直链藻属的新种和新变种

近两年来,作者在进行我国硅藻分类研究中,发现了一些新的和很有意义的种类。这些种类将陆续予以报道。本文报道的是从湖北省罗田县、云南省碧江县和西藏自治区的亚东县与聂拉木县发现的三个新种和一个新变种,它们都是属于直链藻属的。     

基于文献计量学的直链藻属的研究进展

基于1975—2014年Web of Science数据库中有关直链藻的学术论文,进行了文献计量学分析。研究发现,每年发表论文数呈明显上升趋势,但增幅不大;单篇论文的作者数增长缓慢,近5年每篇论文的作者数开始大于4名;发表论文的学术杂志的影响因子中等偏下,学术影响力不大;以上也映射出此研究方向的冷门性。欧美发达国家对直链藻学术论文的贡献最大,在国际合作方面也处于领先地位。有关直链藻的研究内容仍偏重于基础性研究,分类、多样性和种群生态学方面的研究仍保持一定的热度。淡水湖泊和江河流域是开展直链藻研究的主要区域。     

杉阔混交林主要种群多维生态位特征

在生态位空间分割基础上,应用两种不同类型的生态位宽度公式和生态位重叠公式测定了杉阔混交林不同资源空间中主要种群的多维生态位特征。结果表明：考虑资源利用率与否对生态位宽度的测度有较大影响。杉阔混交林主要种群在不同资源空间中的生态适应性不同。在同一资源空间中,种对间生态位宽度与生态位重叠并非成正相关关系。在不同资源空间中,杉木与同一其它树种之间的生态位重叠发生变化。生态位重叠与竞争之间关系在很大程度上受种对间的生物学特性的左右。研究杉阔混交林多维生态位特征对混交林营造具有指导作用。     

广西龙虎山猕猴种群生态特征

１９８８～１９９５年,采用定点观察法和绝对计数与相对计数结合法对龙虎山猕猴种群生态作了调查研究。１９９０年核心区有猕猴１４群,５００只左右,猴群密度１．６群／ｋｍ２,种群密度５５．６只／ｋｍ２．猴群大小平均３３．８±２３．１（ｎ＝６）只。一般每隔４～５年分群一次,猴群群体年均增长率１４．８％,种群年均增长率为９．７％。猴群中成年猴性比为７．６±６．５（ｎ＝１２）,１～３岁组的性比为０．７４±０．６１（ｎ＝４）,群内未成年猴比例为６７．７±３．１％（ｎ＝１２）。发情交配期最早１１月１２日,最晚次年１月２０日,高峰期１２月上旬,持续３个月．产仔期最早４月１日,最晚８月１４日,高峰期５月上旬,持续时间４个半月．繁殖率４５．５％～１００％,平均７５．４±１３．２％（ｎ＝２１）。新生猴死亡率较低,新生猴性比（雌：雄）平均０．７４±０．３４（ｎ＝５）。     

从文献看种群、种群生态及种群行为研究

通过维普中文期刊网和英文ScienceDirect数据库有关种群、种群生态和种群行为文献的查询,发现文献的发表量很不平衡,种群研究文献的年增长率远大于种群生态和种群行为。英文文献中关于种群行为研究的文献增长率高于种群生态,而中文文献正好相反。     

甘肃兴隆山林区马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)隔离种群的生态特征

兴隆山林区大约在300a前就已完全隔离。现有马麝种群的密度高而相对稳定,约为30－50头／km^2,在目前密度与系统压力下,种群数量基本稳定在5000头左右,但却面临着疾病、营养不良与偷猎的威胁。因此应努力建立一个“以开发养保护,以保护促发展”的良性循环模式,从而为我国自然保护区的建设和发展树立典范。     

社鼠种群生态研究

1983—1987年在北京西山研究了社鼠的种群生态学,共捕获标本870只,用胴体重方法划分5个年龄组。种群年龄组成,随季节而有变化。年龄锥体有季节和年度差异。雌雄性比亦有年度变化。在多数年份中,幼体和亚成体的雌性比例高于雄性。社鼠一般在3—4月开始繁殖,9月基本结束,10月见到个别孕鼠。雄性个体性成熟时的睾丸重量在0.8克以上,雌性产仔数平均为5.20。多数雌体一年繁殖2次,个别可繁殖3次。生态寿命约一年半或更长一些。有些雌体参加两年的繁殖活动。社鼠的种群数量,有明显的季节和年度变化。     

科尔沁沙地植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征

以科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复过程不同阶段和不同演替时间的6个群落类型的取样为对象。研究了植被恢复过程群落演替序列主要种群的生态位动态特征。结果表明：演替过程每一群落类型优势种的作用明显,具有最大的生态位宽度。生态位宽度在演替序列的动态变化较好地对应着种群动态,生态位宽度是种群动态的一个间接测度。是种群在群落中的地位和作用的数量表达。能够较好地解释群落演替过程种群的环境适应性和资源利用能力。沙米、雾冰藜、狗尾草、差巴嘎蒿、猪毛菜、隐子草分别是演替时间为1a、3a、5a、12a、20a和30a群落的优势种群。在群落演替序列较高的生态位重叠是适宜生境斑块化和空间异质性的结果,同时也反映了演替序列群落的过渡性质以及群落结构的不稳定性。     

中国驴的地理生态和种群生态

一、驴的起源、驯养与生态环境的关系驴(Equus asinus Vulgaris)在动物分类学上与马是同属而异种。野生驴种有两种:(1)騑驴(E.asinus Taeniopus),亦称非洲野驴,它包括在中央撒哈拉生存的努比亚驴和从埃塞俄比亚到红海沿岸生存的索马驴,栖息在非洲东北部到南部;(2)骞驴(E.hemionus),亦称亚洲野驴,分布于中亚细亚、阿拉伯和中国西部。     

Study on reproduction ecology of endangered species Abies chensiensis

Qinling fir, Abies chensiensis, is endemic to China and has been listed in the China Plant Red Data Book as one of the second class conservation plants. It is found scattered only in the forested pockets of the Qinling, Bashan, and Shennongjia Mountains with altitude from 1 300 m to 2200 m in Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Sichuan, and Hubei Provinces. To conserve and effectively restore this species and explore its processes of reproduction, the production characteristics of cone and seed yields, seed bank dynamics, and seed germination rates of five Abies chensiensis populations (A, B, C, D, and E, respectively, in the Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Quercus aliena var. acutserrata-Litsea pungens-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Betula albo-sinensis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Duchesnea indica association, Abies chensiensis-Indigofera amblyantha-Carex lanceolata association and Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Smilax stans-Carex lanceolata association) were studied in their natural habitats across 18 plots in the Qinling Mountain area. Experiments were carried out in laboratory and field conditions. The results showed that all the five populations had the potential to produce seeds, and higher yields occurred in the lower and middle altitude areas every three to five years. The majority of cones appeared on the upper and middle crown and the west, south, and east faces of the crown, and the majority of full seed appeared on the middle portion of the cone. The weight per 1000 seeds was 43.2 g, in which 44.8% had growing potential. The germination rate of seeds in the natural forest was 6.1% and the proportion of seeds lost or destroyed in different populations in the natural forest was 93.9%. The germination rate of seeds planted in the nursery was higher than that in the natural forest, and the germination rate in the lower or middle altitude populations was higher than that in the upper altitude populations. The course from seed to seedling was the critical period in the life cycle of A. chensiensis populations under natural conditions. Reproduction courses were influenced positively by an abundant coverage of tree layer, organic material in the soil, thick soil, and a dense population of parent trees, whereas they were influenced negatively by human disturbance and light. In situ conservation of A. chensiensis should be carried out in the future so as to promote expansion of the population. Thinning the shrub layer and grass layer will also help seeds to penetrate the soil, promoting seed germination. The artificial population should be expanded by collecting seeds in the harvest years. Fast-growing and high-yield plantations should be developed on cloudy slopes at lower or middle altitudes.     

珍稀药用植物白及光合与蒸腾生理生态及抗旱特性

以珍稀濒危药用植物白及(Bletilla striata)叶片为研究对象,应用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪分别在晴天和阴天进行光合生理生态特性研究。结果显示晴天Gs、Pn、Tr日变化呈现双峰型,阴天为单峰型;光合-蒸腾具有极显著线性正相关关系与良好的线性耦合关系(晴天和阴天的相关系数分别为0.883^**、0.954^**,回归直线斜率分别为2.38、3.78);PAR-Pn与PAR-Tr、Tl-Pn与Tl-Tr、Gs-Pn与Gs-Tr 的回归直线形态非常相似,除晴天Tl与Pn外,其余两两相关关系均达到了显著水平;PAR、Tl和Gs三个因子与Pn、Tr均表现为正相关关系,其中Gs是调控Pn与Tr的最主要因子。进行聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000) 渗透胁迫实验以评价白及抗旱能力,分析不同质量分数PEG6000(0、5、20、40、60g/L)下的白及幼苗叶绿素含量、叶片含水量、相对电导率3个生理指标,结果表明叶绿素含量与与胁迫浓度呈负相关(R²=0.7854),随着PEG质量分数的增加,叶片的叶绿素含量持续显著下降;叶片含水量与胁迫浓度呈负相关(R²=0.9936);相对电导率与与胁迫浓度呈正相关(R²=0.8755),相对电导率会随着PEG质量分数的增加而显著增加。试验结果综合分析显示白及为耐荫植物,抗旱能力不强。白及进行人工栽培应适当遮阴保持土壤与空气湿度。     

溯河洄游的长江刀鲚种群的年龄结构及其生长特征

溯江产卵洄游中的刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是目前长江最名贵的水产品之一。本文分析了2009年4～5月采自长江九段沙、靖江和芜湖3个江段的299尾洄游型刀鲚样本。结果显示,3个种群的体长为15.8～32.8 cm,平均(23.3±3.5)cm,18.0～24.0 cm体长组占总数的52.51%。体重为11.83～143.80g,平均(48.19±24.89)g,10.00～50.00 g体重组占总数的59.53%。芜湖种群的体长和体重均显著小于九段沙和靖江种群(ANOVA,P=0.000<0.01)。299尾个体包括1～4龄4个年龄组,其中51.28%的九段沙个体和53.97%的靖江个体均为3龄;而多达85.26%的芜湖个体则为2龄。不论体长、体重还是年龄结构,已较20世纪70年代同江段渔获物有明显下降。结果还显示,九段沙、靖江和芜湖种群的性比分别为1∶1.28、1∶1.46和1∶1.97,显示出沿长江往上性比逐渐增加的现象。3个种群的平均丰满度为0.35±0.05,但即使是在同龄组,靖江种群的丰满度也显著高于芜湖和九段沙种群,这可作为刀鲚在这一江段最名贵高价的一种解释。     

叉尾斗鱼种群遗传变异与亲缘地理

通过分析采自珠江、鉴江、漠阳江、赣江、韩江、黄冈河、九龙江和闽江8个流域23个采样点121尾叉尾斗鱼mtDNA控制区3'端和临近序列共400bp,研究其种群遗传变异和亲缘地理格局。所分析序列只有13个变异位点,共有11个单倍型,碱基序列总的单倍型多样性为0.576,核苷酸多样性为0.00818,均较低。珠江流域存在群体内独有单倍型,有两个广布单倍型H1和H2,分别占所有样品的19%和62%。最小进化网络图显示单倍型没有明显的亲缘地理格局,呈星状发散,H1和H2处于中心。AMOVA分析显示变异主要来自地理区内群体间,歧点分布和中性检测显示叉尾斗鱼并未经历种群扩张。结果表明叉尾斗鱼种群遗传多样性很低且存在地理差异;各流域个体呈混杂分布格局,现有群体可能在珠江流域有东西两个起源;推测种群最近经历严重瓶颈效应。     

Thermal ecology of five Cnemidophorus species (Squamata: Teiidae) in east coast of Brazil

In this study we compared the body temperature of 16 populations belonging to five species of the genus Cnemidophorus from restinga habitats along the eastern coast of Brazil in order to evaluate the importance of how some environmental factors affect lizard body temperatures. Cloacal body temperatures (T_b) were taken immediately after capture with a quick-reading thermometer (Schultheis). Substrate temperatures (T_s) and air temperatures (T_a; approximately 1 cm above the substrate) were taken as close as possible to the point when each lizard was initially sighted. Most of the mean body temperatures in activity of the different populations and species of Cnemidophorus along the coast of Brazil ranged from 36.5 to 39.3 °C, except for Cnemidophorus lacertoides (T_b=35.2 °C) in the restinga of Joaquina, SC and for Cnemidophorus ocellifer (T_b=34.8 °C ) in the restinga of Praia do Porto, SE. Some studies show that the body temperature of lizards is more related to phylogenetic than ecological factors, suggesting that species of the same genus tend to have similar body temperatures even occurring in different types of environments. In general, regardless of the locality and latitude along the eastern coast of Brazil, the different species of lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus and their respective populations have similar body temperatures in activity and the apparent differences result from the influence of the local thermal environment of each restinga.     

板栗和锥栗同域居群的空间遗传结构

采用微卫星技术研究了板栗(Castanea mollissima)和锥栗(C. henryi)同域分布居群的空间遗传结构, 探讨了它们的遗传变异空间分布特征及其形成机制。结果表明,采用的7个微卫星在两物种中共扩增出173个等位基因,两物种都具有较高的遗传多样性且种间遗传分化水平较低(F_ST=0.051), 但空间自相关分析揭示板栗和锥栗在同域居群中具有不同的空间遗传结构,锥栗在100 m内有空间遗传结构,而板栗没有;同时,基于亲缘关系系数F_ij的Sp统计值也显示锥栗具有比板栗更强的空间遗传结构(板栗的Sp=0.002;锥栗的Sp=0.018)。居群遗传变异的空间结构是其传粉和种子散播及生境共同作用的结果,其中种子的近距离散播和居群密度可能是主要的因素。板栗和锥栗居群在小尺度上空间遗传结构的差异可能反映了它们种子的大小及扩散过程的差异。     

Septal pore complex morphology in the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with emphasis on the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales

The ultrastructure of septa and septum-associated septal pore caps are important taxonomic markers in the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota, Fungi). The septal pore caps covering the typical basidiomycetous dolipore septum are divided into three main phenotypically recognized morphotypes: vesicular-tubular (including the vesicular, sacculate, tubular, ampulliform, and globular morphotypes), imperforate, and perforate. Until recently, the septal pore cap-type reflected the higher-order relationships within the Agaricomycotina. However, the new classification of Fungi resulted in many changes including revision of existing and addition of new orders. Therefore, the septal pore cap ultrastructure of more than 325 species as reported in literature was related to this new classification. In addition, the septal pore cap ultrastructures of Rickenella fibula and Cantharellus formosus were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both fungi have dolipore septa associated with perforate septal pore caps. These results combined with data from the literature show that the septal pore cap-type within orders of the Agaricomycotina is generally monomorphic, except for the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales.It appears from the fungal phylogeny combined with the septal pore cap ultrastructure that the vesicular-tubular and the imperforate type both may have arisen from endoplasmic reticulum. Thereafter, the imperforate type eventually gave rise to the perforate septal pore cap-type.