瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(TRPV1)与炎性痛

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1,TRPV1)是TRP超家族的成员之一,是一种非选择性的阳离子通道。TRPV1广泛分布于伤害性感受器上,并且在伤害性感受器中起重要作用。TRPV1能够感受伤害性刺激,将之转化为动作电位,传至中枢形成痛觉。炎症时释放的许多炎症介质都能够与TRPV1发生相互作用,产生疼痛或痛觉过敏,并且通过各种不同的信号通路来调制TRPV1的活性。深入研究TRPV1的作用机制,有助于理解痛觉生理和开发新型镇痛药物。     

TRPV1受体在心血管疾病中的研究进展

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(TRPV1)是一种在机体广泛分布的配体-依赖非选择性阳离子通道,表达于心脏和血管的感觉神经,可被多种内源性或外源性介质激活或致敏。近年来研究表明TRPV1受体在改善心血管功能中发挥重要作用。     

TRPV1通道的功能、门控机制及其调节剂在药物研发中的应用

TRPV1 （transient receptor potential vanilloid-1）是配体门控的非选择性阳离子通道，属于瞬时受体电位通道家族，能够被多种物理和化学刺激激活。TRPV1是药物研发的重要靶点之一，其异常刺激和表达与多种疾病的发病机制有关。一直以来，TRPV1因其调节剂优异的镇痛效果而备受关注。2021年诺贝尔生理学奖对温度和触觉感受器研究工作的认可，使TRPV1再一次成为关注的焦点。TRPV1已有20多年的研究基础，但是其门控机制和药物研发仍然是研究的难点。本文从TRPV1的生理功能、门控机制和药物发现的角度出发，综述了TRPV1的表达分布、功能特点和结构特征，重点阐述了3种门控机制及TRPV1调节剂在药物发现上的进展，并对未来的TRPV1药物进行展望。     

TRPV1通道在中枢神经系统中的功能

TRPV1（transient receptor potential vanilloid 1）是在机体广泛分布的非选择性阳离子通道,能被氢离子、高温以及其它内源性和外源性配体激活.其在外周神经系统中主要参与伤害性高温的感受以及痛觉过敏等生理机制.TRPV1在中枢神经系统中功能的研究进展主要体现在突触传递,体温调节,痛觉的调制和细胞凋亡等方面.TRPV1的激活降低突触前谷氨酸的释放及增强已存在的突触后AMPA受体的作用,从而增强了突触传递效能.外周的TRPV1通过激活能够抑制血管的收缩和生热作用,从而抑制体温的升高,当TRPV1被阻断时就发生体温过高,而TRPV1体温调节的中枢作用机制可能是通过直接作用于体温调节中枢.脑干的痛觉调制环路的激活TRPV1可以引起谷氨酸盐的释放,进而激活突触后I类mGlu受体以及NMDA受体,从而起到镇痛的功能.另外近年发现TRPV1在中枢也参与呕吐、呼吸、心率及血压的调节.     

瞬时受体电位香草醛亚家族1(TRPV1)的生物学功能

瞬时受体电位香草醛亚家族1 (TRPV1)又称辣椒素受体(VR1),是一类可被辣椒素、热(>43℃)、酸(pH<6.0)所激活的配体门控性非选择性阳离子通道,对Ca²⁺有高度通透性。早期研究发现TRPV1主要分布在神经系统并介导瘙痒及痛觉反应,近些年研究表明其在非神经细胞如肥大细胞、膀胱上皮细胞、单核细胞、皮肤角化上皮细胞、胰岛细胞等中也广泛分布,在代谢性疾病、消化、呼吸和心血管系统疾病、皮肤病及肿瘤等疾病的发生发展中均发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了TRPV1的分布、结构特征及其功能研究的最新进展,并重点综述了TRPV1介导的瘙痒和疼痛信号通路及以TRPV1为靶点的中草药研究进展,以期为以TRPV1为潜在治疗靶点相关疾病的中西医防治提供理论指导。     

PDMS微柱阵列型拓扑结构基底增强HepG2细胞TRPV1、TRPV4通道表达及功能响应性

制备了微柱名义直径为4μm或10μm,名义间距为4μm或7μm,名义高度为4μm的聚二甲基硅氧烷微柱阵列型拓扑结构基底,研究了HepG2细胞与拓扑结构基底复合后细胞瞬时受体电位通道TRPV1、TRPV4在基因和蛋白水平的表达及其功能响应性。细胞TRPV1和TRPV4在基因水平表达的评价采用定量PCR技术进行;TRPV1和TRPV4在蛋白水平的表达以免疫印迹和免疫荧光染色确认;TRPV1和TRPV4功能响应性的研究系以TRPV1和TRPV4激动剂辣椒素和4α-佛波醇-12,13-二葵酸酯刺激细胞,采用钙离子染料钙绿-1结合激光共聚焦显微技术记录钙内流动态过程,以钙内流荧光响应幅度及阳性响应比率进行评价。实验结果表明,在四种拓扑结构基底上细胞TRPV1和TRPV4的mRNA表达量均显著高于平面基底上相应值。免疫印迹实验证实了TRPV1和TRPV4在蛋白水平的表达,且拓扑结构基底上TRPV1和TRPV4免疫荧光染色强度较之平面基底相应值明显增高或趋于增高。在激动剂作用下,TRPV1介导的钙内流表现为快速去敏感化(25秒内)的瞬态内流,且拓扑结构基底上阳性响应细胞比例或相对荧光响应幅度较之平面基底相应值增高;而拓扑结构基底上细胞TRPV4阳性响应细胞比例和相对荧光响应幅度较之平面基底均全面明显升高。上述结果表明,TRPV介导的离子信号可能是基底拓扑结构优化HepG2细胞功能表型的重要信号机制。     

热敏TRPV3通道的门控调节与功能研究进展

TRPV3通道是一种对Ca2+具有较高选择通透能力的非选择性阳离子通道。它是TRPV通道家族的一员,在多种组织中均有分布。TRPV3通道可以被温热温度(31~39℃)及多种化学激动剂所激活,并受到机体内受到多种生理因子的调控。TRPV3通道在维持机体正常生理功能中具有重要作用。研究发现TRPV3通道基因的缺失或异常会导致毛发生长异常或皮肤病的发生,特别是近期发现TRPV3通道的获得性功能突变会导致一种比较罕见的人类遗传性疾病——奥姆斯特德综合征(Olmsted syndrome,OS)。本文从TRPV3通道的分布、功能、调控以及靶向药物开发等方面进行了概述。     

TRPV1通道调节血管平滑肌改善高血压作用的研究进展

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1,TRPV1)通道是一种非选择性阳离子通道,可以被辣椒素、高温等多种刺激因素激活。近年来多项研究表明,TRPV1通道在心血管疾病中发挥重要作用。该文旨在综述现阶段TRPV1通道在调节血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)功能和降低高血压等相关疾病作用的研究进展。     

TRPV4通道及其与疾病关系的研究进展CSCD

瞬时受体电位香草素受体4型通道蛋白(transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, TRPV4)是瞬时受体电位离子通道的成员之一,属于非选择性阳离子通道。TRPV4广泛分布于心、大脑、肾、肝、肺、胰腺、卵巢、骨组织以及皮肤表面,可被机械刺激、低渗透压、佛波酯衍生物等理化刺激激活,并参与体内多种疾病的病理生理过程。文章主要介绍了TRPV4的结构特点、生理功能及其与心血管、呼吸、消化、运动及肿瘤等相关疾病的关系的最新进展。     

TRPV1通道在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

瞬时感受器电位香草酸受体1型(TRPV1)又名辣椒素受体,属于瞬时感受器电位通道超家族成员,是一种非选择性阳离子通道,在哺乳动物中分布广泛,在神经组织如大脑、小脑、下丘脑、海马和非神经组织如心、肝、肾、脾等组织和器官皆有存在。TRPV1通道最初只是被发现介导痛觉传递,近年来越来越多的研究发现TRPV1通道在心血管疾病领域也扮演着重要角色。本文主要综述TRPV1通道在动脉粥样硬化性疾病方面的作用,深入认识TRPV1与动脉粥样硬化的关系,为防治动脉粥样硬化性疾病提供新的方向和思路。     

Chili und der Capsaicinrezeptor TRPV1

Some like it hot – and spicy: Chili and the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 Since many hundred years, many people like to eat chili pepper containing the pungent ingredient capsaicin that is responsible for making the food hot and spicy. Capsaicin activates transient receptor potential TRPV1 channels that are predominantly expressed in sensory neurons involved in pain sensation. TRPV1 is a noxious heat sensor and can also be activated by protons and several animal toxins. Thus, TRPV1 is a polymodal sensor of multiple noxious stimuli that cause pain. TRPV1 functions as a nocisensor that detects chemical and thermal stimuli and transduces this stimulation into sensory nerve impulses which leads to the perception of pain. Inhibition of TRPV1 reduces or abolishes pain sensation. A strong activation of TRPV1 induces a long-lasting refractory period of the pain-detecting system (desensitization) and may even lead to an irreversible loss of TRPV1-expressing sensory neurons. It still remains unclear why many people love hot and spicy food, accompanied by a burning sensation in the mouth.     

The Impact of TRPV1 on Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy: A Systematic Review

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is a transmembrane protein that can be activated by various physical and chemical stimuli and is associated with pain transduction. In recent years, TRPV1 was discovered to play essential roles in cancer tumorigenesis and development, as TRPV1 expression levels are altered in numerous cancer cell types. Several investigations have discovered direct associations between TRPV1 and cancer cell proliferation, cell death, and metastasis. Furthermore, about two dozen TRPV1 agonists/antagonists are under clinical trial, as TRPV1 is a potential drug target for treating various diseases. Hence, more researchers are focusing on the effects of TRPV1 agonists or antagonists on cancer tumorigenesis and development. However, both agonists and antagonists may reveal anti-cancer effects, and the effect may function via or be independent of TRPV1. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of TRPV1 on cancer cell proliferation, cell death, and metastasis, as well as on cancer therapy and the tumor microenvironment, and consider the implications of using TRPV1 agonists and antagonists for future research and potential therapeutic approaches.     

The Functional Regulation of TRPV1 and Its Role in Pain Sensitization

Transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) is specifically expressed in the nociceptive receptors and can detect a variety of noxious stimuli, thus potentiating pain sensitization. While peripheral delivery of capsaicin causes the desensitization of sensory neurons, thus alleviating pain. Therefore capsaicin is used in the clinical treatment of various types of pain; however, these treatments will bring many side effects, such as a strong burning pain in the early stages of treatment which hampers the further use of capsaicin. Thus, the studies of the functional regulation of TRPV1 are mainly focused on two aspects: to develop more potent analogues of capsaicin with less side effects; or to elucidate the mechanisms of TRPV1 in pain sensitivity, especially of that TRPV1 as a target of various protein kinases such as PKD1 and Cdk5 is involved pain hypersensitivity. Thus we would summarize the progress of these two aspects in this mini review. Special issue article in honor of Dr. Ji-Sheng Han.     

Ca2+/calmodulin modulates TRPV1 activation by capsaicin

TRPV1 ion channels mediate the response to painful heat, extracellular acidosis, and capsaicin, the pungent extract from plants in the Capsicum family (hot chili peppers) (Szallasi, A., and P.M. Blumberg. 1999. Pharmacol. Rev. 51:159-212; Caterina, M.J., and D. Julius. 2001. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24:487-517). The convergence of these stimuli on TRPV1 channels expressed in peripheral sensory nerves underlies the common perceptual experience of pain due to hot temperatures, tissue damage and exposure to capsaicin. TRPV1 channels are nonselective cation channels (Caterina, M.J., M.A. Schumacher, M. Tominaga, T.A. Rosen, J.D. Levine, and D. Julius. 1997. Nature. 389:816-824). When activated, they produce depolarization through the influx of Na+, but their high Ca2+ permeability is also important for mediating the response to pain. In particular, Ca2+ influx is thought to be required for the desensitization to painful sensations over time (Cholewinski, A., G.M. Burgess, and S. Bevan. 1993. Neuroscience. 55:1015-1023; Koplas, P.A., R.L. Rosenberg, and G.S. Oxford. 1997. J. Neurosci. 17:3525-3537). Here we show that in inside-out excised patches from TRPV1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK 293 cells, Ca2+/calmodulin decreased the capsaicin-activated current. This inhibition was not mimicked by Mg2+, reflected a decrease in open probability, and was slowly reversible. Furthermore, increasing the calmodulin concentration in our patches by coexpression of wild-type calmodulin with TRPV1 produced inhibition by Ca2+ alone. In contrast, patches excised from cells coexpressing TRPV1 with a mutant calmodulin did not respond to Ca2+. Using an in vitro calmodulin-binding assay, we found that TRPV1 in oocyte lysates bound calmodulin, although in a Ca2+-independent manner. Experiments with GST-fusion proteins corresponding to regions of the channel NH2-terminal domain demonstrated that a stretch of approximately 30 amino acids adjacent to the first ankyrin repeat bound calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The physiological response to pain involves an influx of Ca2+ through TRPV1. Our results indicate that this Ca2+ influx may feed back on the channels, inhibiting their gating. This type of feedback inhibition could play a role in the desensitization produced by capsaicin.     

Rapid disassembly of dynamic microtubules upon activation of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1

The transmission of pain signalling involves the cytoskeleton, but mechanistically this is poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the capsaicin receptor TRPV1, a non-selective cation channel expressed by nociceptors that is capable of detecting multiple pain-producing stimuli, directly interacts with the tubulin cytoskeleton. We hypothesized that the tubulin cytoskeleton is a downstream effector of TRPV1 activation. Here we show that activation of TRPV1 results in the rapid disassembly of microtubules, but not of the actin or neurofilament cytoskeletons. TRPV1 activation mainly affects dynamic microtubules that contain tyrosinated tubulins, whereas stable microtubules are apparently unaffected. The C-terminal fragment of TRPV1 exerts a stabilizing effect on microtubules when over-expressed in F11 cells. These findings suggest that TRPV1 activation may contribute to cytoskeleton remodelling and so influence nociception.     

β-Arrestin-2 Desensitizes the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Channel

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel activated by multiple stimuli and is implicated in a variety of pain disorders. Dynamic sensitization of TRPV1 activity by A-kinase anchoring protein 150 demonstrates a critical role for scaffolding proteins in nociception, yet few studies have investigated scaffolding proteins capable of mediating receptor desensitization. In this study, we identify β-arrestin-2 as a scaffolding protein that regulates TRPV1 receptor activity. We report β-arrestin-2 association with TRPV1 in multiple cell models. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of β-arrestin-2 in primary cultures resulted in a significant increase in both initial and repeated responses to capsaicin. Electrophysiological analysis further revealed significant deficits in TRPV1 desensitization in primary cultures from β-arrestin-2 knock-out mice compared with wild type. In addition, we found that β-arrestin-2 scaffolding of phosphodiesterase PDE4D5 to the plasma membrane was required for TRPV1 desensitization. Importantly, inhibition of PDE4D5 activity reversed β-arrestin-2 desensitization of TRPV1. Together, these results identify a new endogenous scaffolding mechanism that regulates TRPV1 ligand binding and activation.     

Molecular mechanism underlying modulation of TRPV1 heat activation by polyols

Sensing noxiously high temperatures is crucial for living organisms to avoid heat-induced injury. The TRPV1 channel has long been known as a sensor for noxious heat. However, the mechanism of how this channel is activated by heat remains elusive. Here we found that a series of polyols including sucrose, sorbitol, and hyaluronan significantly elevate the heat activation threshold temperature of TRPV1. The modulatory effects of these polyols were only observed when they were perfused extracellularly. Interestingly, mutation of residues E601 and E649 in the outer pore region of TRPV1 largely abolished the effects of these polyols. We further observed that intraplantar injection of polyols into the hind paws of rats reduced their heat-induced pain response. Our observations not only suggest that the extracellular regions of TRPV1 are critical for the modulation of heat activation by polyols, but also indicate a potential role of polyols in reducing heat-induced pain sensation.     

TRPV1-lineage neurons are required for thermal sensation

The ion-channel TRPV1 is believed to be a major sensor of noxious heat, but surprisingly animals lacking TRPV1 still display marked responses to elevated temperature. In this study, we explored the role of TRPV1-expressing neurons in somatosensation by generating mice wherein this lineage of cells was selectively labelled or ablated. Our data show that TRPV1 is an embryonic marker of many nociceptors including all TRPV1- and TRPM8-neurons as well as many Mrg-expressing neurons. Mutant mice lacking these cells are completely insensitive to hot or cold but in marked contrast retain normal touch and mechanical pain sensation. These animals also exhibit defective body temperature control and lose both itch and pain reactions to potent chemical mediators. Together with previous cell ablation studies, our results define and delimit the roles of TRPV1- and TRPM8-neurons in thermosensation, thermoregulation and nociception, thus significantly extending the concept of labelled lines in somatosensory coding.