可持续性转型——第五届工业生态学国际大会综述

综述了在葡萄牙里斯本召开的第五届工业生态学国际大会情况.大会的中心议题是"可持续性转型",设立了可持续资源管理、工业生态学工具、工业共生、发展中国家的工业生态学等10个议题.在简介会议背景和大会基本数据后,对上述议题归类为社会物质代谢、生态工业发展和工业生态学方法工具3个领域并进行介绍和评述.最后,总结了国际工业生态学的发展现状及趋势,提出了对国内工业生态学发展的4点启示,包括加强实证研究、开展国家层面的物质代谢分析、注意新方法的开发与应用、强化理论基础构建意识.     

工业生态学的内涵与发展

作为一门发展不到20a的综合性交叉学科,工业生态学目前需要界定其学术范畴和理论基础.首先评述了工业生态学的4个主要领域:(1)社会代谢是工业生态学起源最早也是发展最为成熟的领域.它提供了宏观层次上观察和测量经济发展与物质流动关系的方法和工具,但需要进一步细化物质流动图景和加强流动机制的解释;(2)工业共生是工业生态学最具特征的领域.它实质上是人们出于观察视角的转变而对工业体系的重新认识.逻辑严谨且规则统一的解释框架有助于工业共生理论的发展和实践;(3)基础设施与产业相互选择且协同演进,二者共同构成了城市的物质基础,而城市又是更大范围内区域经济系统的子集.这一组工业生态学的研究对象需要处理产业全球化与社会和生态要素本土化的矛盾;(4)工业发展的可持续性是工业生态学关注的核心目标,而多样性和复杂性给其研究带来了很大的挑战.这提醒我们要避免陷入简单化、还原论或机械论的陷阱,多开展实证研究.最后,从本体论、方法论和隐喻3个标准给出了工业生态学的初步界定,并指出4个重要的努力方向.     

工业生态学研究现状与展望

工业生态学是一门新兴交叉学科,自诞生10多年来,其理论研究与实践活动已经取得了长足的进展。首先介绍了工业生态学的缘起,综述了目前国外工业生态学在原料与能量流动(工业代谢)、物质减量化、技术变革和环境、生命周期规划设计与评价、为环境设计、延伸生产者的责任、生态工业园(工业共生系统)、产品导向的环境策略、生态效益等主要领域的研究进展;分析了我国工业生态学的研究现状,并结合国际发展趋势提出了我国工业生态学未来的研究框架和主要研究领域     

工业生态学研究足迹迁移——基于Citespace II的分析

由于工业发展与环境关系愈发恶化,可持续发展问题日益突出,有必要通过回顾工业生态学研究来寻找理论指导。利用引文空间分析工具Citespace Ⅱ,通过绘制工业生态学知识图谱,以定量与定性结合方法,系统梳理国内外工业生态学研究成果,挖掘工业生态学的知识基础、发展脉络和研究热点。研究发现:工业生态学是一门交叉性学科,涉及环境科学、生态学、管理学和经济学;生态工业园仍为工业发展重要方向,需要结合生态系统理论与工业流程重构对其加以改善;城市、农业、共生成为当前研究热点;生命周期评估、投入产出分析和工业代谢仍为重要分析工具;我国工业生态问题将成为未来关注重点。     

中国产业生态学发展的回顾与展望

作为一门探讨产业发展与生态环境之间相互关系的学科,产业生态学需要对我国生态化转型重大战略选择做出贡献。本文回顾与评述了产业生态学在我国的发展,指出产业生态学在我国的起源具有多源性,既有着中国传统哲学的传承,也有着多种工程学科的经验升华,还有着前苏联经验的烙印。在进入新世纪后,我国产业生态学的发展开始深受西方学术的影响,逐渐建立起较为系统的教育、研究和组织体系。这些成果体现在课程开设、学科建设、机构成立和研究发表等方面。本专栏评述了其中的代表性领域并收录了相关成果,例如生命周期评价和产业共生等。在探讨产业生态学学科发展的现实性、理论性及政治性基础上,提出了需要进一步观察、总结和提炼过去的发展实践,需要关注中国根本性和战略性的核心问题,需要建构产业生态学的中国学派,需要加速建设产业生态学的教育和学科发展体系,并接受生态文明转型这一历史使命的挑战,为中国乃至世界产业生态学发展以及产业生态化做出贡献。     

基于GIS的产业生态学研究述评

产业生态学由于缺少关于空间分析的工具,使得研究结果因缺乏空间维度信息而影响对管理效率和精准度的支持。基于GIS的产业生态学相关研究已成为产业生态学研究的一个新的方向。为总结已有的研究成果并展望未来的研究方向,运用文献计量及对比分析的手段,系统分析了国内外基于GIS的产业生态学的相关研究进展,得出以下结论:当前基于GIS的产业生态研究主要集中在物质代谢、产业共生和生命周期评价3个方面,将GIS技术引入到物质代谢研究中,可以更好的展示物质代谢的时空分布格局,为物质代谢研究提供了一种新的方法;基于GIS技术,不仅可以更加高效地挖掘潜在的产业共生机会,还可应用于生态产业园的规划管理如企业的选址、空间布局等以及废弃物的回收再利用方面;将GIS与LCA耦合在一起,可以很好地补充、完善和管理传统数据,有助于探索产品、活动或工艺的环境影响的空间特性以及进行土地利用相关的环境影响评价。另外,国内外研究的侧重点也不尽相同。在物质代谢研究中,国内研究较少,仅在城市尺度上进行了基础设施的物质代谢及其存量分析,国外在国家、城市尺度上研究了铜、锌等金属的物质代谢情况;在产业共生研究中,国内侧重于生态产业园的研究,而国外侧重于城市尺度的产业共生机会识别的研究;在LCA的研究中,国内开展了基于GIS的生命周期评价数据库和产品材料信息管理系统的研究,而国外侧重于进行区域化的生命周期评价、进行土地利用影响类型的相关评价以及污染物的追踪,国内在该方面尚处于起步阶段。国内外在研究方法上存在共性,都是基于GIS的空间分析方法、缓冲区分析方法以及数据库技术等。未来将GIS作为一个平台,面向产业转型展开产业生态学综合理论方法的研究,可以为产业的可持续性管理提供有效支持。     

生命周期方法在产业共生系统环境效益评价中的应用——研究进展及问题分析

近年来,产业共生作为产业生态学最具特征的领域引起了相关研究者的广泛关注。当前的研究逐渐从产业共生系统的定性描述分析转向定量的系统评价上。传统的产业共生系统环境效益评价仅仅关注共生系统本身,而忽视了占环境影响20%—50%的上、下游过程及替代过程的环境影响,为了得到客观的、系统的环境影响评价,将生命周期分析方法引入产业共生效益评价显得尤为重要。首先回顾了生命周期分析方法在产业共生研究中的发展过程,接着评述了3种生命周期分析方法在产业生态研究中的优劣势。并重点分析了将生命周期思想引入产业共生效益评价方法存在的功能单位设定问题及系统边界的选择问题。最后,呼吁为避免隐形污染的转移,必须尽快将生命周期分析的方法和管理理念引入我国生态工业园设计、规划、评价和管理的全过程中。     

第六届国际生态学大会介绍

第六届国际生态学大会介绍尹峰,房继明（北京师范大学生物学系１００８７５）第六届国际生态学大会（ＩＮＴＥＣＯＬ）将于１９９４年８月２１日至２６日在英国曼彻斯特市曼彻斯特大学召开。此次会议由英国生态学会发起,由国际生态学联合会组织。大会的中心议题是为迎接...     

城市绿地研究进展

2016年7月8-10日在中国上海召开了第二届国际城市生态学大会,会议的主题是“快速城市化和全球环境变化背景下城市生态学面临的挑战”。会议设16个专场,主要议题包括：城市化动态、城市可持续性研究、城市生物多样性评估和城市生态学教育等。城市绿地是大会的研究热点之一,会上讨论了城市绿地与城市生物多样性的密切联系、城市绿地的温度调节作用和文化服务,以及城市绿地与紧凑城市的关系等众多城市发展中的重要科学问题。为了推动城市绿地和城市生态学研究的进一步发展,本文对SURE大会上与城市绿地相关的研究内容进行综述和介绍。本次大会对未来城市绿地研究具有重要启示：(1)加强城市绿地的生态系统服务与可持续科学教育的研究;(2)加强小尺度城市绿地的评估、规划和管理研究;(3)加强城市绿地多功能的综合性研究。     

东北老工业区矿业城市产业生态系统演化与重构——以辽宁大石桥为例

基于演化经济地理学与产业生态学理论,以辽宁省大石桥市为例,阐明了镁产业的演化过程与特征,建立了镁产业生态系统的结构与功能模型。结果表明:大石桥市镁产业系统演化过程分为起步期、快速期、成熟期、转型期和优化期5个阶段,各个阶段受不同因素的影响呈现出不同的演化特征;基于产业生态学视角的大石桥市镁产业生态系统结构模型包括原生产业子系统、资源环境子系统、外生产业子系统、共生产业子系统和产业创新子系统5个子系统,各子系统之间相互影响与作用,通过系统耦合和物质能量的多级利用形成复杂网络结构,与一般生态系统相似,两者具有同构性与差异性;通过优化调控镁产业生态系统的演化路径与过程,才能实现大石桥市镁产业的生态、经济和社会效益的最大化,以促进生态文明建设。     

产业生态学的回顾与展望

对产业生态学的基本概念、研究方法和研究热点进行了总结与评述,认为产业生态学是研究人类产业活动与自然环境相互关系的一门综合性、垮学科的应用科学。它采用工业代谢、生命周期评价和区域生态建设的方法对产业活动全过程(包括原材料采掘、原材料生产、产品制造、产品使用、产品用后处理)进行定性描述和定量模拟。产业生态学着眼于人类和生态系统的长远利益,追求经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。     

产业生态学的回顾与展望

对产业生态学的基本概念、研究方法和研究热点进行了总结与评述,认为产业生态学是研究人类产业活动与自然环境相互关系的一门综合性、垮学科的应用科学．它采用工业代谢、生命周期评价和区域生态建设的方法对产业活动全过程（包括原材料采掘、原材料生产、产品制造、产品使用、产品用后处理）进行定性描述和定量模拟．产业生态学着眼于人类和生态系统的长远利益,追求经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一．     

基于社会网络分析法的生态工业园典型案例研究

以丹麦卡伦堡和广西贵港生态工业园为例,应用社会网络分析法分析典型生态工业园的组织结构和网络结构。用簇系数、平均最短距离、传递性以及核心-边缘结构来衡量其稳定性,分析其不同结构特征。卡伦堡生态工业园的簇系数为0.715,远高于贵港生态工业园的0.246,说明其聚合性较好;从最短距离长度来看,卡伦堡和贵港分别为2.110和2.236,复杂性弱;从传递性来看,两者传递性皆低于25%,节点之间联系性不够强;从核心-边缘结构来看,卡伦堡各节点之间的异质性(0.057)高于贵港(0.005),可见贵港参与主体的中心性较为均衡,而卡伦堡差异性较大。两者都以一个产业或者企业集团为网络核心;网络内其他节点联系不够紧密,长链条联结较少;网络复杂性弱。     

An empirical study on the dynamic effect of regional industrial carbon transfer in China

The dynamic trend of regional industrial carbon transfer along with industrial transfers in China is currently a hot topic. To explore this problem, the gravity model has been used to study the spatial distribution of industrial transfer and industrial carbon transfer. The results indicate that both barycenters are moving westward. Based on the STIRPAT model, a system-GMM model was then constructed that introduced the industrial transfer factor and its square to explore temporal changes in regional industrial carbon transfer in the course of industrial transfer. The estimated results revealed that the relationship between industrial transfer and industrial carbon transfer displays an inverted U-shaped pattern. For every 1% increase in industrial transfer, there was a 0.327% increase in industrial carbon transfer before the turning point, but industrial carbon transfer decreased by 0.07% when it passed the “peak”. Because no province had surpassed the turning point, carbon transfer during industrial transfer in China is currently in the growth phase. Moreover, real GDP per capita, industrial structure, and industrial carbon emission intensity promoted carbon emissions reduction in the course of industrial transfer.     

微生物农药研究进展及产业发展对策

综述了近年来我国微生物农药的研究现状和进展 ,详细介绍了微生物农药今后的产业发展趋势、目标和对策 ,并对一些有关微生物农药的热点问题进行了探讨。     

The Impact of Rest Breaks on Temporal Trends in Injury Risk

This study examined the impact of rest breaks on temporal trends in industrial accident risks in an attempt to replicate earlier findings of a linear increase in risk as a function of elapsed time on task. In two separate studies, the trend in work‐related injuries were studied in relation to the timing of rest breaks. In study one, comparisons were made between on‐ and off‐track workers on weekly rotating three‐shift systems operating in a large engineering company. Records of on‐duty injuries that occurred over 12 months were examined (N=4645 incidents). Study two involved interviewing patients who had suffered work‐related hand injuries in a variety of occupational settings (N=407 patients). Hierarchical log linear analysis was used in both studies. In study one, risk increased from the first to the second half‐hour of continuous work following a break, but then remained relatively constant in subsequent half‐hour periods, although there was a fall in the third half‐hour for on‐track workers. In some of the data, there was also a decrease in risk in the period leading up to the end of a work period. There was a sharp decline in reported injuries toward the very end of a shift, but otherwise the observed trends did not differ between successive periods of continuous work or between morning, afternoon, and night shifts. In study two, risk increased from the first to the second half‐hour of continuous work and then remained relatively constant in the third half‐hour. The contrast between the current and previous findings may be due to the relatively unique work environment of the previous study. It is suggested that the current trends reflect the effects of working in a relatively unconstrained task environment, and that causes other than fatigue may underlie the trends observed in both the previous and current studies.     

A comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA,carbon footprint and emergy methods—Case of Kawasaki,Japan

One proposed strategy to solve current environmental challenges is industrial and urban symbiosis (I/UrS); however, appropriate evaluation methods are needed so that the potential benefits of I/UrS can be quantified. Several evaluation methods have been applied separately to study I/UrS, but no integrated studies have been conducted by applying different methods in the same case study area. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a comprehensive framework to evaluate I/UrS by combining the material flow analysis (MFA), carbon footprint (CF) and emergy methods. First, we developed a unified database and step-by-step process to clarify the waste distribution and recycling processes in an industrial city. Then a baseline scenario and an I/UrS scenario were set up to define the baselines and effects of I/UrS and compare the results. Finally, the three methods were applied to identify physical features in the I/UrS system. The MFA-based results showed that the use of I/UrS led to a 6.4% reduction in the physical value of material use. The CF-based results indicated that reduction of waste and by-products results in a 13.8% reduction in CO₂e emissions. The emergy-based results showed that, with the implementation of I/UrS, the value of the emergy sustainability index (excluding labor and services) improved greatly (a 49.2% emergy reduction) as compared with the baseline case (a 14.3% reduction). In addition, the effects of implementing I/UrS by waste and by-product exchanges for blast furnace slag, scrap steel, waste paper, and waste plastic were evaluated. Whereas the CF reductions of unit ton of blast furnace slag is relatively low, emergy reductions of that is comparatively high. If policymakers only consider CF results when addressing the issue of climate change, the effects on emergy will be underestimated in this case. We conclude that the main actors in this area release huge emissions, but they also have a high potential to reduce their environmental loads. In addition, with appropriate designs, waste paper and plastics recycling could be highly efficient. Finally, the integration of the three evaluation methods should contribute to creating a low carbon and more resource independent society.     

Improved Industrial Syntheses of Penciclovir and Famciclovir Using N2-Acetyl-7-Benzylguanine and a Cyclic Side Chain Precursor

We have established practical synthetic methods for penciclovir (PCV, 1) and famciclovir (FCV, 2) from N2-acetyl-7-benzylguanine (NAc7BnG, 3) and 6,6-dimethyl-5,7-dioxaspiro[2.5]octane-4,8-dione (4)—the latter being a more easily prepared cyclic precursor of the diacetate side chain (5) used in the conventional process. The coupling of 4 with 3 proceeded regioselectively at the N9 position of guanine in good yield. The coupling product was then successfully transformed into the known antiviral agents in a short number of steps.     

工业微生物学教学内容与方法改革探讨

工业微生物学单独作为教程的时间较短, 在教学内容和教学方法上, 还需经过多方面的改革探讨。从基础理论知识与科研, 实验教学及生产生活实践的有机结合等角度对教学内容改革进行了探讨;采用计算机辅助教学(CAI)模式, 把基于问题的学习(PBL)和基于案例的学习(CBS)的启发式教学方法相结合, 引入部分双语教学的方法, 对教学方法进行了改革。通过以上两方面的探讨实践, 学生对工业微生物学产生了较浓厚的兴趣, 达到了教改的目的。     

Brevibacterium sp. strain CS2: A potential candidate for arsenic bioremediation from industrial wastewater

A multiple metal-resistant Brevibacterium sp. strain CS2, isolated from an industrial wastewater, resisted arsenate and arsenate upto 280 and 40 mM. The order of resistance against multiple metals was Arsenate > Arsenite > Selenium = Cobalt > Lead = Nickel > Cadmium = Chromium = Mercury. The bacterium was characterized as per morphological and biochemical characteristics at optimum conditions (37 ℃ and 7 pH). The appearance of brownish color precipitation was due to the interaction of silver nitrate confirming its oxidizing ability against arsenic. The strain showed arsenic processing ability at different temperatures, pH, and initial arsenic concentration which was 37% after 72 h and 48% after 96 h of incubation at optimum conditions with arsenite 250 mM/L (initial arsenic concentration). The maximum arsenic removal ability of strain CS2 was determined for 8 days, which was 32 and 46% in wastewater and distilled water, respectively. The heat-inactivated cells of the isolated strain showed a bioremediation efficiency (E) of 96% after 10 h. Genes cluster (9.6 kb) related to arsenite oxidation was found in Brevibacterium sp. strain CS2 after the genome analysis of isolated bacteria through illumine and nanopore sequencing technology. The arsenite oxidizing gene smaller subunit (aioB) on chromosomal DNA locus (Prokka_01508) was identified which plays a role in arsenite oxidation for energy metabolism. The presence of arsenic oxidizing genes and an efficient arsenic oxidizing potential of Brevibacterium sp. strain CS2 make it a potential candidate for green chemistry to eradicate arsenic from arsenic-contaminated wastewater.