拟南芥MT-II过量表达提高抗旱性(英文)

富含巯基的植物II型金属硫蛋白(MT)对植物抵抗重金属胁迫具有重要作用,其中一个可能机制是金属硫蛋白可能猝灭重金属引起的氧化胁迫。利用转MT-II基因和野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株来对比研究MT在胁迫过程中通过清除氧自由基,特别是H2O2而对植物抗旱性的影响。研究表明,转基因型拟南芥能有效维持体内氧化—还原势,减少MDA的产生,从而缓解干旱胁迫引起的伤害,提高抗旱性。     

甘蔗金属硫蛋白基因(ScMT2-1-4)的克隆及表达分析

从甘蔗热带种Badila(Saccharum officinarum L.)中克隆获得1个2型金属硫蛋白基因的c DNA序列,命名为Sc MT2-1-4(Gen Bank登录号:KJ504375)。生物信息学分析显示,Sc MT2-1-4基因c DNA长459 bp,开放读码框为243 bp,编码80个氨基酸,富含14个半胱氨酸残基。推导的Sc MT2-1-4蛋白为亲水性蛋白,分子量为7.82 k D,等电点为5.59,该蛋白的二级结构由无规则卷曲和延伸链构成。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,Sc MT2-1-4基因是重金属胁迫的快速响应基因,其对Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+胁迫的应答模式提示了:甘蔗不同组织中Sc MT2-1-4对Cu2+胁迫应答的分功不同;Sc MT2-1-4对甘蔗抵御Zn2+胁迫起积极的作用;但该基因不直接参与甘蔗对Cd2+的螯合和解毒的过程。研究结果有助于进一步深入探究MT2基因在甘蔗应答重金属胁迫过程中的作用,为阐明甘蔗富集和耐受重金属的分子机制研究奠定基础。     

植物镉忍耐的分子机理

Cd是植物非必需的微量元素,对植物有很强的毒性.Cd抑制植物细胞生长,抑制氧化磷酸化,引发氧化胁迫,影响光合作用,损伤核仁和影响质膜ATP酶的活力.一些耐Cd植物通过诱导形成螯合肽、金属硫蛋白、植物应激蛋白等抵御Cd毒,也有的耐Cd植物则通过细胞壁固定、液泡分隔、腺体分泌等途径来抵御Cd毒.植物螯合肽合成酶(PCS)相关的一些基因已得到克隆.金属硫蛋白(MT)的克隆基因导入植物,使植物对Cd毒的抗性增加;植物胁迫蛋白可提高植物对Cd毒的抗性,Zn转运蛋白可运转Cd.修饰基因则通过影响主要基因提高植物对Cd的忍耐能力.野生型植物耐Cd毒是多基因控制的,而植物短期的Cd忍耐,则仅受一个或少数基因控制.     

植物重金属结合蛋白（肽）

本文综述了植物体中重金属结合蛋白(肽)——类金属硫蛋白(类MT)和植物螯合肽(PC)的诱导产生、物理和生物化学特性及它们的生理功能,并与动物MT作了比较。     

石油烃对沙蚕镉生物富集特性及金属硫蛋白诱导的影响

多毛类沙蚕作为海陆交错带的关键性物种,常被作为环境监测的指示生物.我国海陆交错带沙蚕常见种——双齿围沙蚕经常遭受各种污染物\[包括重金属镉(Cd)和石油烃\]的胁迫.本研究采用慢性微宇宙试验,以暴露于单一和复合Cd和石油烃条件下的沙蚕为研究对象,重点考察石油烃对沙蚕Cd生物富集特性及诱导金属硫蛋白的影响.结果表明: 单一Cd胁迫条件下,沙蚕对重金属Cd的生物累积随暴露浓度的升高而显著上升,生物富集系数随暴露时间的延长呈上升趋势;复合胁迫条件下,与对照组相比,石油烃的添加可以显著增加沙蚕对重金属Cd的生物累积.Cd可以诱导沙蚕金属硫蛋白(MT)的表达,但当沙蚕体内Cd含量达到180 mg·kg^-1DM时,MT基本饱和;石油烃不能显著诱导沙蚕MT合成,与单一Cd处理相比,石油烃的添加能够显著影响Cd诱导的MT含量.这说明尽管石油烃本身不能直接影响MT合成,但在与Cd共存时可以调节MT的表达,因此在利用野生沙蚕MT作为监测指标时要具体区分蛋白表达的潜在诱导因素.     

紫羊茅重金属抗性和敏感品种中类金属硫蛋白基因的鉴定及表达初探

重金属对生命机体的作用具有双重性。一方面,作为多数辅酶的辅助因子对细胞的正常代谢必不可少;另一方面,当重金属超过一定的浓度时对细胞有较大的毒性。在长期的进化过程中,生物可能形成一种调节细胞内重金属浓度的机制。这种机制在动物和真菌中被认为同金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)的作用密切相关。植物中也存在类似的与重金属结合的低分子量蛋白(heavy metal binding pep-tide)。最近对拟南芥菜和水稻中类金属硫蛋白(MT-like)基因的研究证实其作用与动物MT相似。紫羊茅品种“Merlin”是一种从锌铅矿区的重金属污染地采集的单子叶草种,对镉和铜的抗性都较高,分别达到50mg/L和30mg/L,而5mg/L Cd~(2 )或2mg/L Cu~(2 )便可抑制敏感品种“S59”的正常生长。目前     

高耐镉膨胀肾形虫种群金属硫蛋白基因的鉴定与诱导表达

为研究金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein, MT)对生物体抵抗重金属毒性的效应,获得一种具有镉高耐受性的膨胀肾形虫(Colpoda inflata)东北种群,该种群96h最高镉耐受浓度10 mg/L,其金属硫蛋白含量表现出与镉浓度、肾形虫种群增长率存在正相关关系。克隆获得金属硫蛋白Col-MT1基因,对基因序列和氨基酸序列特征分析表明,其为金属硫蛋白基因家族7a亚型的新成员。qRT-PCR实验证实, Col-MT1基因在60h、84h和108h三个时间点对5种浓度镉胁迫均上调表达,与镉浓度之间呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系。其分子调控机制还有待进一步研究。上述结果补充了原生动物MT基因数据库,为进一步揭示C. inflata MT基因的功能,以及应用于镉污染监测和环境修复奠定了基础。     

AtsHsp17.6-CⅠ和AtsHsp17.6-CⅡ基因对非生物胁迫的应答研究

小分子热激蛋白是植物受到热胁迫后的主要表达产物之一,与植物细胞耐热有密切关系。该研究发现,拟南芥小分子热激蛋白基因AtsHsp17.6-CⅠ和AtsHsp17.6-CⅡ 除热激之外,重金属离子Ni⁺、Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Al³⁺均能诱导这2个热激蛋白基因的表达;氧化胁迫和渗透胁迫同样也能诱导它们表达。该研究将由CaMV35S启动子驱动的这2个小分子热激蛋白基因导入拟南芥,RT-PCR分析表明,2个小分子热激蛋白基因在转基因植物中呈现组成型表达。实验结果表明,组成型表达小分子热激蛋白基因AtsHsp17.6-CⅠ的转基因植物表现出对6 μmol·L^-1 Cd²⁺胁迫、0.4% NaCl胁迫的耐受性。研究表明,这2个小分子热激蛋白基因可能参与着多种抗逆途径,推测其能够减轻或抵抗逆境胁迫引起的伤害并对其进行修复。     

重金属增强核因子与水稻金属硫蛋白基因启动子的结合

植物金属硫蛋白(metallothioneins, MT)被认为在植物应答重金属胁迫方面发挥了重要作用,但该基因的转录调控机制目前仍不清楚.我们以前的研究初步鉴定出位于-331/-194的水稻MT基因(ricMT)启动子区对于金属激活ricMT的表达是必需的.为了明确 -331/-194启动子序列在控制ricMT表达中的作用,本课题开展了该序列 与核因子的结合特性研究.从2周龄水稻嫩叶中提取了几乎不含叶绿体污染的细胞核,并制备 了核蛋白用于凝胶阻滞实验,发现核因子能够与-331/-194启动子序列特异 结合.本研究还进一步考察了重金属对核因子结合活性的影响,发现在结合体系中去除重金 属离子,核因子与-331/-194序列的结合能力会丧失,而在结合体系中加入重金属离子, 结合能力则会随着外加的离子浓度提高而增强,证明这种结合确实依赖于重金属.这些证据 结合以前的结果表明,某些金属响应的核因子可能通过结合-331/-194启动子区域来调控 ricMT基因表达.     

PpsbA驱动的类金属硫蛋白基因smtA在鱼腥藻的表达和镉离子抗性的提高

金属硫蛋白 (Metallothionein ,简称MT)是一类富含半胱氨酸、具有很强金属结合能力的小分子量蛋白。MT广泛存在于生物界 ,包括动物、植物和微生物 ,其中哺乳动物和人的MT结合金属能力最强。MT可通过其半胱氨酸的巯基与某些金属 (尤其是镉、汞和锌 )特异而稳定地结合[1] 。在蓝藻中也存在一种具有多核巯基簇的金属结合多肽 ,称作类金属硫蛋白 ,其金属离子结合能力只有高等哺乳动物MT的一半左右。经过对聚球藻 (Synechococcussp .)中的类金属硫蛋白氨基酸序列和已知真核生物如蟹、海胆、人和酵母的MT氨基酸序列比较 ,同源率低于 2 0 % […     

Arabidopsis CBF3/DREB1A and ABF3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to abiotic stress without stunting growth

Rice (Oryza sativa), a monocotyledonous plant that does not cold acclimate, has evolved differently from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which cold acclimates. To understand the stress response of rice in comparison with that of Arabidopsis, we developed transgenic rice plants that constitutively expressed CBF3/DREB1A (CBF3) and ABF3, Arabidopsis genes that function in abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent stress-response pathways, respectively. CBF3 in transgenic rice elevated tolerance to drought and high salinity, and produced relatively low levels of tolerance to low-temperature exposure. These data were in direct contrast to CBF3 in Arabidopsis, which is known to function primarily to enhance freezing tolerance. ABF3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to drought stress alone. By using the 60 K Rice Whole Genome Microarray and RNA gel-blot analyses, we identified 12 and 7 target genes that were activated in transgenic rice plants by CBF3 and ABF3, respectively, which appear to render the corresponding plants acclimated for stress conditions. The target genes together with 13 and 27 additional genes are induced further upon exposure to drought stress, consequently making the transgenic plants more tolerant to stress conditions. Interestingly, our transgenic plants exhibited neither growth inhibition nor visible phenotypic alterations despite constitutive expression of the CBF3 or ABF3, unlike the results previously obtained from Arabidopsis where transgenic plants were stunted.     

Alterations in Water Status,Endogenous Abscisic Acid Content,and Expression of rab18 Gene during the Development of Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Treatments as diverse as exposure to low temperature (LT), exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), or drought resulted in a 4 to 5[deg]C increase in freezing tolerance of the annual herbaceous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To correlate the increase in freezing tolerance with the physiological changes that occur in response to these treatments, we studied the alterations in water status, endogenous ABA levels, and accumulation of rab18 (V. Lang and E.T. Palva [1992] Plant Mol Biol 20: 951-962) mRNA. Exposure to LT and exogenous ABA caused only a minor decline in total water potential ([psi]w), in contrast to a dramatic decrease in [psi]w during drought stress. Similarly, the endogenous ABA levels were only slightly and transiently increased in LT-treated plants in contrast to a massive increase in ABA levels in drought-stressed plants. The expression of the ABA-responsive rab18 gene was low during the LT treatment but could be induced to high levels by exogenous ABA and drought stress. Taken together, these results suggest that the moderate increases in freezing tolerance of A. thaliana might be achieved by different mechanisms. However, ABA-deficient and ABA-insensitive mutants of A. thaliana have impaired freezing tolerance, suggesting that ABA is, at least indirectly, required for the development of full freezing tolerance.     

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves under drought stress

Using chlorophyll (chl) fluorescence imaging, we studied the effect of mild (MiDS), moderate (MoDS) and severe (SDS) drought stress on photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry of 4-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana. Spatio-temporal heterogeneity in all chl fluorescence parameters was maintained throughout water stress. After exposure to drought stress, maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m)) and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Φ(PSΙΙ)) decreased less in the proximal (base) than in the distal (tip) leaf. The chl fluorescence parameter F(v) /F(m) decreased less after MoDS than MiDS. Under MoDS, the antioxidant mechanism of A. thaliana leaves seemed to be sufficient in scavenging reactive oxygen species, as evident by the decreased lipid peroxidation, the more excitation energy dissipated by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and decreased excitation pressure (1-q(p)). Arabidopsis leaves appear to function normally under MoDS, but do not seem to have particular metabolic tolerance mechanisms under MiDS and SDS, as revealed by the level of lipid peroxidation and decreased quantum yield for dissipation after down-regulation in PSII (Φ(NPQ)), indicating that energy dissipation by down-regulation did not function and electron transport (ETR) was depressed. The simultaneous increased quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation (Φ(NO)) indicated that both the photochemical energy conversion and protective regulatory mechanism were insufficient. The non-uniform photosynthetic pattern under drought stress may reflect different zones of leaf anatomy and mesophyll development. The data demonstrate that the effect of different degrees of drought stress on A. thaliana leaves show spatio-temporal heterogeneity, implying that common single time point or single point leaf analyses are inadequate.     

Ascorbate peroxidase 1 plays a key role in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to stress combination

Within their natural habitat plants are subjected to a combination of different abiotic stresses, each with the potential to exacerbate the damage caused by the others. One of the most devastating stress combinations for crop productivity, which frequently occurs in the field, is drought and heat stress. In this study we conducted proteomic and metabolic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants subjected to a combination of drought and heat stress. We identified 45 different proteins that specifically accumulated in Arabidopsis in response to the stress combination. These included enzymes involved in reactive oxygen detoxification, malate metabolism, and the Calvin cycle. The accumulation of malic enzyme during the combined stress corresponded with enhanced malic enzyme activity, a decrease in malic acid, and lower amounts of oxaloacetate, suggesting that malate metabolism plays an important role in the response of Arabidopsis to the stress combination. Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) protein and mRNA accumulated during the stress combination. When exposed to heat stress combined with drought, an APX1-deficient mutant (apx1) accumulated more hydrogen peroxide and was significantly more sensitive to the stress combination than wild type. In contrast, mutants deficient in thylakoid or stromal/mitochondrial APXs were not more sensitive to the stress combination than apx1 or wild type. Our findings suggest that cytosolic APX1 plays a key role in the acclimation of plants to a combination of drought and heat stress.     

高效删除标记基因的Bhlea2植物表达载体的构建

为培育去除选择标记基因的耐旱转基因植物,同时利用Cre/Lox和FLP/frt系统,构建一个能够高效删除标记基因的Bhlea2基因植物表达载体.拟南芥rd29A启动子是在低温、干旱、高盐胁迫下的快速应答启动子,玉米ubiquitin启动子可有效驱动外源基因的转录,拟南芥pAB5启动子是花粉及胚胎等发育早期特异表达的启动子,利用上述启动子构建了表达Bhlea2基因并能够删除标记基因的植物表达载体.该表达载体包括重组酶表达元件pAB5-FLP、Bhlea2抗旱基因表达元件rd29A-Bhlea2和bar标记基因表达元件ubiquitin-bar.     

Oxidative stress, heat shock and drought differentially affect expression of a tobacco protein phosphatase 2C

A protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C)-homologous cDNA was isolated from Nicotiana tabacum (NtPP2C1). The deduced protein sequence of 416 amino acids showed the highest degree of similarity to the PP2C of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPP2CA) implicated in abscisic acid signalling. The expression of NtPP2C1 was strongly induced by drought, but repressed by oxidative stress and heat shock. It is suggested that NtPP2C1 operates at the junction of drought, heat shock and oxidative stress.     

Important roles of drought- and cold-inducible genes for galactinol synthase in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulating during seed development are thought to play a role in the desiccation tolerance of seeds. However, the functions of RFO in desiccation tolerance have not been elucidated. Here we examine the functions of RFO in Arabidopsis thaliana plants under drought- and cold-stress conditions, based on the analyses of function and expression of genes involved in RFO biosynthesis. Sugar analysis showed that drought-, high salinity- and cold-treated Arabidopsis plants accumulate a large amount of raffinose and galactinol, but not stachyose. Raffinose and galactinol were not detected in unstressed plants. This suggests that raffinose and galactinol are involved in tolerance to drought, high salinity and cold stresses. Galactinol synthase (GolS) catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of RFO from UDP-galactose. We identified three stress-responsive GolS genes (AtGolS1, 2 and 3) among seven Arabidopsis GolS genes. AtGolS1 and 2 were induced by drought and high-salinity stresses, but not by cold stress. By contrast, AtGolS3 was induced by cold stress but not by drought or salt stress. All the GST fusion proteins of GST-AtGolS1, 2 and 3 expressed in Escherichia coli had galactinol synthase activities. Overexpression of AtGolS2 in transgenic Arabidopsis caused an increase in endogenous galactinol and raffinose, and showed reduced transpiration from leaves to improve drought tolerance. These results show that stress-inducible galactinol synthase plays a key role in the accumulation of galactinol and raffinose under abiotic stress conditions, and that galactinol and raffinose may function as osmoprotectants in drought-stress tolerance of plants.     

Identification of drought tolerance determinants by genetic analysis of root response to drought stress and abscisic Acid

Drought stress is a common adverse environmental condition that seriously affects crop productivity worldwide. Due to the complexity of drought as a stress signal, deciphering drought tolerance mechanisms has remained a major challenge to plant biologists. To develop new approaches to study plant drought tolerance, we searched for phenotypes conferred by drought stress and identified the inhibition of lateral root development by drought stress as an adaptive response to the stress. This drought response is partly mediated by the phytohormone abscisic acid. Genetic screens using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were devised, and drought inhibition of lateral root growth (dig) mutants with altered responses to drought or abscisic acid in lateral root development were isolated. Characterization of these dig mutants revealed that they also exhibit altered drought stress tolerance, indicating that this root response to drought stress is intimately linked to drought adaptation of the entire plant and can be used as a trait to access the elusive drought tolerance machinery. Our study also revealed that multiple mechanisms coexist and together contribute to whole-plant drought tolerance.     

35S::GmPM30在拟南芥的根系生长中表现为对ABA的敏感性降低(英文)

LEA protein,late-embryogenesis-abundant protein,is importantin response to thesalt and drought stresses in plants.Here,weidentified a cDNA full length of LEA from soybean and found that LEA enhance the ability of anti-salinity in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.The expression of GmPM30 increases highly under salinity,cold or ABA treatment,and enhances by certain degree under drought stress.The germination rates,primary root lengths and survival rate of GmPM30 over-expression lines are obviously higher than that of the wild-type after suffering the salinity stress.Our studies displays that GmPM30-ox apparently enhances the tolerance to salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana.