苹果绵蚜为害产量损失测定

苹果绵蚜为害苹果的树干、枝,新稍及根部,从中吸取大量营养,使寄主生长发育不良,产量降低。经测定苹果绵蚜发生群落数与造成的产量呈负相关,而与产量损失率成正相关,在苹果单株产量108．19～154．20kg,苹果绵蚜群落数±30～＞150个的情况下,小国光和青香蕉品种的产量损失率分别为4．10％～38．81％和7．5％～32．04％。     

鲁西南地区苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum)及其天敌种群动态与群落结构特征

通过田间蚜块计数、黄色粘虫板诱集、室内镜检等方法统计苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)及其寄生性天敌日光蜂Aphelinus mali Haldeman种群数量,分析比较了它们的消长动态.利用群落结构特征指数研究比较了不同时期苹果绵蚜及其天敌群落多样性.连续2a调查发现,苹果绵蚜种群在鲁西南地区全年发生两个高峰,其中5月中、下旬～7月上旬为第一高峰期,8月下旬～10月中旬为第二高峰期.有翅蚜发生在4月上旬～6月上旬和9月上旬～10月上旬.不同时期,苹果绵蚜在苹果树体不同部位的种群数量存在差异,上半年,苹果绵蚜在根、树干及主枝部位分布密集,发生危害较重;7月中、下旬之后,苹果绵蚜在根及树干部位基本不再发生或发生较轻,而在枝干部位,包括主枝、侧枝和新梢,发生危害较重.7月份之前,日光蜂滞后于苹果绵蚜的发生高峰,其控制作用不很明显,7月份以后日光蜂跟随现象才比较明显,与苹果绵蚜的第二个发生高峰前期基本吻合,可以很好地控制苹果绵蚜的危害.鲁西南地区苹果绵蚜及其天敌群落多样性低,群落稳定性差,发现天敌23种,捕食性天敌亚群落中七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus、二星瓢虫Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus)和叶色草蛉Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael等为优势种,特别是4、5月份,七星瓢虫和叶色草蛉可以很好地弥补因日光蜂跟随滞后而对苹果绵蚜控制作用的影响.这为保护利用自然天敌、可持续控制苹果绵蚜危害奠定了理论基础.     

苹果绵蚜在不同寄主果园中的种群数量动态比较

【背景】在我国,苹果绵蚜对苹果等寄主的危害日益严重,发生面积不断扩大,而品种抗性是害虫治理的一种重要手段。【方法12007—2009年于山东莱阳地区系统调查了苹果绵蚜在不同寄主果园的发生动态规律,比较了不同寄主对苹果绵蚜的抗性差异。【结果】苹果绵蚜在红富士、乔纳金、新红星苹果园和西府海棠果园中1a有2个发生高峰,5月底到7月下旬是第1个高峰,也是全年发生的最高峰,9月初到10月底是全年发生的第2个高峰,而7月底到8月底是苹果绵蚜发生的低谷期。苹果绵蚜在红富士苹果上的发生数量显著高于在乔纳金、新红星苹果和西府海棠上的发生数量。在3a的调查时间内,苹果绵蚜在红富士、乔纳金、新红星苹果上每次平均发生量分别为153．2、31．6、30．3头·株^-1。越冬前调查表明,苹果绵蚜对红富士的为害率显著高于青香蕉、乔纳金、新红星和小国光,小国光的被害率以及虫落数量最低。【结论与意义】红富士是苹果绵蚜的感虫品种,而小国光、乔纳金和新红星相对抗虫。文中讨论了苹果绵蚜抗性品种的筛选方法,为掌握不同寄主对苹果绵蚜的抗性差异以及制定苹果绵蚜的抗性治理策略提供了依据。     

苹果绵蚜的生物学特性及其综合治理

苹果绵蚜是一种重要的外来人侵性害虫,在世界的各苹果种植区均有分布,对苹果造成严重危害。本文主要介绍了苹果绵蚜的生物学特性、发生危害特点以及各种防治措施,包括植物检疫、农业防治、生物防治、化学防治和抗性育种等,为在我国广大果区对苹果绵蚜进行综合治理提供依据。     

温度对苹果绵蚜生长发育的影响

苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausm.)是云南苹果树的毁灭性害虫。苹果栽培面积不断扩大,由于检疫措施不严和防治工作跟不上,苹果绵蚜仍在蔓延。但云南过去未对苹果绵蚜生物学进行过系统研究。作者根据生产需要,对苹果绵蚜的有关生物学进行了观察研究。     

苹果绵蚜在中国适生区预测及发生影响因子

苹果绵蚜是苹果上一种重要的检疫性害虫,每年给苹果产区造成严重的经济损失.预测苹果绵蚜适生性区域和影响其定殖扩散的环境因子,能够开展苹果绵蚜分布区域测报、制定有效的检疫措施并为防治决策提供依据.本研究基于最大熵算法的生态位模型MaxEnt和地理信息系统软件ArcGIS对苹果绵蚜进行适生区分析及预测,用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)对预测模型和预测结果进行评估,并用Jackknife方法分析影响绵蚜发生的重要因子.结果表明,苹果绵蚜在我国适生范围很广,其中,辽宁、山东、河南、河北、安徽、江苏、陕西等省的适生性指数较高,对苹果绵蚜发生具有重要影响的是与温度相关的环境因子.     

基于微卫星标记的苹果绵蚜种群遗传结构动态

【目的】苹果绵蚜是我国重要的入侵害虫,对苹果生产造成了严重危害。近年来,苹果绵蚜扩散面积增大,危害加重。了解苹果绵蚜入侵过程中的分子生态变化,可为该虫的综合防控提供依据。【方法】利用微卫星标记技术,选择6个微卫星位点对山东省6个地区(烟台、威海、青岛、潍坊、聊城、泰安)2012—2015年苹果绵蚜种群遗传结构变化规律进行分析。【结果】2012—2015年,山东省6个地区的苹果绵蚜遗传多样性随时间推移逐渐降低。其中,2012年的遗传多样性极显著高于2013—2015年;2013—2015年之间虽然差异不显著,但随时间推移,等位基因观测值(Na)和期望杂合度(He)等遗传多样性指数有逐渐降低的趋势。通过无限等位基因模型、双相突变模型和逐步突变模型分析发现,6个地区的苹果绵蚜均经历了瓶颈效应,是遗传多样性降低的主要原因。对6个微卫星位点分析发现,Erio20、Erio75和Erio78扩增到的苹果绵蚜等位基因数量以及这3个位点的多样性指数随时间推移逐渐降低。【结论】Erio20、Erio75和Erio78是引起苹果绵蚜遗传多样性降低的主要多态位点。苹果绵蚜可能进化出了"超级克隆"基因型,因此,其可在我国适应不同生态环境并增大扩散范围。     

苹果绵蚜与苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂种间关系的模拟研究——Ⅰ.两种群生物学的数量特征比较

本研究通过对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Haus.)和苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂(Aphelinus mali Hald.)的生物学和生态学特性的比较分析,得到如下结论:(1)苹果绵蚜完成一世代的积温要求和发育起点温度均低于苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂,二者的有效积温分别为352.19日度和375.51日度,发育起点温度分别为7.62度和7.95度。因此,苹果绵蚜较其寄生蜂更适合于昆明地区的气候条件;(2)苹果绵蚜种群的增长能力大于苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂,二者的内禀增长率在20℃下分别为0.1390和0.1146,在25℃下分别为0.2647和0.1628。这可能是昆明地区苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂不能控制苹果绵蚜为害的主要原因。另外,本研究首次利用卡方密度函数对各种温度下的昆虫产卵的时间分布进行了拟合,取得了较好的效果。     

入侵性害虫——苹果绵蚜田间种群数量的调查方法

2007年6月中旬到10底在山东省莱阳市对苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausmann)的田间发生数量进行调查研究。在田间定点调查5株苹果树上苹果绵蚜虫落数量和虫落面积,并在其它苹果树上随机选择20个虫落,计数每个虫落中苹果绵蚜的活体数,从而计算单位面积虫落中苹果绵蚜的平均数量。分析指出,以计算法求得的虫落中苹果绵蚜的实际数量为指标,既考虑了苹果绵蚜虫落的数量和大小,也考虑了单位面积虫落中苹果绵蚜活体数,并且把被苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂寄生的僵蚜排除在外,能较客观地反映出田间实际情况,是一种比较准确的表示苹果绵蚜田间数量的方法。     

外来入侵种——苹果绵蚜在中国的适生区预测

苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausmann)是我国重要的检疫性害虫,主要为害苹果、海棠等苹果属(Malus Mill.)植物。目前,该种害虫已在我国一些苹果主产区迅速扩散,并给我国的苹果产业造成了较为严重的经济损失。为了对其进行有效监控,控制其蔓延,制定合理的防治策略,本研究利用GARP和MAXENT两种生态位模型,结合其寄主地理分布,预测苹果绵蚜在我国的潜在地理分布区。研究结果表明:GARP和MAXENT预测结果相似,但前者预测面积比后者广泛。苹果绵蚜在我国的最适适生区主要分布在东北(辽宁南部)、华北(河北东、南部、北京、天津和山西南部)、华东(山东大部)、华中(河南北部)和西北(陕西中部)。另外,河北南部、山东和河南南部、甘肃东部、四川中南部、陕西大部、云南与西藏的零星地区是苹果绵蚜的中度适生区;黑龙江、吉林、新疆等20个省份(市、自治区)的全境是苹果绵蚜低度适生区或不适生区。此外,刀切法(Jackknifetest)检验结果表明,1月份平均最高温是影响苹果绵蚜分布最重要的环境变量。最后,提出几点管理苹果绵蚜的方法和防治策略,避免该种害虫传播或入侵到其它苹果产区。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.