可以促进癌细胞中初级纤毛的恢复。因此,OFD1、初级纤毛和肿瘤之间存在一定联系,近期研究表明纤毛的缺失与肿瘤的细胞起源,遗传背景和肿瘤信号通路的损害关系密切,这将有助于我们对纤毛相关疾病的了解,有助于我们对包括癌症的发病和治疗方面的研究。     

神经细胞初级纤毛在中枢神经系统疾病中作用的研究进展

初级纤毛广泛存在于哺乳动物中枢神经系统中,是神经细胞重要的胞外细胞器。初级纤毛中含有多种离子通道、G蛋白耦联受体、激酶等,提示初级纤毛可感受胞外信号并将信号转导至细胞内,从而引起细胞对外界刺激信号产生应答反应。近年来大量研究表明调控纤毛结构及功能的基因发生突变后,会导致许多单基因的遗传性疾病。当神经细胞初级纤毛中激酶、G蛋白耦联受体以及离子通道的功能异常后,往往会引起一系列的神经精神疾病、神经系统发育异常等神经系统疾病。本文就初级纤毛在神经系统疾病中作用的研究进展进行综述。     

初级纤毛与Wnt信号通路相关性研究进展

初级纤毛是一类以微管为基础结构的细胞器,其来源于细胞的母中心粒,锚定在细胞膜并如“天线”般突出细胞表面。作为细胞感受器,初级纤毛从环境中接受各种信号,传导至细胞内引起细胞反应。近期的研究表明,初级纤毛对与胚胎发育密切相关的Wnt信号通路的传导起重要作用。纤毛的损害可造成Wnt信号通路的异常,并引起胚胎中多类脏器一系列的病理改变,导致初级纤毛相关疾病的发生。文章主要阐述了初级纤毛与Wnt/β-catenin、Wnt/PCP通路及初级纤毛相关疾病之间的关系,并对初级纤毛相关疾病的治疗进行了初步探讨。对初级纤毛与Wnt信号通路关系的深入研究将有助于人们对该类疾病的进一步诊断和治疗。     

衣藻、纤毛与“纤毛相关疾病”

纤毛或鞭毛（两个名称在本文互为通用）是以细胞微管为核心而组装形成的一种细胞器官．运动纤毛在细胞运动中起的作用是显而易见的,比如精子的运动：近年来发现,曾被认为是退化器官的不动原生纤毛在动物发育和各种生理器官的正常生理活动中起着重要作用．原生纤毛具有调控细胞分裂,Hedgehog信号通路,非经典Wnt信号通路及钙信号传导等的作用．纤毛及其附属结构在结构或功能上的缺陷会导致多种多样的疾病,总称为“纤毛相关疾病”,包括男性不育症、呼吸道疾病（如不动纤毛综合征、肾囊肿、失明、多指（趾）症、内脏转位、肥胖症、高血压乃至精神发育迟滞等．纤毛在结构和功能上是非常保守的,我们目前对纤毛的结构与功能的认识和对“纤毛相关疾病”发生机理的了解主要来自于对各种模式生物的研究,其中包括具有研究优势的模式生物——雷氏衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,一种单细胞绿萍）．对纤毛的进一步研究将深化人们对“纤毛相关疾病”的认识、促进对它的诊断、预防和治疗．本文对衣藻、纤毛及“纤毛相关疾病”的研究进展作一简短概述．     

BBS8蛋白参与衣藻鞭毛膜蛋白的运输

真核细胞的纤毛(也称鞭毛)是一种突出于细胞表面的极性细胞器,纤毛不仅参与细胞运动,还参与信号传导等过程,其结构或功能异常引发的一系列人类疾病称为"纤毛相关性疾病"。纤毛相关性疾病巴德-毕德氏综合征(Bardet-Biedl syndrome,简称BBS)由BBS相关基因缺陷导致,为了研究致病基因BBS8的生理作用和功能,构建模式生物莱茵衣藻BBS8基因缺陷突变体,利用性状观测和生化分析检测突变体的表现型和生理功能。免疫荧光表明BBS8蛋白是一种鞭毛蛋白且在基体有特异性定位;bbs8突变体感光极性运动消失,并在解聚诱导实验中鞭毛解聚缓慢;鞭毛的银染和质谱结果表明突变体的鞭毛膜蛋白在鞭毛内异常积累。文中通过实验证据说明BBS8蛋白在参与鞭毛内膜蛋白运输中起到重要作用,并极可能通过介导膜蛋白反向运输发挥生理功能。     

纤毛、纤毛发生与Wnt/PCP信号通路

纤毛是以微管为核心组分、突出于细胞表面且高度保守的细胞器,具有运动、摄食、感知并传递外界信号等功能。纤毛发生是纤毛在细胞膜表面定位并装配的过程。多年来,对纤毛发生过程及其调控机制的探索始终是亚细胞结构与功能研究的热点之一。Wnt/PCP信号通路是参与胚胎及器官发育的主要信号转导途径之一。近年来大量研究显示,Wnt/PCP信号通路和纤毛发生密切相关。纤毛结构与功能的异常可造成Wnt/PCP信号通路异常,导致纤毛相关疾病的发生;同时,Wnt/PCP信号通路又决定着纤毛的形态和极性。因此,深入研究纤毛与Wnt/PCP信号通路的关系将有助于从细胞与分子生物学水平揭示纤毛发生的调控机制。     

磷酸化调控纤毛的解聚

<正>纤毛(也称鞭毛)是突出于真核细胞表面的一类在进化上很保守的细胞器,由纤毛膜、轴丝及其底部的基体组成.纤毛广泛分布于原生动物及脊椎动物细胞表面,负责感受内外环境信号以及驱动细胞运动.在哺乳动物特别是人类中,纤毛结构和功能的异常能导致多囊肾,神经系统发育缺陷,听觉、嗅觉和视觉的衰退,呼吸道疾病和不育症等,这些疾病统称为纤毛病,其发病率在1/1000左右.目前还没有治疗     

细胞纤毛在信号转导与器官发育中的作用与机制

纤毛(cilia)是细胞表面的突起状细胞器,几乎存在于所有细胞表面,且广泛分布于组织和器官的上皮.纤毛由外部的纤毛膜和内部的轴丝组成,结构在进化上十分保守.根据微管组成和排列方式的不同,纤毛可分为9+2型运动纤毛与9+0型基本纤毛或非运动纤毛.作为一种特殊的感受器,纤毛通过影响细胞信号通路参与胚胎形成、心脏等内脏器官发育及人体重要生理活动.本课题组在国际上首次把前列腺素信号通路与纤毛生长及心脏发育相联系.研究发现,ABCC4/LKT前列腺素转运蛋白从细胞内运输前列腺素E2(PGE2)至细胞外,并通过结合位于纤毛膜上的G蛋白偶联受体EP4影响细胞内c AMP浓度,调节纤毛内运输蛋白的正向速率,进而调控纤毛生长与心脏等器官的左右不对称性发育.纤毛生长或功能缺陷会引发先天性心脏病、多囊肾、视网膜变性等多种疾病.本文主要介绍纤毛参与调控细胞内信号转导与器官发育及相关纤毛疾病.     

巴德-毕氏综合征有关致病基因与病理的研究进展

巴德-毕氏综合征(Bardet-Biedl syndrome,BBS)是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传病,具有高度的遗传异质性。迄今为止,已发现18个BBS基因,其突变均可导致BBS表型。已有研究发现,BBS是一种与纤毛相关的疾病。BBS基因的突变或缺陷可能影响纤毛结构或功能,从而导致BBS表型。现就主要针对纤毛的结构、形成过程进行解析,探讨纤毛缺陷和BBS基因、蛋白之间的相互关系,试图更全面地阐述BBS与纤毛缺陷之间的关系。     

心脏钠通道疾病

自从心脏钠离子通道 基因 (SC N 5A )突变 被首次鉴定 以来,人们对 SC N 5A 突变进行 了一系列研 究.SC N 5A突 变是在 两种明 显不同但 都与突 发性死 亡相关 联的疾病 ———长 Q T 波综合 症 (LQ T3)的 一种形 式和 B rugada 综合症 中被 鉴定的.后来 ,Lev-Lenegre 综 合症 进行 性的 心脏传 导缺 陷)也增 加到 LQ T3中.基因型 和表 型相 互关 系的 (研 究以及体外 表达研究提 供证据认为 SC N 5A 蛋白的结构 和功能相互 关系远比最 初预期的复 杂.心脏钠通 道的生物 物理特征与不同 的表型相关, 基因型和表型 相互关系的研究 使我们注意到 即使是单个 氨基酸的置换 都可能显而 易见的影响心脏 的兴奋性 .由 隐藏有 SC N 5A 突变的病 人提供的证 据以及临床呈 现 “重叠”现象的证 据显示已经 需要对上述提及 的疾病的传统 分类进行修改 .现在认为 钠通道综合症”作 为唯一的临 床称谓表示这 类疾病可 “能 的表型范围更合 适 .     

纤毛及纤毛相关疾病研究进展

纤毛是一种以细胞微管为主形成的突出于细胞表面的结构,分布于哺乳动物体内的大多数细胞。近年来研究发现,很多人类疾病都与纤毛结构、长度的失调相关,所以有关纤毛的研究是目前研究的热点领域。越来越多的证据证明,纤毛除了提供流体推动力参与细胞的运动功能之外,还具有信号传导的功能,在细胞生命活动的各个方面发挥着多种关键作用。它参与调控细胞生理活动、增殖与分化以及动物个体发育。因此,深入地探索纤毛调控机理对基础生物学理论的发展和人类纤毛相关疾病的攻克有重要意义。该文简要介绍了纤毛的结构、组装与解聚的机制、参与信号传导的功能以及纤毛缺陷同人类疾病的关系。     

Scoring a backstage pass: mechanisms of ciliogenesis and ciliary access

Cilia are conserved, microtubule-based cell surface projections that emanate from basal bodies, membrane-docked centrioles. The beating of motile cilia and flagella enables cells to swim and epithelia to displace fluids. In contrast, most primary cilia do not beat but instead detect environmental or intercellular stimuli. Inborn defects in both kinds of cilia cause human ciliopathies, diseases with diverse manifestations such as heterotaxia and kidney cysts. These diseases are caused by defects in ciliogenesis or ciliary function. The signaling functions of cilia require regulation of ciliary composition, which depends on the control of protein traffic into and out of cilia.     

The emerging complexity of the vertebrate cilium: new functional roles for an ancient organelle

Cilia and flagella are found on the surface of a strikingly diverse range of cell types. These intriguing organelles, with their unique and highly adapted protein transport machinery, have been studied extensively in the context of cellular locomotion, sexual reproduction, or fluid propulsion. However, recent studies are beginning to show that in vertebrates particularly, cilia have been recruited to perform additional developmental and homeostatic roles. Here, we review advances in deciphering the functional components of cilia, and we explore emerging trends that implicate ciliary proteins in signal transduction and morphogenetic pathways.     

Ins and outs of GPCR signaling in primary cilia

Primary cilia are specialized microtubule‐based signaling organelles that convey extracellular signals into a cellular response in most vertebrate cell types. The physiological significance of primary cilia is underscored by the fact that defects in assembly or function of these organelles lead to a range of severe diseases and developmental disorders. In most cell types of the human body, signaling by primary cilia involves different G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), which transmit specific signals to the cell through G proteins to regulate diverse cellular and physiological events. Here, we provide an overview of GPCR signaling in primary cilia, with main focus on the rhodopsin‐like (class A) and the smoothened/frizzled (class F) GPCRs. We describe how such receptors dynamically traffic into and out of the ciliary compartment and how they interact with other classes of ciliary GPCRs, such as class B receptors, to control ciliary function and various physiological and behavioral processes. Finally, we discuss future avenues for developing GPCR‐targeted drug strategies for the treatment of ciliopathies.     

Ciliary kinesins beyond IFT: Cilium length,disassembly, cargo transport and signalling

Cilia and flagella are microtubule‐based antenna which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. In vertebrates, primary and motile cilia have evolved to exert several key functions during development and tissue homoeostasis. Ciliary dysfunction in humans causes a highly heterogeneous group of diseases called ciliopathies, a class of genetic multisystemic disorders primarily affecting kidney, skeleton, retina, lung and the central nervous system. Among key ciliary proteins, kinesin family members (KIF) are microtubule‐interacting proteins involved in many diverse cellular functions, including transport of cargo (organelles, proteins and lipids) along microtubules and regulating the dynamics of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules through their depolymerising activity. Many KIFs are also involved in diverse ciliary functions including assembly/disassembly, motility and signalling. We here review these ciliary kinesins in vertebrates and focus on their involvement in ciliopathy‐related disorders.     

The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein controls ciliogenesis by orienting microtubule growth

Cilia are specialized organelles that play an important role in several biological processes, including mechanosensation, photoperception, and osmosignaling. Mutations in proteins localized to cilia have been implicated in a growing number of human diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein (pVHL) is a ciliary protein that controls ciliogenesis in kidney cells. Knockdown of pVHL impeded the formation of cilia in mouse inner medullary collecting duct 3 kidney cells, whereas the expression of pVHL in VHL-negative renal cancer cells rescued the ciliogenesis defect. Using green fluorescent protein-tagged end-binding protein 1 to label microtubule plus ends, we found that pVHL does not affect the microtubule growth rate but is needed to orient the growth of microtubules toward the cell periphery, a prerequisite for the formation of cilia. Furthermore, pVHL interacts with the Par3-Par6-atypical PKC complex, suggesting a mechanism for linking polarity pathways to microtubule capture and ciliogenesis.     

Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

Motile and primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based structures located at the cell surface of many cell types. Cilia govern cellular functions ranging from motility to integration of mechanical and chemical signaling from the environment. Recent studies highlight the interplay between cilia and autophagy, a conserved cellular process responsible for intracellular degradation. Signaling from the PC recruits the autophagic machinery to trigger autophagosome formation. Conversely, autophagy regulates ciliogenesis by controlling the levels of ciliary proteins. The cross talk between autophagy and ciliated structures is a novel aspect of cell biology with major implications in development, physiology and human pathologies related to defects in cilium function.     

Kinesin motors and primary cilia

Cilia and flagella play important roles in human health by contributing to cellular motility as well as sensing and responding to environmental cues. Defects in ciliary assembly and/or function can lead to a range of human diseases, collectively known as the ciliopathies, including polycystic kidney, liver and pancreatic diseases, sterility, obesity, situs inversus, hydrocephalus and retinal degeneration. A basic understanding of how cilia form and function is essential for deciphering ciliopathies and generating therapeutic treatments. The cilium is a unique compartment that contains a distinct complement of protein and lipid. However, the molecular mechanisms by which soluble and membrane protein components are targeted to and trafficked into the cilium are not well understood. Cilia are generated and maintained by IFT (intraflagellar transport) in which IFT cargoes are transported along axonemal microtubules by kinesin and dynein motors. A variety of genetic, biochemical and cell biological approaches has established the heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor as the 'core' IFT motor, whereas other members of the kinesin-2, kinesin-3 and kinesin-4 families function as 'accessory' motors for the transport of specific cargoes in diverse cell types. Motors of the kinesin-9 and kinesin-13 families play a non-IFT role in regulating ciliary beating or axonemal length, respectively. Entry of kinesin motors and their cargoes into the ciliary compartment requires components of the nuclear import machinery, specifically importin-β2 (transportin-1) and Ran-GTP (Ran bound to GTP), suggesting that similar mechanisms may regulate entry into the nuclear and ciliary compartments.