氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能的影响

为协调褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) 的化学防治和生物防治提供参考, 本研究采用稻茎浸渍法研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter) 捕食褐飞虱功能反应的影响。结果表明: 在氯虫苯甲酰胺的推荐剂量下, 黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应模型的结构没有改变, 但影响到了模型的各项参数。在推荐剂量下, 氯虫苯甲酰胺可降低黑肩绿盲蝽的瞬时攻击率(a′); 药剂处理后黑肩绿盲蝽若虫对褐飞虱卵、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的处理时间(Th)比对照分别增加163.03%, 104.21%和95.11%, 而黑肩绿盲蝽成虫对它们的处理时间则分别增加81.97%, 102.45%和99.52%; 药剂处理后黑肩绿盲蝽日最大捕食量(Na*)降低, 其寻找效应(S)也减弱。研究表明氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食作用存在着不良影响。     

黑肩绿盲蝽捕食褐飞虱卵的功能与数值反应

褐飞虱作为水稻的重要迁飞性害虫,至今未见有效的生物防治技术报道。黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵及低龄若虫有较强的捕食能力,为评价黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的控害能力,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽若虫各虫期和雌雄成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应与数值反应。功能反应研究结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,若虫的捕食能力大于成虫;四龄若虫理论捕食量最大,为104.2粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同褐飞虱卵密度对黑肩绿盲蝽的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黑肩绿盲蝽若虫发育速率、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命减小,最后趋于稳定。猎物密度1、3、5卵/d分别是黑肩绿盲蝽若虫存活、成虫羽化及维持种群最低繁殖力的临界值。在天敌控害潜能的研究过程中,数值反应的研究目的在于探讨捕食者对猎物密度的依赖程度,探明能引起捕食者种群衰退的猎物密度临界值,为大田释放捕食者时增补替代寄主,增强捕食者持续控害能力提供理论依据。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫褐飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

在稻田中,氯虫苯甲酰胺是以鳞翅目幼虫为主要防治对象的新型杀虫剂,而褐飞虱 是该药剂的重要非靶标害虫.本文采用稻茎浸渍法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对其非靶标害虫褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的毒力.结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺对褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC50分别为26.85和35.53 mg·L-1;以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死浓度LC10和LC25分别处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,对当代褐飞虱雌虫寿命无显著影响,但LC25剂量处理后,当代褐飞虱雌虫产卵量显著降低45.6粒.亚致死剂量处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,显著影响F1代褐飞虱的产卵量和雌虫寿命,雌虫产卵量分别减少43.5和72.9粒,雌虫寿命分别缩短1.35和2.87 d;两个剂量处理后F1代的各虫态发育历期均有所延长;施药后各项种群参数也发生了变化,种群内禀增长率rm分别降低12.8％和23.5％,净增殖率R0分别降低37.4％和68.7％,而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长.表明氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对褐飞虱种群增长具有一定的抑制作用.     

Bioactivity and sublethal effects of benzoylphenylurea insecticides on Apolygus lucorum

本文系统地比较了有代表性的4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的生物活性和亚致死剂量对绿盲蝽生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明,苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽各龄若虫均有较高的毒力,供试苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂中,氟啶脲对绿盲蝽2龄若虫的毒力最高,其LC50为51.63mg/L;氟铃脲对其3龄若虫毒力最高,其LC5o为66.87mg/L;杀铃脲对绿盲蝽4龄若虫毒力最高,其LC50为93.04mg/L,3种药剂毒力均高于马拉硫磷.以4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂LC30-40剂量处理绿盲蝽若虫后,对其存活若虫的生长发育和繁殖产生明显的后续影响.氟铃脲对试虫的影响最大,处理2龄若虫,表现为其若虫发育历期延长、成虫产卵量略有降低、成虫寿命降低;处理4龄若虫,羽化率降低、成虫产卵量、成虫寿命均降低.     

苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽的生物活性及亚致死影响

本文系统地比较了有代表性的4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的生物活性和亚致死剂量对绿盲蝽生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽各龄若虫均有较高的毒力,供试苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂中,氟啶脲对绿盲蝽2龄若虫的毒力最高,其LC50为51.63 mg/L;氟铃脲对其3龄若虫毒力最高,其LC50为66.87 mg/L;杀铃脲对绿盲蝽4龄若虫毒力最高,其LC50为93.04 mg/L,3种药剂毒力均高于马拉硫磷。以4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂LC30～40剂量处理绿盲蝽若虫后,对其存活若虫的生长发育和繁殖产生明显的后续影响。氟铃脲对试虫的影响最大,处理2龄若虫,表现为其若虫发育历期延长、成虫产卵量略有降低、成虫寿命降低;处理4龄若虫,羽化率降低、成虫产卵量、成虫寿命均降低。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

为正确评估防治水稻鳞翅目害虫的新型杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)的影响, 本文采取稻茎浸渍法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱的毒力, 利用生命表技术研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱的亚致死效应。结果表明： 氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC₅₀分别为19.26 mg/L和19.69 mg/L。以氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量分别处理白背飞虱3龄若虫后, F₀和F₁代雌虫产卵量及其寿命均降低, 尤其LC₂₅处理与对照间存在显著差异（P<0.05）, F₀和F₁代雌虫寿命分别缩短了1.80 d和2.62 d, F₀和F₁代雌虫产卵量分别减少了52.94粒和78.45粒。药剂处理对F1代各虫态发育历期也有一定影响。根据不同剂量处理后白背飞虱各发育阶段的存活率和成虫的繁殖力, 组建了生殖力生命表, 发现LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量处理的种群内禀增长率rm分别降低了11.25%和34.41%, 净增殖率R0分别降低了36.56%和74.57%, 而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长。结果说明, 氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量可抑制白背飞虱种群的增长; 大田中使用氯虫苯甲酰胺防治鳞翅目害虫时, 可抑制同时发生的非靶标害虫白背飞虱田间种群增长。     

黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究

【目的】为早期释放黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis提供理论依据,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽不同虫态耐受饥饿及低温的能力。【方法】室内条件下,比较了稻苗+水、无苗有水和无苗无水三种食物条件下黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥力大小。【结果】适温(26℃)下,黑肩绿盲蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫在稻苗+水的存活时间显著高于无苗有水,无苗有水时的存活时间又显著高于无苗无水,表明稻苗对于黑肩绿盲蝽有营养作用,取食稻苗有助于提高黑肩绿盲蝽的耐饥力。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫耐饥力最强,3龄若虫和5龄若虫接近,有苗有水时,3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫的平均存活时间分别为2.10、2.22和4.25 d。在低温(15℃)下,水稻苗对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的存活不利,有苗有水时雌雄成虫的存活时间均低于无苗有水处理,其中雌成虫两处理间的差异显著(P=0.001)。【结论】黑肩绿盲蝽对饥饿和低温有较强的耐受性,以成虫最强,水稻生长前期田间释放时以成虫为宜。     

稻田氮肥施用量对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能的影响

在实验室条件下研究了黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis Reuter在不同含氮量稻株上对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal卵和低龄若虫的捕食能力、对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应以及褐飞虱蜜露和水稻伤流液对其捕食 能力的影响。结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵和若虫的捕食量均与寄主植物的含氮量呈显著 负相关。黑肩绿盲蝽在相同氮肥施用量的稻株上连续饲养2代后对褐飞虱卵的捕食能力没有改变 。黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的功能反应呈Holling Ⅱ型方程,其参数瞬时发现率(a)和处置时间(T_h)只与寄主含氮量有关,而与黑肩绿盲蝽种群和褐飞虱卵的来源无关。 在高氮量稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽种群对褐飞虱卵的瞬时发现率(a)下降导致了功能反应的减弱, 而在相同含氮量稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽种群之间的捕食功能没有明显差异。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫取食水 稻伤流液和褐飞虱蜜露时寿命明显延长,取食高氮稻株的褐飞虱分泌的蜜露对延长黑肩绿盲蝽 雌成虫寿命的作用最大。但是,在高氮稻株上褐飞虱蜜露显著降低黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食能力。这 些结果表明黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱自然控制作用的下降是稻田过量施用氮肥后褐飞虱种群增加的 主要原因之一。     

不同浓度噻虫嗪对点蜂缘蝽种群的跨代效应

【目的】为探明不同浓度噻虫嗪对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris种群的跨代效应。【方法】点蜂缘蝽3龄若虫用不同浓度[LC₁₀(5.2 mg/L), LC₂₀(11.2 mg/L), LC₃₀(19.6 mg/L), LC₄₀(31.6 mg/L)和LC₅₀(49.4 mg/L)]噻虫嗪药液浸渍处理的大豆籽粒喂食24 h,存活若虫继续饲养至成虫羽化,继续繁殖建立其F₁代种群,并系统记录其F₁代种群的生长发育和繁殖情况,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析F₁代种群生物学参数。【结果】点蜂缘蝽3龄若虫取食不同浓度噻虫嗪处理的大豆籽粒后,其F₁代种群的发育历期和产卵前期均有所延长,其中LC₅₀噻虫嗪处理卵历期和若虫历期最长,较对照(清水)的分别延长了1.01和8.39 d; LC₂₀噻虫嗪处理成虫产卵前期最长,较对照的延长了3.54 d。噻虫嗪处理不...     

短时高温暴露对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽存活及生殖的影响

绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽是危害棉花害虫的两个优势种,为探明短时高温暴露对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽存活和生殖的影响,将在27℃饲养的绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的卵和初孵若虫每天暴露在不同高温(30、33、36、40℃)4 h,以27℃恒温饲养的为对照,比较两种盲蝽卵的孵化率、若虫存活率、成虫产卵量的变化以及两者的差异。研究结果显示:在27—40℃范围内,随着温度的升高,绿盲蝽卵的孵化率先从27℃处理的84.25%上升至30℃处理的94.69%,而后开始下降,36℃处理的孵化率下降为76.84%,到40℃处理时降至44.30%;中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率则由27℃处理的79.27%上升至30℃处理的87.90%,后逐渐下降至40℃处理的60.24%。在极端高温40℃的处理中,中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率显著高于绿盲蝽卵的孵化率,表明中黑盲蝽卵较绿盲蝽卵更耐极端高温。在30—40℃范围内,随着温度的升高,两种盲蝽若虫存活率降低,40℃处理后,绿盲蝽若虫存活率为零,中黑盲蝽若虫存活率为16.74%。同时,高温对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的产卵量也存在显著影响。27℃处理下,绿盲蝽平均每头雌虫产卵量为64.78粒;30℃处理后,产卵量上升为70.03粒,后随处理温度升高产卵量开始下降,40℃时不能产卵;中黑盲蝽产卵量在27—36℃之间没有显着差异,平均每头雌虫产卵量为63—75粒,显著高于40℃处理的20.75粒。此外,短时高温暴露延长了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的若虫历期,降低了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽雌雄成虫寿命。结果表明,短时高温对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率、若虫存活率、生殖及成虫寿命等均有不利影响,温度越高,影响越大。绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽在极端高温40℃处理下,中黑盲蝽耐热性明显高于绿盲蝽。两种盲蝽在极端高温条件下的耐热性不同,可能是导致它们在棉田内种群季节动态差异的一个重要因素。     

Laboratory Effects of Ingestion of Azadirachtin by Two Pests ( Ceratitis capitata and Spodoptera exigua ) and Three Natural Enemies ( Chrysoperla carnea , Opius concolor and Podisus maculiventris )

The effects of azadirachtin on two pests: neonate larvae and newly emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and last instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and three natural enemies: newly emerged adults of Opius concolor Szepligeti, second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and fifth instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied in laboratory. Adult insects were exposed to a non-oil formulation of azadirachtin (Align, emulsifiable concentrate, 3.2% azadirachtin, Sipcam Inagra, Spain) via their drinking water and immature instars were reared in the presence of the insecticide-treated diet. The natural enemies were exposed to at least the maximum field recommended concentration of the insecticide (0.15% v/v). Azadirachtin was highly toxic to neonate larvae of C. capitata and prevented adult emergence at a concentration of 1 mg a.i. l -1 . When adults were fed the insecticide at the maximum recommended concentration, their survival was not affected but egg laying was totally inhibited. Last instar S. exigua larvae were also very susceptible (LC 50 = 7.7 mg a.i. l -1 ) and at a concentration of 10 mg a.i. l -1 fecundity of surviving adults, and egg fertility, were reduced by 72 and 85%, respectively. Effects on O. concolor were large, and significant reductions in longevity, percentage of attacked hosts, and progeny size per female, were recorded. The predator P. maculiventris was much less sensitive to azadirachtin, but slight reductions in survival of emerged adults and of reproductive parameters occurred. The insecticide had no significant effect on C. carnea larvae fed with treated Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs, probably because of its inability to penetrate inside the egg.     

亚致死浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺可降低亚洲玉米螟的种群增长

为了探讨氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的抗性风险评估, 为科学使用氯虫苯甲酰胺防治亚洲玉米螟提供理论基础, 本研究在实验室条件下采用饲料混毒法测定了新型杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟的毒力, 利用生命表技术研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟 3龄幼虫的亚致死效应。结果表明： 氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的LC₁₀, LC₄₀ 和LC₅₀分别为0.038, 0.098 和0.123 mg a. i. /L。以氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₄₀剂量分别处理亚州玉米螟3龄幼虫后, 幼虫和蛹的发育历期明显延长, 成虫寿命缩短, 产卵量也显著降低, 但对蛹重（雌： P=0.337, 雄： P=0.121）、卵孵化率（P=0.087）和性比（P=0.379）无显著影响。处理种群的净增值率（R₀）、内禀增长率（r_m）和周限增长率（λ）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。结果提示, 氯虫苯甲酰胺的亚致死浓度可降低亚洲玉米螟的种群增长。     

低致死剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺对沟金针虫食物利用和相关生理生化指标的剂量和时间效应

【目的】明确氯虫苯甲酰胺对沟金针虫Pleonomus canaliculatus亚致死效应的生理生化机制,阐明氯虫苯甲酰胺低致死剂量对沟金针虫食物利用、能量物质含量以及体内消化酶、保护酶和解毒酶活力的影响。【方法】室内采用土壤混药法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对沟金针虫3龄幼虫毒力,并测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀, LC₂₅和LC₄₀低致死剂量对沟金针虫3龄幼虫营养指标和体内能量物质含量的影响;采用酶动力学法检测了氯虫苯甲酰胺低致死剂量处理1, 6, 12, 24, 48和72 h后沟金针虫3龄幼虫体内消化酶(蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶、海藻糖酶)、保护酶(CAT, POD和SOD)以及解毒酶(CarE, MFO和GST)活力的动态变化。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺对沟金针虫3龄幼虫有较高毒力,其LC₅₀值为1.2397 mg/kg。LC₁₀和LC₄₀剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺处理沟金针虫3龄幼虫后,平均相对生长率(MRGR)和近似消化率(AD)显著降低,严重干扰其对食物的利用;LC₁₀, LC₂₅和LC₄₀剂量处理后沟金针虫3龄幼虫体内主要的能量物质(蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物、海藻糖)含量和消化酶活力均明显降低,而解毒酶和保护酶活力显著增加,最终延缓其生长发育。【结论】氯虫苯甲酰胺对沟金针虫幼虫具有很高的杀虫活性,低致死剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺处理沟金针虫幼虫后,通过抑制消化酶活性,使其对食物的利用能力降低和生长发育延缓,以及诱导解毒酶和保护酶活性来阻止外界毒物侵害。研究结果为阐明氯虫苯甲酰胺对沟金针虫的亚致死效应机制及作用机理提供了一定的理论基础。     

Factors affecting the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus to fourth instar larvae of Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Laboratory bioassays (48h duration, 25+/-1 degrees C) were used to determine the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) and Bacillus sphaericus to fourth instar larvae of Chironomus tepperi, a major pest of rice in southern Australia. Bioassays were conducted using different combinations of larval ages and densities to determine if these factors affected toxicity. The effects of temperature and substrate type on B.t.i. toxicity were also investigated. Tests were conducted using a commercial B.t.i. formulation (VectoBac WDG, 3000ITU/mg), a spore/crystal mixture derived from the VectoBac WDG strain, and VectoLex WDG, a commercial B. sphaericus formulation (650ITU/mg). VectoBac WDG was highly toxic to fourth instar C. tepperi in bioassays using a sand substrate (LC(50) 0.46mg/L, older larvae); younger fourth instar larvae were more susceptible (LC(50) 0.20mg/L). Increasing larval densities (from 10 to 30 per bioassay cup) increased LC(50) values for both age groups, significantly so in the case of older larvae (higher density LC(50) 0.80mg/L). Use of a soil substrate increased the LC(50) value (older larvae, 10 per cup) to 0.99mg/L. Similar differences in toxicity relative to larval age and substrate type were found in bioassays using the B.t.i. spore/crystal mixture. VectoBac WDG and the spore/crystal mixture both showed similar (approximately 6-fold) declines in activity between 30 and 17.5 degrees C. At lower temperatures (between 17.5 and 15 degrees C), activity of the spore/crystal mixture declined much more rapidly than that of VectoBac WDG. VectoLex WDG showed very low toxicity to C. tepperi larvae, and the overall impact of larval age and density was relatively minor (LC(50) values 1062-1340mg/L). Autoclaving VectoLex WDG did not substantially reduce its toxicity (LC(50) 1426mg/L), suggesting that formulation additives (i.e., surfactants and other adjuvants) are responsible for much of the toxicity occurring at the high product concentrations required to cause C. tepperi mortality. Whilst VectoLex WDG was ineffective against C. tepperi, VectoBac WDG has the potential to provide selective control of this rice pest at economically viable application rates.     

Effects of a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on the apterous form of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines)

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsamura, is an eastern Asian soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest which can reduce soybean yield. We determined the effects of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue, on development, mortality, longevity and fecundity of A. glycines under laboratory conditions. Distance Insect Growth Regulator, containing ∼11.2% pyriproxyfen, was applied at two concentrations, 50 and 150 mg/l, to first and fourth instar nymphs. When first or fourth instar A. glycines were treated with pyriproxyfen, some nymphs became supernumerary‐molted nymphs with 1–3 extra molts or were sterilized. Mortality of treated first instar nymphs was >68% greater than the control group and longevity was reduced by >40%. The higher concentration of pyriproxyfen reduced fecundity of first instar nymphs when they reached adulthood by ∼79%. Pyriproxyfen similarly affected fourth instar nymphs. Mortality of treated fourth instar nymphs was ≥15% greater than the control group and longevity was reduced by >24%. Both concentrations of pyriproxyfen lowered the fecundity of fourth instar nymphs by >27%. Pyriproxyfen also had other sublethal effects on fourth instar nymphs which became apparent when they molted to adulthood. In a few instances they developed wing pads and many produced dead, deformed or abnormal neonates that lacked appendages.     

High levels of resistance to chlorantraniliprole evolved in field populations of Plutella xylostella

Chlorantraniliprole is the first commercial insecticide from a new class of chemistry, the anthranilic diamides. Chlorantraniliprole provides an effective alternative insecticide for control of Plutella xylostella (L.) populations resistant to other insecticides. Baseline susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole for P. xylostella was surveyed previously from 16 geographical populations sampled from China during 2008-2009, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) varied among populations from 1.8- to 8.9-fold higher than the LC50 of a susceptible strain (Roth). In the present work, 20 field populations of P. xylostella sampled in 2010-2011 from China were tested with laboratory bioassays to determine if resistance to chlorantraniliprole had evolved in the field. The LC50s of the 14 populations from northern China ranged from 1.7- to 5.4-fold compared with the LC50 of Roth, which indicates these populations remain reasonably susceptible to chlorantraniliprole. However, the LC50s of the six populations from southern China (Guangdong Province) were 2.6-, 12-, 18-, 81-, 140-, and 2,000-fold higher than the LC50 of Roth. The results showed that high levels of resistance to chlorantraniliprole had evolved in field populations from Guangdong Province of southern China. Intensive use and misuse of chlorantraniliprole may be responsible for the rapid evolution of high-level resistance in P. xylostella in this region. The implementation of resistance monitoring plans and resistance management strategies is urgently needed in China to preserve susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole in P. xylostella.