河南省土壤有机碳储量及空间分布

利用河南省1∶20万土壤数据库估算了河南省土壤有机碳储量，并分析了其空间分布规律.结果表明：河南省陆地土壤有机碳含量约为10.27×10⁸ t，占全国储量的1.15%；土壤平均碳密度为7.46 kg·m^-2，低于全国平均水平9.60 kg·m^-2；有机碳储量在前4位的土壤类型为潮土、褐土、粗骨土和黄褐土，碳储量都大于1.0×10⁸ t，四者之和占全省总储量的69.65%；沼泽土的有机碳密度最大，为24.54 kg·m^-2，其次为山地草甸土和棕壤，分别为17.69和14.64 kg·m^-2，三者主要分布在西部山区，其碳储量之和仅占全省的6.34%；石质土和风沙土的碳密度含量最低，分别为1.32和1.38 kg·m^-2 ；全省的土壤有机碳密度主要在5～10 kg·m^-2范围内变动.     

常规灌溉条件下嫁接和增施氮肥对温室黄瓜耗水量及水分利用效率的影响

在日光温室内研究了常规灌溉条件下，嫁接和3种施氮水平（0、110和331 kg·hm^-2）对日光温室黄瓜耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在嫁接和追施氮肥331 kg·hm^-时，黄瓜耗水量最高，冬春茬和秋冬茬分别为3 350和2 181 m³·hm^-2，水分利用效率也最高，两茬口分别为27.2和36.9 kg·m^-3.在施氮量相同的情况下，嫁接黄瓜的耗水量比自根黄瓜提高3%～6%，经济产量和水分利用效率则分别提高28%和209%;随着施氮量的增加，嫁接黄瓜耗水量和水分利用效率均显著增加，自根黄瓜耗水量也随施氮量的增加而增加，但水分利用效率却在施氮110 kg·hm^-2时最高.因此，嫁接栽培可显著提高黄瓜耗水量及水分利用效率，且随着施氮量的增加而显著增加;增施氮肥也可显著提高自根黄瓜的耗水量，但氮肥增施过多则将降低自根黄瓜的水分利用效率.     

红松人工林矿质营养元素含量与贮量的研究

以黑龙江省东北林业大学老山人工林实验站26林班白浆土栽培的红松人工林为试验地，林龄20年，公顷株数为3240株，研究结果表明，矿质元素贮量为502.37 kg·h^-1·m^-2，平均每年为25.12 kg·h^-1·m^-2。其中乔木层占总量的81.46%，灌木层占11.17%，草本层占2.56%，凋落层占4.81%。为增加矿质元素含量与贮量，应调整林分结构，促进生长，提高林地生产力。     

施氮水平对不同种植制度下玉米氮利用及产量和品质的影响

研究了不同施氮量对套作和单作条件下春、夏玉米氮利用以及产量和品质的影响. 结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,单作和套作条件下,春、夏玉米吸氮量显著增加,籽粒产量、生物产量和籽粒蛋白质产量也显著增加.由于春、夏玉米需求的养分种类与形态一致,低氮条件时竞争较激烈,春玉米处于优势地位,但其吸氮量仍低于单作.增加施氮量可以缓解这种竞争,利于玉米的高产优质.施氮量由187.5 kg·hm^-2增至375 kg·hm^-2时,春、夏玉米单作时生物产量平均增加1.717 kg·kg^-1 N,而套作时平均增加12.179 kg·kg^-1 N;春、夏玉米单作时蛋白质产量平均增加0.305 kg·kg^-1 N,而套作时平均增加1.829 kg·kg^-1 N;春夏玉米套作的土地当量比由1.59增加到1.91.与单作相比,春夏玉米套作可显著提高玉米产量和改善品质,增施氮肥有利于套作条件下玉米高产优质潜力的充分发挥.     

苗期遮光光质对生姜光合及生长的影响

以不同颜色塑料薄膜为遮光材料，研究了苗期遮光光质对生姜生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明:幼苗覆膜期，生姜叶片叶绿素含量以蓝膜及绿膜处理较高，白膜次之，红膜较低；叶片P_n则以绿膜处理较高，为14.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1（第4叶），分别较白膜、红膜及蓝膜提高5.7%、10.4%和18.3%.旺盛生长期撤膜后，P_n较幼苗期升高，但处理间的变化趋势与幼苗期相似；新生叶片叶绿素含量除红膜处理较低外，其它处理无显著差异，但下位叶片叶绿素含量则以蓝膜和红膜处理显著低于绿膜和白膜处理.蓝膜处理生姜植株茎秆增高、变细，分枝数较少；绿膜处理植株根、茎、叶及根茎鲜质量较高，白膜、红膜及蓝膜处理依次降低，收获时，其产量分别达57 000、53 709、51 487和48 712 kg·hm^-2.说明生姜苗期采用绿膜遮光，可增强叶片光合作用，促进植株生长，提高生姜产量.     

基于HNSOTER的海南岛土壤有机碳储量及空间分布特征分析

基于海南岛1∶200 000土壤 地体数字化数据库（HNSOTER）,在GIS系统的支持下,对海南岛土壤有机碳储量及分布特征进行了探讨.结果表明,1）标准剖深下（0～100 cm）,海南岛土壤有机碳储量为2.78×10⁸ t.2）0～20 cm剖深土壤有机碳密度变幅在0.3～18.8 kg·m^-2之间,其中1.0～5.0 kg·m^-2密度区占总分布面积的81.2%,按面积加权均值为3.3 kg·m^-2.0～100 cm剖深的土壤有机碳密度变幅在1.0～32.1 kg·m^-2 之间,其中2.0～14.0 kg·m^-2密度区面积比重占89.7%,按面积加权均值为8.4 kg·m^-2.不同地形、岩性及土壤类型中,土壤有机碳密度分布有较大变异.3）从中部山地向外至沿海平原,土壤有机碳密度总体上呈递减趋势,但不同剖深下其分布格局仍有一定差异.0～20 cm剖深下土壤有机碳密度高值区（丰富度指数大于1）主要分布于山地以及北部玄武岩台地,0～100 cm剖深下,有机碳密度高值区（丰富度指数大于1）趋向集中于中东部山地、台地区,且其分布重心较前者明显的向东偏移.     

遮光处理对西葫芦幼苗形态特征及光合生理特性的影响

研究了不同遮光处理对西葫芦幼苗形态及光合生理特性的影响.结果表明,在60%透光率条件下,西葫芦幼苗具有较高的相对生长率、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、单叶水分利用效率、饱和蒸汽压、表观量子效率和叶绿素含量,而胞间CO₂浓度较低;西葫芦幼苗具有较高的光饱和点(1 125 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、较低的光补偿点(15.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1).弱光下西葫芦幼苗较耐低浓度CO₂,而强光下的幼苗较耐高浓度CO₂.60%透光率下西葫芦幼苗叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量最低,而过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性则最高.     

中国典型丘陵区人口密集乡村景观的土壤碳氮磷分布特征

基于IKONOS高分辨率(1 m)卫星遥感图,根据生态立地分层分类规则,评价了四川盆地、江南山地和华南山地等典型丘陵区人口密集的乡村景观结构对0～30 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)密度及储量的影响.结果表明：SOC密度的面积加权平均值为江南山地丘陵(2.72±0.76 kg·m^-2) > 华南山地丘陵(2.65±0.73 kg·m^-2)>四川盆地丘陵(2.15±0.57 kg·m^-2);TN密度的面积加权平均值为江南山地丘陵(0.28±0.06 kg·m^-2) >四川盆地丘陵(0.27±0.06 kg·m^-2) >华南山地丘陵(0.21±0.06 kg·m^-2);TP密度的面积加权平均值为四川盆地丘陵(0.19±0.04 kg·m^-2) >江南山地丘陵(0.11±0.03 kg·m^-2)>华南山地丘陵(0.08±0.04 kg·m^-2).四川盆地、江南山地和华南山地丘陵SOC、TN和TP储量最高的生态立地类型分别为小规模1年生旱地作物、两季水田和斜坡次生阔叶疏林.SOC和TN密度均以水田或林地最高,而以低覆盖度的挖掘地和山顶旱地最低,TP密度的分布较为复杂.细微尺度的生态立地水平分析可以较好地反映出丘陵区人口密集乡村景观地区的生态结构和SOC、TN、TP的分布情况.     

短期增强UV-B辐射对青榨槭幼苗生理特性的影响

在中国科学院茂县生态站选择2年生青榨槭幼苗进行室外盆栽实验,以人工增强0.27 W·m^-2(7.7 kJ·m^-2·d^-1)的UV-B辐射剂量,研究模拟当地平流层臭氧削减15%时近地面太阳UV B的增强对木本植物幼苗生理生态适应性的影响.处理50 d后,移除UV-B处理装置,就地测定气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,并取样测定叶绿素及UV吸收物质含量.结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著降低了青榨槭幼苗叶片最大净光合速率Pmax(对照为6.214,处理为4.452),显著增加叶片暗呼吸速率Rd(对照为0.413,处理为1.295)和光补偿点LCP(对照为21.629,处理为59.861),但对表观量子速率a(对照为0.021,处理为0.032)影响不明显;它降低青榨幼苗每日净光合速率和水分利用效率,以及原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSП).此外,增强UV-B辐射使叶片叶绿素a、b含量降低(对照为16.23,5.39,处理为13.17,4.93),但对叶绿素b含量影响未达显著水平.增强UV-B处理降低了青榨槭幼苗UV吸收物质含量(对照为0.87,处理为0.79).光合指标、叶绿素荧光指标和叶绿素含量的变化有较好的一致性,表明增强UV-B对青榨槭幼苗的光合作用可能有一定的抑制作用.     

四种野生苔草属植物的耐寒性评价

以采自泰山的白颖苔草、披针叶苔草、青绿苔草和低矮苔草为材料,观察越冬期间田间适应性并测定低温胁迫下抗寒相关的生理指标,计算半致死温度(LT₅₀),利用模糊隶属函数法对耐寒性进行综合评价.结果表明: 4种野生苔草属植物均能安全越冬,且翌春恢复生长良好,年绿期达到260～310 d,越冬期间枯叶率为12%～95%;LT₅₀为-18.65～-11.74 ℃.随着低温胁迫的加剧,4种苔草的丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白含量总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势.除披针叶苔草表现为整体呈下降趋势外,其他3种苔草的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势.耐寒性相对较弱的白颖苔草较早地积累MDA、Pro和可溶性糖.可溶性蛋白含量在低温处理后期达到最大值,且苔草的耐寒性越强其峰值越小.在低温处理初期披针叶苔草SOD活性显著高于其他3种苔草.4种苔草属植物的耐寒性强弱为:披针叶苔草>青绿苔草>低矮苔草>白颖苔草.     

东北中部地区水稻不同生育时期低温处理下生理变化及耐冷性比较

摘要：研究水稻不同生育时期低温条件下各种生理指标的变化,选育耐低温水稻新品种,对于东北地区的水稻生产具有重要意义。以东北中部地区目前主要栽培的15个主要栽培水稻品种为实验材料,利用人工气候箱进行低温处理,分析苗期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期4个不同生育时期各个品种过氧化物酶（POD）、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸和叶绿素4种生理指标含量变化与耐低温系数之间的关系。同时利用不同生理指标隶属函数的加权平均值（D值）对不同水稻品种的抗冷性进行分类划分。结果表明,每个生育时期的低温处理下,过氧化物酶（POD）、脯氨酸、叶绿素均呈下降趋势,丙二醛（MDA）则呈上升趋势,并且4种指标的变化幅度与水稻耐低温系数之间呈极显著相关性（P＜0.01）,各种指标的加权平均值（D值）与抗低温系数之间相关系数达到极显著,并且高于每一个单一指标。因此,D值可以更有效的对水稻进行抗低温评价和分级。     

盐胁迫对海岛棉和陆地棉幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽法,以海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)品种新海21号、新海34号和陆地棉(G.hirsutum)品种新陆早50号、新陆早57号为材料,探讨了盐胁迫下海岛棉和陆地棉植株的生长、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质及丙二醛含量变化的差异。结果显示,随着盐浓度的增加,4个供试品种幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈不同程度的下降,而过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶及可溶性糖含量随着盐浓度的增加呈先增后降的趋势,脯氨酸和丙二醛含量均上升。不同品种之间,新海21号和新海34号受胁迫的影响程度小于新陆早57号和新陆早50号。在0.6%Na Cl胁迫下,海岛棉和陆地棉品种均表现出较好的耐盐性。而0.8%和1.0%的Na Cl胁迫对4个供试品种的生长抑制作用大,导致新陆早57号和新陆早50号幼苗生长缓慢、叶面积小、干物质积累少甚至死苗。在较高浓度的盐胁迫下,棉花品种幼苗第1片真叶展开受到显著抑制,可以作为棉花耐盐品种的筛选指标。     

低温胁迫下不同甘蔗品种(系)光合特性的变化及其与耐寒性的关系

以广西农科院甘蔗研究所自育的7个新材料和2个生产上的主栽品种为研究对象,在甘蔗苗期进行低温胁迫处理,研究了各品种(系)甘蔗形态特征的冷害指数、叶绿素含量及光合特性相关指标的变化及其光合特性相关指标与甘蔗抗寒性间的相关性。结果表明:随着低温胁迫处理时间的延长,冷害指数不断增大,但变化的大小与快慢因品种(系)不同表现不一样。各甘蔗品种(系)叶片叶绿素含量均随时间延长而降低。叶片净光合速率、气孔导度在低温处理与常温处理间具有显著差异。低温胁迫处理显著降低了各甘蔗品种(系)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ、光适应下PSⅡ反应中心的最大光能转化效率Fv′/Fm′、光化学猝灭系数qP、电子传递速率ETR,而显著提高了初始荧光Fo、稳态荧光Fs、非光化学猝灭系数qNP。相关性分析表明整个测定时期各指标间相关显著,Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ与冷害指数I之间的相关系数在0.800以上,Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ可以作为甘蔗品种(系)抗寒性鉴定的重要参考指标。     

Salt-induced modulation in growth,photosynthesis and antioxidant system in two varieties of Brassica juncea

The present study was carried out to examine salt-induced modulation in growth, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant system in two cultivars of Brassica juncea Czern and Coss varieties (Varuna and RH-30). The surface sterilized seeds of these varieties were sown in the soil amended with different levels (2.8, 4.2 or 5.6 dsm⁻¹) of sodium chloride under a simple randomized block design. The salt treatment significantly decreased growth, net photosynthetic rate and its related attributes, chlorophyll fluorescence, SPAD value of chlorophyll, leaf carbonic anhydrase activity and leaf water potential, whereas electrolyte leakage, proline content, and activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased in both the varieties at 30 d stage of growth. The variety Varuna was found more resistant than RH-30 to the salt stress and possessed higher values for growth, photosynthetic attributes and antioxidant enzymes. Out of the graded concentrations (2.8, 4.2 or 5.6 dsm⁻¹) of sodium chloride, 2.8 sm⁻¹ was least toxic and 5.6 dsm⁻¹ was most harmful. The variation in the responses of these two varieties to salt stress is attributed to their differential photosynthetic traits, SPAD chlorophyll value and antioxidant capacity, which can be used as potential markers for screening mustard plants for salt tolerance.     

不同蚕豆品种对铅污染的光合生理响应特征

以3个蚕豆品种(分别为K0883、K0502、K0697)为试验材料,通过大田模拟小剂量Pb污染(浓度为40和250 mg·kg^-1),研究了净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量等光合生理响应特征的变化在不同品种中的差异.结果表明,Pb污染下3个蚕豆品种气孔导度和蒸腾速率没有显著变化,叶绿素含量有不同程度的上升;在250 mg·kg^-1 Pb浓度下,K0883蚕豆品种净光合速率、水分利用效率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度分别升高121.80％、上升193.70％、下降42.76％.3个蚕豆品种对Pb污染的抗性大小顺序为K0883＞K0697＞K0502.蚕豆不同光合生理指标对小剂量Pb污染的响应特征不同.不同蚕豆品种对小剂量Pb污染的响应特征存在差异,这种种内的差异性采用单个生理指标难以反映,只有通过对多个指标的整合分析才能表现出来.     

Protection of photosynthesis and antioxidative system by 24-epibrassinolide in Solanum melongena under cold stress

This study was carried out to understand the mechanism of protection of plants under cold stress by exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR). The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings were pretreated with five concentrations of EBR (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 °M) and then exposed to day/night temperatures of 10/5 °C for 8 d. The results show that EBR, especially 0.1 °M EBR, dramatically alleviated growth suppression and a decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate caused by the cold stress. In addition, EBR also decreased malondialdehyde content and O₂ ^·? production rate induced by the cold stress, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, and proline content. The results of the present study suggest that exogenous EBR could improve cold tolerance of eggplant by regulating photosynthesis and antioxidative systems.     

Overexpression of ethylene response factor <Emphasis Type="Italic">TERF2</Emphasis> confers cold tolerance in rice seedlings

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a warm-season plant exposed to various stresses. Low temperature is an important factor limiting extension of rice cultivation areas and productivity. Previously, we have demonstrated that tomato ERF protein TERF2 enhances freezing tolerance of transgenic tobacco and tomato plants. Herein, we report that overexpression of TERF2 enhances transgenic rice tolerance to cold without affecting growth or agronomic traits. Physiological assays revealed that TERF2 could not only increase accumulation of osmotic substances and chlorophyll, but also reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decrease electrolyte leakage in rice under cold stress. Further analysis of gene expression showed that TERF2 could activate expression of cold-related genes, including OsMyb, OsICE1, OsCDPK7, OsSODB, OsFer1, OsTrx23, and OsLti6, in transgenic rice plants under natural condition or cold stress. Thus, our findings demonstrated that TERF2 modulated expression of stress-related genes and a series of physiological adjustments under cold stress, indicating that TERF2 might have important regulatory roles in response to abiotic stress in rice and possess potential utility in improving crop cold tolerance.     

Chlorophyll fluorescence emission as a reporter on cold tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions

Non-invasive, high-throughput screening methods are valuable tools in breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Optical signals such as chlorophyll fluorescence emission can be instrumental in developing new screening techniques. In order to examine the potential of chlorophyll fluorescence to reveal plant tolerance to low temperatures, we used a collection of nine Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and compared their fluorescence features with cold tolerance quantified by the well established electrolyte leakage method on detached leaves. We found that, during progressive cooling, the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence emission rose strongly and that this rise was highly dependent on the cold tolerance of the accessions. Maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and steady state fluorescence normalized to minimal fluorescence were also highly correlated to the cold tolerance measured by the electrolyte leakage method. In order to further increase the capacity of the fluorescence detection to reveal the low temperature tolerance, we applied combinatorial imaging that employs plant classification based on multiple fluorescence features. We found that this method, by including the resolving power of several fluorescence features, can be well employed to detect cold tolerance already at mild sub-zero temperatures. Therefore, there is no need to freeze the screened plants to the largely damaging temperatures of around −15°C. This, together with the method''s easy applicability, represents a major advantage of the fluorescence technique over the conventional electrolyte leakage method.Key words: chlorophyll fluorescence, cold acclimation, electrolyte leakage, high-throughput screening, natural accessions     

RNA-Seq Reveals Leaf Cuticular Wax-Related Genes in Welsh Onion

The waxy cuticle plays a very important role in plant resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and is an important characteristic of Welsh onions. Two different types of biangan Welsh onions (BG) were selected for this study: BG, a wild-type covered by wax, which forms a continuous lipid membrane on its epidermal cells, and GLBG, a glossy mutant of BG whose epidermal cells are not covered by wax. To elucidate the waxy cuticle-related gene expression changes, we used RNA-Seq to compare these two Welsh onion varieties with distinct differences in cuticular wax. The de novo assembly yielded 42,881 putative unigenes, 25.41% of which are longer than 1,000 bp. Among the high-quality unique sequences, 22,289 (52.0%) had at least one significant match to an existing gene model. A total of 798 genes, representing 1.86% of the total putative unigenes, were differentially expressed between these two Welsh onion varieties. The expression patterns of four important unigenes that are related to waxy cuticle biosynthesis were confirmed by RT-qPCR and COG class annotation, which demonstrated that these genes play an important role in defense mechanisms and lipid transport and metabolism. To our knowledge, this study is the first exploration of the Welsh onion waxy cuticle. These results may help to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the waxy cuticle and will be useful for waxy gene cloning, genetics and breeding as well as phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the Welsh onion.     

Plant growth regulators improve growth,photosynthesis, mineral nutrient and antioxidant system under cadmium stress in menthol mint ( Mentha arvensis L.)

Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) cultivation is significantly affected by the heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) which also imposes severe health hazards. Two menthol mint cultivars namely Kosi and Kushal were evaluated under Cd stress conditions. Impact of plant growth regulators (PGRs) like salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and triacontanol (Tria) on Cd stress tolerance was assessed. Reduced growth, photosynthetic parameters, mineral nutrient concentration, and increased oxidative stress biomarkers like electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide contents were observed under Cd stress. Differential upregulation of proline content and antioxidant activities under Cd stress was observed in both the cultivars. Interestingly, low electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and Cd concentration in leaves were observed in Kushal compared to Kosi. Among all the PGRs tested, SA proved to be the best in improving Cd-stress tolerance in both the cultivars but Kushal responded better than Kosi.