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1.
简要综述了包括抗冻蛋白作用机理在内的动物抗冷性的基因表达调节机制。通过在寒冷逆境下转录抗冻蛋白、纤维蛋白原等耐冻性相关蛋白基因,形成mRNA,然后在各种转录翻译调节因子的调节下表达形成蛋白质和酶,从而形成冰农耐性或冰冻避性或毁损修复反应。其中,转录后调节和上调节是动物常用的抗冷基因表达机制。小分子有机物质在提高动物的耐冻性中有非常的增效作用。  相似文献   

2.
蛋白质的变化与植物抗寒性的关系研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
蛋白质的变化在植物抗寒生理研究中一直被广泛关注。低温胁迫期间在蛋白质含量变化的同时,还可能发生质的变化,合成新的蛋白质——低温诱导蛋白。综述了低温胁迫期间植物体内蛋白质的变化,重点阐述了抗冻蛋白、脱水蛋白和热激蛋白等3种低温诱导蛋白的特性及其与植物抗寒性的关系,并对该领域今后的研究做了展望,为进一步阐明植物抗寒的分子机制、提高植物的抗寒力提供了新的思路。  相似文献   

3.
低温诱导蛋白及其与植物的耐寒性研究进展   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
低温诱导蛋白是植物在温度逆境条件下诱导产生的一系列蛋白,以抗冻蛋白、脱水蛋白、热激蛋白和热稳定蛋白较多,而且低温诱导蛋白质一旦在体内形成,植物体就会尽快地适应外界环境,表现出较强的抗逆性.本文对几种主要的低温诱导蛋白——抗冻蛋白、脱水蛋白、热激蛋白和热稳定蛋白的特性及其与植物耐寒性的关系研究进行综述,以期为进一步阐明植物耐寒的分子机制以及提高植物耐寒力研究提供新的思路.  相似文献   

4.
植物抗冻蛋白及抗冻性分子改良   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
概述了植物抗冻蛋白及其相关基因的研究现状,主要包括植物低温诱导蛋白、具有热滞活性的植物抗冻蛋白及其相关基因的分离、鉴定与表达调控,以及植物抗冻性基因工程研究动态.在此基础上,讨论了该领域研究中的主要问题、发展趋势及近期研究热点.  相似文献   

5.
农作物对Cd毒害的耐性机理探讨   总被引:97,自引:12,他引:85  
对生长在Cd污染条件下的8种作物体内Cd的存在形态分析表明,作物的耐Cd性与Cd的形态分布密切相关,在耐性作物体内,蛋白质(多肽)结合Cd量的比例低于非耐性作物;有机酸盐和一代磷酸盐态Cd的比例增加;分离得到Cd诱导蛋白?其中束缚了一定量的Cd,限制了Cd以自由态存在,耐性较低的作物本内,大分子量的蛋白质中富Cd量较高。  相似文献   

6.
低温胁迫会对植物的生长造成威胁,使农作物产量降低,无法满足人们的生产生活需要。因而,提升植物抗寒能力具有重要意义。抗冻蛋白是提高生物体对低温适应能力的一种蛋白质。目前发现的抗冻蛋白可以通过降低体系冰点、改变冰晶形态、抑制冰晶生长来防止低温胁迫对生物体造成伤害,提高生物体对低温的适应能力。现已在鱼类,昆虫和植物中发现并分离出具有抗冻能力的蛋白质,并且把植物或动物或动植物融合的抗冻蛋白相关基因转入到受体植株,植株的抗寒能力均有所提高,农作物的产量也随之增加。以表格的形式总结了近年来各类抗冻蛋白的研究进展,将从抗冻蛋白的发现、效应、活性的评价方式、作用机理、研究进展及应用等方面进行综述。另外有文献表明,在一些植物中还存在着一些具有调控抗冻蛋白积累的物质,如茉莉花酸和乙烯等,对提高植物在低温下的生活能力也具有重要意义,还需要进一步研究。其次,也发现具有其他的功能的抗冻蛋白,但是这些抗冻蛋白的同源性也不高,还需要我们去进一步探索。  相似文献   

7.
抗冻蛋白与植物低温胁迫反应   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
植物抗冻蛋白是从许多抗冻植物中分离的、参与植物抵御冻害反应的一类新型蛋白.这类抗冻蛋白具有多个亲水性缚冰域,能直接作用于冰晶,阻止冰晶在细胞间隙形成和再结晶.一些植物抗冻蛋白与致病相关蛋白有序列同源性,具有抗冻和抗病双重活性.植物抗冻蛋白的表达和积累,既受控于发育及转录因子调节,又受到低温、短日照、脱水及乙烯等因素的影响.异源超表达抗冻蛋白基因能赋予敏感宿主植物抗冻能力.文中论述了有关植物抗冻蛋白特性和鉴定,抗冻机制和表达调控,以及遗传转化等方面的研究进展.  相似文献   

8.
许嘉 《生物信息学》2013,11(4):297-299
抗冻蛋白是一类具有提高生物抗冻能力的蛋白质。抗冻蛋白能够特异性的与冰晶相结合,进而阻止体液内冰核的形成与生长。因此,对抗冻蛋白的生物信息学研究对生物工程发展。提高作物抗冻性有重要的推动作用。本文采用由400条抗冻蛋白序列和400条非抗冻蛋白序列构成数据集,以伪氨基酸组分为特征,利用支持向量机分类算法预测抗冻蛋白,对训练集预测精度达到91.3%,对测试集预测精度达到78.8%。该结果证明伪氨基酸组分能够很好的反映抗冻蛋白特性,并能够用于预测抗冻蛋白。  相似文献   

9.
选取生菜(Lactuca sativa)种子作为试材,外源添加蛋白酶抑制剂2-硝基苯甲酸[5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid),DTNB]对种子吸胀处理,通过程序降温,分析2-硝基苯甲酸对低温下种子发芽率及生理活性的影响。结果表明,低温下含水生菜种子的致死温度为–20 ℃;外源添加2-硝基苯甲酸2 mmol·L–1时种子发芽率最高,即对种子活性的保护效果显著;在此浓度下种子内SOD活性比对照提高1.38倍,羟基自由基清除能力提高1.17倍;与对照组相比产生两种新的蛋白11 S种子贮藏球蛋白Jug r4和11 S种子贮藏球蛋白2,均属于球蛋白家族,可提高含水种子的耐冻性;低温下种子内积累更小分子量的球蛋白多肽,对种子具有低温保护效果。综上,低温条件下生菜种子产生一定的抗冷反应,外源添加2 mmol·L–1 2-硝基苯甲酸可提高含水种子发芽率及生理活性,产生抗冻蛋白,积累更小分子量的球蛋白多肽进而提高种子抗冻性。  相似文献   

10.
中华齿刺甲抗冻蛋白基因的克隆及温度对其表达的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
中华齿刺甲Oodescelis chinensis隶属于鞘翅目拟步甲科,仅分布于我国新疆的荒漠和半荒漠地区,为中国特有种,属于少见的耐冻昆虫。目前尚不清楚中华齿刺甲是否含有抗冻蛋白基因。采用TRIzol法提取中华齿刺甲的总RNA,根据同源序列设计引物,RT-PCR扩增,获得了若干中华齿刺甲抗冻蛋白基因的c DNA(Ocafp)。测序结果表明,Ocafp编码的抗冻蛋白(Oc AFP)序列具有拟步甲科昆虫抗冻蛋白的典型结构特征,即含有数量不等的重复单位:TCTXSXXCXXAX(X代表任意氨基酸),但在保守基序TCT中存在多种不同类型的变异,这种较高的序列变异性可能与中华齿刺甲生活在土壤表层,适应环境温度的较大变化有关。实时荧光定量PCR测定Ocafp在不同温度下的相对表达水平,结果显示,-4℃、5℃、42℃都能诱导Ocafp的上调表达;而40℃则抑制Ocafp的表达。实验结果表明,耐冻昆虫中华齿刺甲也含有抗冻蛋白基因,其编码的氨基酸序列的变异性高于已发表的避冻甲虫的抗冻蛋白。中华齿刺甲抗冻蛋白基因的表达不仅受低温诱导,也受42℃高温诱导,提示Oc AFP可能还具有非抗冻功能。  相似文献   

11.
Chloroplast thylakoid membranes of higher plants are damaged by freezing both in vivo and in vitro. The resulting inactivation of photosynthetic electron transport has been related to transient membrane rupture, leading to the loss of soluble electron transport proteins and osmotically active solutes from the thylakoid lumen. We have recently purified and sequenced a protein from cold acclimated cabbage, that protects thylakoids from this freeze-thaw damage. The protein belongs to the WAX9 family of nonspecific lipid transfer proteins, but has no detectable lipid transfer activity. Conversely, other transport-active lipid transfer proteins show no cryoprotective activity. We show here that cryoprotectin binds to thylakoid membranes. Both cryoprotective activity and membrane binding were inhibited in the presence of specific sugars, most effectively by Glc-6-S. The binding of cryoprotectin to thylakoids reduced the fluidity of the membrane lipids close to the membrane/solution interface, but not in the hydrophobic core region. Using immobilized liposomes we could show that cryoprotectin was able to bind to pure lipid membranes.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of dimethyl sulphoxide and other cryoprotective compounds on the sensitivity of cells to polypeptide toxins and to poliovirus was tested. In the presence of these compounds, which all affect membrane fluidity, the cells were protected against the toxic proteins and against poliovirus. The large protection obtained was not due to reduced binding and endocytosis of the toxins. Apparently, the cryoprotective compounds interfere with the entry of toxins and of the poliovirus genome across the cell membrane.  相似文献   

13.
K A Santarius 《Cryobiology》1982,19(2):200-210
The cryoprotective properties of dextrans have been investigated in freezing experiments with isolated spinach thylakoids (Spinacia oleracea L.). The activity of cyclic photophosphorylation was used as an assay for membrane integrity.Dextrans of average molecular weights between 10,000 and 70,000 daltons proved to be fairly nontoxic to chloroplast membranes. On a molar basis, cryoprotective action increased with increasing molecular weight; on a unit weight basis, the cryoprotective effectiveness of different dextrans was comparable. In the presence of low dextran concentrations which are not sufficient for complete membrane preservation, the effectiveness of the polymers could be considerably increased by the addition of electrolytes. This is in contrast to cryoprotection exerted by sugars. At a given dextran concentration, membrane activity is a function of the electrolyte concentration and follows an optimum curve. If membrane-toxic action of the electrolytes and salt crystallization during freezing which complicate the situation, are not taken into consideration, the increase in membrane protection during freezing by salts was dependent on the concentration of the salts and was not much influenced by the nature of the cations and anions. At 0 °C, dextrans delayed the inactivation of thylakoids suspended in NaCl solutions.From the results it is concluded that cryoprotection produced by dextrans is caused in part by specific membrane stabilization.  相似文献   

14.
We have recently purified a protein (cryoprotectin) from the leaves of cold-acclimated cabbage (Brassica oleracea) to electrophoretic homogeneity, which protects thylakoids isolated from the leaves of nonacclimated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) from freeze-thaw damage. Sequencing of cryoprotectin showed the presence of at least three isoforms of WAX9 proteins, which belong to the class of nonspecific lipid transfer proteins. Antibodies raised against two synthetic peptides derived from the WAX9 proteins recognized a band of approximately 10 kD in western blots of crude cryoprotectin preparations. This protein and the cryoprotective activity could be precipitated from solution by the antiserum. We show further that cryoprotectin is structurally and functionally different from WAX9 isolated from the surface wax of cabbage leaves. WAX9 has lipid transfer activity for phosphatidylcholine, but no cryoprotective activity. Cryoprotectin, on the other hand, has cryoprotective, but no lipid transfer activity. The cryoprotective activity of cryoprotectin was strictly dependent on Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) and could be inhibited by chelating agents, whereas the lipid transfer activity of WAX9 was higher in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate than in the presence of Ca(2+) and Mn(2+).  相似文献   

15.
The potentially cryoprotective properties of 72 higher-molecular-weight polymeric additives and 69 low-molecular-weight compounds were evaluated. The polymeric compound selection was based on solubility in semen extender, toxicity and finally, on the cryoprotective effect on bull spermatozoa as measured by progressive motility. Five compounds showed cryoprotection to the cell, but with no significant improvement over that of TESNaK yolk, TEST yolk, or TEST yolk glycerol extenders used as controls. Low-molecular-weight compounds were selected on the basis of colligative properties particularly that of freezing-point depression. Elimination was based on precipitation of proteins in the extender, toxicity, and cryoprotection to bovine spermatozoa as measured by progressive motility. Nineteen compounds that yielded protection during cryopreservation of bovine spermatozoa were compared using post-thaw motility and membrane integrity using glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase enzyme retained in the spermatozoa after freezing as an indicator. Semen was diluted with extender containing selected compounds at 35 or 5 °C to determine the effect of temperature at which the cryoprotective compound was added. Glycerol yielded the highest recovery. Diethylene glycol, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylacetamide, and triethylene glycol appeared not to be different in freezing bovine spermatozoa. The temperature or method of addition of cryoprotective compound did not reveal a significant difference.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sucrose, dextran, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and mannitol, which possess cryoprotective properties to various degrees, on the mechanical stability and the geometric parameters of human erythrocytes. All substances, except mannitol, contributed to a decrease in hemolysis, which was caused by the movement of small beads. Glycerol and polyethylene glycol, which provide the highest level of protection of erythrocytes during cryopreservation, also showed the maximum efficiency under mechanical stress. Changes in cell resistance may be associated with the transformation of their geometric parameters. According to the cytometry data, 5% solutions of all the substances, except mannitol, caused similar changes in the geometric parameters of the cell. The relationship between changes in the mechanical stability and the geometric parameters of erythrocytes under the influence of cryoprotective agents may be caused by the modification of the membrane?cytoskeleton protein complex, which controls the mechanoelastic properties and morphology of erythrocytes.  相似文献   

17.
R J Williams 《Cryobiology》1983,20(5):521-526
The polymeric cryoprotective agents polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, and hydroxyethyl starch do not penetrate the cell membrane and are not present in high osmotic concentrations. Thus, they can exert little of the "antifreeze" behavior generally attributed to glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide, and must protect cells from freezing injury by some action external to the cell surface. Surface energy measurements of droplets of hemoglobin solution immersed in solutions of cryoprotective polymers indicate that these polymers lower the surface energy of the solution below that of the hemoglobin droplets and form a stable interface. In injured cells, these polymers will therefore hide membrane defects by forming an interface across which hemoglobin cannot easily pass. When freezing is slow, the polymers have little if any true cryoprotective effect but interfere with hemoglobin release as an assay of injury.  相似文献   

18.
A study was conducted to determine the effects of freezing on the major membrane proteins of isolated human erythrocyte membranes. Membranes in low or normal ionic strength medium were frozen at slow or fast freezing rates. The membrane protein composition and elution of proteins from the membranes were studied utilizing polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in a sodium dodecyl sulfate or an acetic acid-urea-phenol solvent system. Neither a change in the composition of the membrane proteins nor any elution of membrane protein during freezing and thawing was observed. The data indicate that any human erythrocyte membrane damage during freezing and thawing was not related to a change in major membrane protein composition. Human red cell membranes were stable at ?80 or ?196 °C in the absence of a cryoprotective agent.  相似文献   

19.
K Utsumi  S Hochi  A Iritani 《Cryobiology》1992,29(3):332-341
The cryoprotective effect of polyols on rat embryos was measured after two-step freezing, and the mechanism of action of polyols on embryo survival was examined. Rat embryos frozen in solution of polyol by two-step method at the morula stage showed higher survival than that obtained using DMSO. As the number of hydroxyl groups increased, the cryoprotective effect of the polyol increased. However, this was true only when the additive could permeate the cell membrane. Of the additives tested, four or five carbon polyols were most effective at concentrations of 0.3 or 1.0 M than two, three, six, or seven carbon polyols. The highest survival rate was obtained with adonitol, which yielded 83% embryo survival at 1.0 M and 67% even at 0.3 M. Embryos frozen in 0.3 M adonitol and transferred directly into foster mothers without any dilution of the additive after thawing developed into live young. During slow cooling below -40 degrees C, embryonic blastomeres exhibited cell fusion only in the presence of adonitol. These findings suggest that one cryoprotective action of polyols is that the hydroxyl groups act both on the cell surface and the cytoplasm to stabilize the bound water on the embryonic membrane, and that the length of the C-chain determines the permeability of the membrane to the additive.  相似文献   

20.
The electrophoretic analysis of erythrocyte membrane proteins after cooling the reconstituted cells to moderately low temperatures (-30 degrees divided by -70 degrees C) has demonstrated that freezing at slow rates results in an increase in the oligomerization capability of spectrine, the main membrane skeleton protein and band 3 protein under the effect of diamide--a thioloxidizing agent. The data obtained testify to the fact that the membrane is a relatively cryoresistant cellular component at more rapid cooling rates in the presence of cryoprotective compounds.  相似文献   

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