纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥复合物的生物学研究

目的:研究纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥复合物的生物力学性能,为临床应用科学依据.方法:将磷酸钙骨水泥作为对照组,纤维蛋白凝胶和磷酸钙骨水泥作为复合支架材料研究组,利用细胞培养技术将两组材料分别与BMSC细胞系共同培养,动态观察细胞生长情况;结果:两种材料均有类似的细胞粘附、伸展.细胞在磷酸钙骨纤维蛋白凝胶复合材料上粘附比在磷酸钙材料上粘附多,细胞伸出较多丝样伪足与孔隙的边缘连接,数量大为增加,连接成片,相互拥挤,有大量基质形成.MTT结果有明显差异(P＜0.05),与磷酸钙骨材料上的细胞ALP比较,磷酸钙骨/纤维蛋白凝胶复合材料ALP明显增高,差异显著,有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:用全骨髓法分离培养的兔BMSCs体外扩增快,取材容易,在成骨诱导下能分化为成骨细胞,适合作为骨组织工程的种子细胞.且纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥复合物具有良好的生物力学性能,具有良好的骨传导能力、力学特性,是很好的骨移植替代材料.肿瘤及创伤等疾患引起的骨缺损修复问题一直来都是骨科医生面临的一个难题,倍受医学界的关注.本论文研究用纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥复合物的方法修复骨缺损,会成为一种全新的治疗模式,为骨缺损修复的临床治疗提供了理论科学依据.     

丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石复合物对磷酸钙骨水泥性能的影响

目的：磷酸钙骨水泥（Calcium phosphate cement,CPC）以其诸多优点正得到了越来越多的应用,但其较差的力学性能表现也限制了它的使用范围。本研究目的在于改善磷酸钙骨水泥的力学性能,同时评估改性后的磷酸钙骨水泥的其他性能。方法：通过丝素蛋白（Silk fibroin,SF）的矿化自组装方法制备丝素蛋白／羟基磷灰石复合物（silk fibroin/hydroxyapitite composite, SF/HA）。按照1％、2％、3％、4％的质量分数加入磷酸钙骨水泥中,与磷酸钙骨水泥组对比。比较内容包括力学强度、抗渍散性能及细胞毒性。结果：以丝素蛋白溶液为液相组的磷酸钙骨水泥强度大约为35MPa。随后随着添加丝素蛋白／羟基磷灰石复合物的质量分数从1％增至3％,磷酸钙骨水泥的强度逐渐增加（P〈0．05）,最高约至45MPa。而当丝素蛋白／羟基磷灰石的质量分数达到4％时,磷酸钙骨水泥的强度较质量分数3％组小幅度下降至43MPa（P〈0．05）。以丝素蛋白溶液作为液相时,磷酸钙骨水泥的抗溃散能力也得到了加强。在MTT法测定细胞活力的对照实验中,无论是加入丝素蛋白溶液或丝素蛋白／羟基磷灰石复合物,都未观察到细胞毒性。结论：在磷酸钙骨水泥中加入3％质量分数的丝素蛋白／羟基磷灰石复合物,能显著提高磷酸钙骨水泥的抗压强度。而丝素蛋白溶液作为液相可改善磷酸钙骨水泥的抗溃散能力。同时,丝素蛋白和丝素蛋白／羟基磷灰石复合物都不表现出细胞毒性。更理想的力学强度和更强的抗溃散能力,大大扩展了磷酸钙骨水泥的应用范围。     

纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥的理化性能及生物相容性

目的:探讨纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥的理化性能及生物相容性.方法:将磷酸钙骨水泥作为对照组,纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷配钙骨水泥作为研究组,通过测定两组复合物抗压强度极限、抗弯强度极限、电镜结构以及固化体相组成,初步分析纤维蛋白凝胶联合磷酸钙骨水泥复合材料的理化性能及生物相容性.结果:与对照组抗压强度极限、抗弯强度极限比较,研究组抗压强度极限、抗弯强度极限明显增加,差异显著,有统计学意义(P＜0.05),扫描电镜显示研究组微孔数少于对照组,纤维分散较好.X线衍射观察在31b和35b之间均可见衍射峰,并且与对照组相比较,研究组特征衍射峰强度相对高,羟基磷灰石相比例增加.结论:纤维蛋白凝胶的加入提高了骨水泥强度,加速骨水泥向羟基磷灰石转化,是比较好的骨移植替代材料.     

骨组织工程脱细胞骨基质的研究进展及存在问题

随着骨科学的发展,骨组织缺损治疗这一难题尤显突出,急需一种更为有效的疗法.骨组织工程是采用组织工程学的原理与方法,研制具有修复骨缺损能力的骨替代物的一门科学.经过20余年的发展,骨组织工程最终确立了将骨再生相关分子、成骨活性细胞与支架材料三者复合来构建组织工程骨的基本模式.支架材料是骨组织工程的核心,而作为支架材料之一的脱细胞骨基质(Acellular bone extracellular matrix,ABECM),近年来发展迅猛,展示出强大的生命力及临床应用前景.并且ABECM已有应用于临床试验的报道.本文将就此做一综述.     

医用多孔钛的研究进展

钛及钛合金由于其优良的抗腐蚀性、生物相容性、低密度和高强度等特点，已广泛应用于承力部位的骨修复，但是如何促进 植入体与骨组织界面的有效结合仍是技术瓶颈，一方面由于植入体的弹性模量与骨组织不匹配，由此产生的应力屏蔽易导致植 入体松动，另一方面植入体缺乏骨诱导作用，导致材料骨界面之间不能形成有效的生物化学结合。近来，具有表面优化处理的新 型生物医用多孔钛材料通过引入孔隙的方法，使其与骨组织的力学性能相匹配，并且应用活化改性技术，使其具有生物活性，成 为目前骨替代材料的研究热点和发展方向。本文简要总结了多孔钛材料在力学性能、生物相容性、制备方法和表面改性等方面的 研究进展，强调在保证其多孔优势性能的前提下，通过生物活性因子的引入，进一步改善其生物相容性，提高结合力，延长植入体 的寿命，使其具有诱导成骨功能，是新型多孔钛材料的发展趋势。     

γ-聚谷氨酸/壳聚糖多孔复合支架材料的制备、表征及性能的研究

为提高骨组织工程支架材料的力学性能,改善其生物活性,修饰改性天然高分子,本文采用接枝共聚/冷冻干燥法制备多孔γ-聚谷氨酸/壳聚糖复合材料,通过红外吸收光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、吸水性试验以及降解性试验等对材料进行了材料结构表征和性能评价,为其新型组织工程材料提供科学依据.结果显示:该复合材料具有多孔结构,孔径约100.29 ±40.46 μm,空隙率83.45％;该复合材料的平均吸水性为465％±38％,500 rpm离心3min后保水性能达到329％±33％;该复合材料具有良好的降解性,比壳聚糖有更好的降解性,12周降解百分率为12.96％.该共聚复合材料能有效地克服γ-聚谷氨酸和壳聚糖各自的缺点,是一种很有潜力的组织工程支架材料.     

生物陶瓷在组织工程中的应用

生物陶瓷材料用于修复人体硬组织历史悠久,近年来已从传统的骨填充替代材料发展到骨组织工程材料,并且逐渐从硬组织修复领域扩展到了软组织再生领域。特别是硅酸盐生物陶瓷,作为一种新型陶瓷材料,因其独特的生物学效应越来越受到研究人员的关注。大量研究表明,通过调控生物陶瓷的化学组成和表面宏微观结构不仅可以促进硬组织再生,还可促进多种软组织再生,为进一步有针对性地设计与开发新型组织工程材料提供了新思路。现结合本课题组近十年的研究,重点介绍磷酸钙及硅酸盐生物陶瓷在多种组织修复及再生中的研究进展,并从材料工程和生物学的角度对生物陶瓷的未来研究方向做了展望。     

多孔钛合金不同孔径大小对新骨长入的影响

目的:评价不同孔径多孔钛合金植入物在骨缺损区对新骨长入的影响。方法:采用电子束熔融(EBM)技术制备三种不同孔径(孔径分别为1.0 mm,2.0 mm,3.0 mm)的多孔钛合金材料,其孔隙率依次为73%,79%,86%。将18只家犬随机分为1.0 mm孔径材料组,2.0 mm孔径材料组,3.0 mm孔径材料组,每组6只。制备家犬双侧股骨外侧髁缺损模型,然后植入各孔径组材料,于术后4周,8周,12周分别行大体标本观察,X线片观察,组织形态学观察三组不同孔径材料与周围骨的整合情况及孔隙中的新骨长入情况。结果:通过大体标本观察和X线片观察显示,12周后三组材料均与周围紧密骨连接。其中1.0 mm孔径组材料中心明显成骨,2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组中心仍为较多白色组织填充。组织学观察显示,12周时2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组材料周围有骨质包绕,但中心空洞,基本无骨质形成。1.0 mm孔径组材料周围骨质包绕紧密,孔中新生骨形成较多,且有大量纤维母细胞和软骨细胞形成。各时间点1.0 mm孔径组新生骨面积百分比明显高于2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组,P<0.01,差异具有统计学意义。2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组相比,P>0.05,无显著差异。结论:孔径大小影响多孔钛合金材料的骨长入,适当孔径的设计将更有利于材料的传导成骨。     

骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖支架制备及生物性能研究

目的:制备骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖复合多孔支架,观察支架生物性能。方法:采用冷冻干燥法制备骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖多孔支架。用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察支架表面形貌及孔径大小,用比重瓶法检测支架孔隙率,热重分析探讨支架的热稳定性,用微力试验机进行压缩性能测试,并将支架与兔骨髓间充质干细胞共培养检测细胞黏附性能,将支架埋置大鼠皮下观察其炎症反应。结果与结论:制备的骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖支架孔径大小为100~300μm,孔隙率为91.64%,压缩应力达3.37MPa,与细胞共培养贴附较好,有良好的组织相容性,提示该支架可做为组织工程支架材料应用于临床上骨组织缺损的修复。     

不同剂量rhBMP-2/CPC 体内骨诱导活性的比较研究*

目的:对比不同剂量rhBMP-2与多孔CPC复合后的诱导成骨效应,探讨与多孔CPC复合后的rhBMP-2的量效关系.方法:将0.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、2 mg/ml、3 mg/ml 4种不同剂量的rhBMP-2与多孔CPC材料复合后,植入36只小鼠双侧股部肌肉内,分别于术后1周、2周及4周取材,通过大体观察、组织学分析、形态计量学分析、荧光双标测定,观察4组诱导成骨情况.结果:植入1周,rhBMP-2与多孔CPC材料复合表现出了较明显的剂量依赖性,含有较多rhBMP-2的材料内诱导形成的骨组织也较多,但骨组织的增加并未随着rhBMP-2剂量的增加而连续递增,2 mg组和3 mg组新生骨组织含量无明显差异(P＞0.05).植入4周,新生骨组织向材料内部生长,但此时的新生骨组织面积较2周增加不显著(P＞0.05).0.5 mg组新生骨组织含量仍处于最低水平,而其它三组之间却无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:在0.5 mg/ml-2.0 mg/ml剂量范围,与多孔CPC复合的rhBMP-2诱导成骨量与其剂量成正比,最佳剂量为2 mg/ml.     

Porogen Effect on Structural and Physical Properties of β-TCP Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Scaffolds for bone tissue applications have been an outstanding alternative to repair and regenerate bone tissue defects caused by traumas or illness. There are many methods available to fabricate porous scaffold such as solvent casting, gas bubble, phase separation, electrospinning, particle-leaching, among others. The particle-leaching technique has shown advantages in bone tissue regeneration applications, the main benefit of this technique is related to the porogen particle size and the porogen content in the manufacture of scaffolds. Tricalcium phosphate is one calcium phosphate that presented appropriated characteristic to be used for bone tissue engineering due to the chemical properties similar to the human bones. Scaffolds of tricalcium phosphate β phase were made using sugar particles. The porogen was varied in amounts of 50, 60 and 70 wt.% of two commercial sugars with the remainder of the composition made up of tricalcium phosphate powders. The pore sizes in all the scaffolds were in the range of 90 to 600 μm with an irregular pore morphology and the porosity was in the range of 63 to 77%.     

Hard tissue remodeling using biofabricated coralline biomaterials

Biotechnical and biomedical approaches were combined in an attempt to identify potential uses of biofabricated marine carbonate materials in biomedical applications, particularly as biomatrices for remodeling bone and cartilage tissue. After grafting, it is desirable for bone ingrowth to proceed as quickly as possible because the strength of the implanted region depends on a good mechanical bond forming between the implant and surrounding regions in the body. Ingrowth can take place as a result of growth of tissue and cells into the implanted porous material, or it may be promoted by transplanting cells seeded onto such a material. The rate at which ingrowth occurs is dependent on many factors, including pore size and the interconnectivity of the implanted structure. In vivo graftings into osteochondral defects demonstrated that our biofabricated porous material is highly biocompatible with cartilage and bone tissue. The biofabricated matrix was well incorporated into the biphasic osteochondral area. Resorption was followed by bone and cartilage formation, and after 4 months, the biomaterial had been replaced by new tissue. Ossification was induced and enhanced without introduction of additional factors. We believe that this is the first time that such biofabricated materials have been used for biomedical purposes. In face of the obvious environmental disadvantages of harvesting from limited natural resources, we propose the use of bioengineered coralline and other materials such as those cultured by our group under field and laboratory conditions as a possible biomatrix for hard tissue remodeling.     

Biodegradable fumarate-based polyHIPEs as tissue engineering scaffolds

PolyHIPEs show great promise as tissue engineering scaffolds due to the tremendous control of pore size and interconnectivity afforded by this technique. Highly porous, fully biodegradable scaffolds were prepared by polymerization of the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) containing the macromer poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and the cross-linker propylene fumarate diacrylate (PFDA). Toluene was used as a diluent to reduce the viscosity of the organic phase to enable HIPE formation. A range of polyHIPE scaffolds of different pore sizes and morphologies were generated by varying the diluent concentration (40-60 wt %), cross-linker concentration (25-75 wt %), and macromer molecular weight ( M n = 800-1000 g/mol). Although some formulations resulted in macroporous monoliths (pore diameter >500 microm), the majority of the polyHIPEs studied were rigid, microporous monoliths with average pore diameters in the range 10-300 microm. Gravimetric analysis confirmed the porosity of the microporous monoliths as 80-89% with most scaffolds above 84%. These studies demonstrate that emulsion templating can be used to generate rigid, biodegradable scaffolds with highly interconnected pores suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds.     

The biocompatibility of calcium phosphate cements containing alendronate-loaded PLGA microparticles in?vitro

The composite of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are currently widely used in bone tissue engineering. However, the properties and biocompatibility of the alendronate-loaded PLGA/CPC (APC) porous scaffolds have not been characterized. APC scaffolds were prepared by a solid/oil/water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The morphology, porosity, and mechanical strength of the scaffolds were characterized. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from rabbit were cultured, expanded and seeded on the scaffolds, and the cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, cell cycle and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were determined. The results showed that the APC scaffolds had a porosity of 67.43 ± 4.2% and pore size of 213 ± 95 µm. The compressive strength for APC was 5.79 ± 1.21 MPa, which was close to human cancellous bone. The scanning electron microscopy, cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and ALP activity revealed that the APC scaffolds had osteogenic potential on the BMSCs in vitro and exhibited excellent biocompatibility with engineered bone tissue. APC scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis potential and can potentially be used for bone tissue engineering.     

Bone tissue engineering using marrow stromal cells

Bone tissue defects cause a significant socioeconomic problem, and bone is the most frequently transplanted tissue beside blood. Autografting is considered the gold standard treatment for bone defects, but its utility is limited due to donor site morbidity. Hence much research has focused on bone tissue engineering as a promising alternative method for repair of bone defects. Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are considered to be potential cell sources for bone tissue engineering. In bone tissue engineering using MSCs, bone is formed through intramembranous and endochondral ossification in response to osteogenic inducers. Angiogenesis is a complex process mediated by multiple growth factors and is crucial for bone regeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor plays important roles in bone tissue regeneration by promoting the migration and differentiation of osteoblasts, and by inducing angiogenesis. Scaffold materials used for bone tissue engineering include natural components of bone, such as calcium phosphate and collagen I, and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactide-coglycolide) However, ideal scaffolds for bone tissue engineering have yet to be found. Bone tissue engineering has been successfully used to treat bone defects in several human clinical trials to regenerate bone defects. Through investigation of MSC biology and the development of novel scaffolds, we will be able to develop advanced bone tissue engineering techniques in the future.     

Living bacterial sacrificial porogens to engineer decellularized porous scaffolds

Decellularization and cellularization of organs have emerged as disruptive methods in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Porous hydrogel scaffolds have widespread applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug discovery as viable tissue mimics. However, the existing hydrogel fabrication techniques suffer from limited control over pore interconnectivity, density and size, which leads to inefficient nutrient and oxygen transport to cells embedded in the scaffolds. Here, we demonstrated an innovative approach to develop a new platform for tissue engineered constructs using live bacteria as sacrificial porogens. E.coli were patterned and cultured in an interconnected three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel network. The growing bacteria created interconnected micropores and microchannels. Then, the scafold was decellularized, and bacteria were eliminated from the scaffold through lysing and washing steps. This 3D porous network method combined with bioprinting has the potential to be broadly applicable and compatible with tissue specific applications allowing seeding of stem cells and other cell types.     

Porous devices derived from co-continuous polymer blends as a route for controlled drug release

In this study we examine the release profile of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from a porous polymer matrix derived from a co-continuous polymer blend. The porosity is generated through the selective extraction of one of the continuous phases. This is the first study to examine the approach of using morphologically tailored co-continuous polymer blends as a template for generating porous polymer materials for use in controlled release. A method for the preparation of polymeric capsules is introduced, and the effect of matrix pore size and surface area on the BSA release profile is investigated. Furthermore, the effect of surface charge on release is examined by surface modification of the porous substrate using layer-by-layer deposition techniques. Synthetic, nonerodible polymer, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), was used as a model substrate prepared by melt blending with two different styrene-ethylene-butylene copolymers. Blends with HDPE allow for the preparation of porous substrates with small pore sizes (300 and 600 nm). A blend of polylactide (PLA) and polystyrene was also used to prepare porous PLA with a larger pore size (1.5 microm). The extents of interconnectivity, surface area, and pore dimension of the prepared porous substrates were examined via gravimetric solvent extraction, BET nitrogen adsorption, mercury porosimetry, and image analysis of scanning electron microscopy micrographs. With a loading protocol into the porous HDPE and PLA involving the alternate application of pressure and vacuum, it is shown that virtually the entire porous network was accessible to BSA loading, and loading efficiencies of between 80% and 96% were obtained depending on the pore size of the carrier and the applied pressure. The release profile of BSA from the microporous structure was monitored by UV spectrophotometry. The influence of pore size, surface area, surface charge, and number of deposited layers is demonstrated. It is shown that an effective closed-cell structure in porous PLA can be prepared, effectively eliminating all short-term BSA release.     

The Biocompatibility of Porous vs Non-Porous Bone Cements: A New Methodological Approach

Composite cements have been shown to be biocompatible, bioactive, with good mechanical properties and capability to bind to the bone. Despite these interesting characteristic, in vivo studies on animal models are still incomplete and ultrastructural data are lacking. The acquisition of new ultrastructural data is hampered by uncertainties in the methods of preparation of histological samples due to the use of resins that melt methacrylate present in bone cement composition. A new porous acrylic cement composed of polymethyl-metacrylate (PMMA) and β-tricalcium-phosphate (p-TCP) was developed and tested on an animal model. The cement was implanted in femurs of 8 New Zealand White rabbits, which were observed for 8 weeks before their sacrifice. Histological samples were prepared with an infiltration process of LR white resin and then the specimens were studied by X-rays, histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a control, an acrylic standard cement, commonly used in clinical procedures, was chosen. Radiographic ultrastructural and histological exams have allowed finding an excellent biocompatibility of the new porous cement. The high degree of osteointegration was demonstrated by growth of neo-created bone tissue inside the cement sample. Local or systemic toxicity signs were not detected. The present work shows that the proposed procedure for the evaluation of biocompatibility, based on the use of LR white resin allows to make a thorough and objective assessment of the biocompatibility of porous and non-porous bone cements.Key words: calcium phosphate cement, osteointegration, biocompatibility, osteoconduction, porosity     

多孔beta-磷酸三钙与磷灰石复合材料的制备及其细胞相容性研究

综合运用三维凝胶叠层法和发泡法制备了多孔β-磷酸三钙支架。将多孔支架在1．5倍模拟体液中浸泡14天,得到材料1;或者将其在氢氧化钠溶液中浸泡4天,再在1．5倍模拟体液中浸泡14天,得到材料2。测定了两种材料的物理性能,讨论了类骨磷灰石层对材料矿物组成及其显微结构等的影响。将两组材料分别与成骨前体细胞在体外复合培养,观察和测定了细胞的形态和增殖情况。结果表明复合材料的主要成分为β-磷酸三钙,表面具有结构不完整的含有碳酸磷灰石的类骨磷灰石,成骨细胞能在两组材料上正常粘附和增殖,而且材料2上的细胞粘附情况更好,说明多孔β-磷酸三钙与磷灰石的复合材料有望成为一种有应用前景的骨修复材料和骨组织工程支架材料。