重度火烧迹地微地形对土壤微生物特性的影响——以坡度和坡向为例

通过对大兴安岭重度火烧迹地不同坡度和坡向的土壤微生物群落进行调查研究,旨在揭示重度火烧迹地过火6a后森林恢复过程土壤微生物群落的变化规律与影响因素.研究结果表明:平地土壤微生物生物量碳含量(MBC)和土壤微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)均高于坡地,其中MBC/MBN达到差异极显著水平.平地土壤微生物的代谢活性AWCD值、对31种4类碳源(糖类、脂类、氨基酸、代谢物)的利用能力和Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H')均极显著低于坡地.西坡土壤微生物AWCD值和H'高于南坡,但AWCD和H'与土壤养分、pH值、EC无显著相关关系,说明坡向可能与土壤微生物代谢活性和多样性的关系并不密切,反映了两坡向土壤微生物群落结构的相似性.坡度由于影响了土壤养分和水分条件,进而影响了土壤微生物的生物量、群落结构、物种多样性和碳源利用能力.火烧迹地恢复初期平地土壤微生物量碳高于坡地,西坡高于南坡;恢复6a后,土壤微生物量碳的差异己不显著,但土壤微生物群落结构、物种多样性以及代谢特性仍具有显著差异,这可能与地形坡度仍然显著影响土壤水分含量的因素有关.     

兴安落叶松林不同强度火烧迹地土壤微生物群落特性研究

通过选取大兴安岭岭北部的兴安落叶松林重度、轻度火烧迹地以及为过火样地,运用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法（PLFAs）,研究了火烧对0~5和5~10 cm土层的土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落的结构特征的影响,并探讨了火烧当年土壤微生物群落生物量和群落结构的变化规律与影响因素。研究结果表明：0~5和5~10 cm土层的土壤pH、全钾、有效磷、黏砂比等土壤理化指标受到了火烧的显著性影响;不同火烧程度对微生物类群的生物量有影响,但不显著;重度火烧迹地的土壤微生物的群落结构指标革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌（G+/G-）以及真菌/细菌（F/B）与轻度和未过火样地具有显著差异。RDA分析指出,G+/G-受土壤含水量影响最大,F/B受pH影响最大。说明在火烧迹地的当年,土壤水分和pH是影响土壤微生物群落结构的最重要因素。     

呼伦贝尔典型退化草原土壤理化与微生物性状

以内蒙古克鲁伦河流域呼伦贝尔典型草原为对象,设置了轻度、中度和重度退化3种类型样地,研究不同程度退化草原的物种组成、地上生物量、土壤理化性状、土壤微生物数量和酶活性,以及微生物生物量的变化.结果表明: 中度退化样地的群落物种丰富度最大,轻度退化样地的地上生物量显著高于重度退化样地.退化样地的土壤水分、养分(有机质、全氮),微生物量碳、氮,以及微生物数量和酶活性显著下降,土壤容重显著增加.退化样地的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮在128～185和5.6～13.6 g·kg^-1,土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性均与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与土壤全氮、有机质、微生物数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮呈显著正相关,地上生物量与土壤细菌和真菌数量呈不同程度的正相关.     

火烧强度对兴安落叶松群落叶片功能性状及功能多样性的影响

林火是北方针叶林的重要生态因子,直接影响火烧迹地物种多样性及功能多样性,进而影响森林群落的演替.以牙克石地区火后自然恢复12年的兴安落叶松群落为研究对象,在群落尺度上分析火烧迹地土壤养分含量、叶片功能性状、物种多样性和功能多样性在不同火烧强度(轻、中和重度火烧)下的变化规律.结果表明: 火烧显著降低了土壤全氮含量,对土壤全磷含量无显著影响.轻、中度火烧有助于维持群落较高的物种多样性和功能多样性;中度火烧显著增加了群落的物种多样性,物种丰富度指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数均在中度火烧时有最大值;火烧降低了群落的功能丰富度和功能离散度指数,二者分别在中、轻度火烧时最大(除未过火外),而群落的功能均匀度和二次熵指数在林火干扰后增加,轻度火烧后最大.随火烧强度增加,叶干物质含量、叶组织密度和叶磷含量总体呈显著增大趋势,而比叶面积、叶含水量、叶氮含量和叶N∶P则表现出未过火>中度火烧>轻度火烧>重度火烧的规律,叶片厚度呈先增大后减小的变化规律.火烧强度对森林群落的叶片功能性状和功能多样性均有显著影响,且适度的火干扰对森林群落的恢复具有促进作用.     

不同火强度对河北平泉油松林土壤有机碳及土壤养分影响

选择河北省平泉县油松林火烧迹地为研究区, 按照过火林地燃烧状况, 划分轻度火烧(L)、中度火烧(M)、重度火烧(H)3 个强度的林地作为研究样地, 选择相邻未过火林地(CK)作为对照样地。以0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm 的顺序采集土壤样品。样品用于分析不同火烧影响下土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤养分中铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^- -N)、全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、速效磷(AP)含量和土壤pH 值变化, 以及土壤有机碳和土壤养分其在火烧之后不同土层深度之间的数值波动。结果表明: (1)不同火烧强度对土壤有机碳含量差异影响显著(P<0.05), 与未过火林地相比, 中度、轻度火烧的土壤有机碳含量降低, 重度火烧土壤有机碳含量增加; 土壤有机碳含量变化随土层深度增加而降低; (2)不同火烧强度对土壤养分中所有指标的差异性显著 (P < 0.05), 不同土层深度之间的数量变化明显。铵态氮含量在各土层均表现为重度火烧后增加, 中、轻度火烧则减少; 硝态氮含量受轻度、中度、重度火烧后在各土层整体增加; 速效氮含量在0-10 cm 土层轻度、中度、重度火烧后增加, 在10-20 cm 土层中度、重度火烧后减少而轻度火烧后增加, 在20-30 cm 土层重度和轻度火烧后增加, 中度火烧后减少。轻度、中度、重度火烧后的全氮和全磷含量在各土层整体降低。速效磷含量在0-10 cm 土层受重度和轻度火烧后增加, 10-20 cm、20-30 cm 土层重度、中度、轻度火烧后含量皆减少。全钾含量在0-10 cm 土层重度、轻度火烧后含量降低, 中度火烧后含量增加, 10-20 cm土层火烧后含量均会增加, 20-30 cm 土层火烧后含量均会降低。速效钾含量受重度、中度、轻度火烧后在各土层含量均会减少; (3) 不同火烧强度与土壤pH 值差异性极显著(P < 0.01), 火烧后pH 值上升。上述结果可为研究林火干扰后土壤有机碳和土壤养分的变化规律, 以及火烧迹地植被恢复的研究提供参考。     

林火对大兴安岭落叶松林土壤性质的短期与长期影响

林火是北方针叶林的一种重要组分,是促进森林生态系统养分循环的重要方式。为探讨林火对土壤的影响,以大兴安岭呼中自然保护区2010和2000年火烧迹地为研究对象,并选择附近未过火区作为对照样地,测定分析了受林火影响的土壤理化及微生物指标。结果表明:与对照区相比,火后1年,兴安落叶松林土壤性质发生了显著变化,即土壤水分、有机层厚度、C/N均显著减小,而土壤pH值、铵氮和硝氮含量则显著增加;同时土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量显著减少;火后11年,土壤理化性质基本与对照间无显著差异,但土壤微生物量仍显著低于对照区。这表明火后土壤的理化性质恢复较快,而火对微生物的影响较为持久。本研究将为火后森林土壤养分的管理提供重要科学依据。     

兴安落叶松林火烧迹地土壤有效磷与土壤微生物生物量磷时空演变特征

野火是大兴安岭活跃的生态干扰因子，显著影响火烧迹地土壤有效磷(AP, Available Phosphorus)和土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP, Microbial Biomass Phosphorus),本文旨在了解兴安落叶松林火烧迹地AP、MBP的时空演变特征，并在此基础上探究两者间的偶联机制。采用“以空间换时间”的研究方法，于大兴安岭塔河地区兴安落叶松林火烧迹地选取实验样地，于未过火兴安落叶松林选取对照样地，踏查每个样地的海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位信息，测定火烧迹地土壤AP、MBP含量，分析兴安落叶松林火烧迹地AP与MBP的时空演变特征。火干扰后，火烧迹地土壤AP、MBP含量均随恢复时间表现出先减少后增加的趋势，恢复初期火烧迹地MBP含量显著低于未过火样地，AP含量显著高于未过火样地(P<0.05);不同海拔火烧迹地AP、MBP含量差异显著(P<0.05),不同海拔未过火样地AP、MBP含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。火烧迹地土壤MBP、AP的随机森林回归模型的模型总解释度约为84%,而未过火样地的模型总解释度约为60%,两个模型均达到了极显著水平(P<0.0...     

火烧对中国北亚热带天然马尾松林土壤有机碳的影响

以北亚热带天然马尾松火烧迹地为研究对象,对火灾1年后0~50 cm各土层土壤有机碳和土壤养分含量变化进行分析。结果表明:火灾后各层土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质含量均高于对照样地,增幅分别为4.5%~47.6%、6.6%~43.0%和9.0%~49.1%,且在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层中差异极显著(P0.01);火灾发生1年后在0~50 cm土壤剖面土壤有机碳储量相比对照样地增加了23.8%(P0.01);过火后土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质与土壤养分(全氮、水解氮、速效钾)的相关性均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。火后土壤有机碳增加的主要原因是植被层未充分燃烧的有机残体的混入。     

施氮对不同有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢的影响

土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能既受土壤氮素水平的影响,也与土壤有机碳水平密切相关,但二者如何共同影响土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的研究尚不多见。以我国南方广泛种植的桉树林为对象,采用野外控制实验比较研究了4种施氮处理(对照:0kg/hm2,低氮:84.2 kg/hm2,中氮:166.8 kg/hm2,高氮:333.7 kg/hm2)对有机碳水平差异显著的两桉树林样地土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的影响,结果表明:(1)两种有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度显著不同,高有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度显著高于低有机碳水平桉树林(P0.01);(2)施氮显著改变了桉树林土壤微生物群落的碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度(P0.05),随着施氮水平的升高,土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度均呈现先增加后降低的变化规律,但是高、低有机碳水平桉树林土壤微生物群落碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度对施氮梯度的响应各不相同,高、低有机碳水平桉树林的土壤微生物群落碳代谢指标分别在中氮、低氮处理中达到最高值;(3)施氮影响土壤微生物群落代谢的碳源类型主要是碳水化合物类、氨基酸类和羧酸类,土壤微生物生物量是影响土壤微生物碳代谢强度和代谢碳源丰富度的重要因素。由此可知,施氮对土壤微生物碳代谢功能影响,也与土壤本底中有机碳水平的调节有关,所以在研究土壤微生物群落对施氮等条件的响应时,不能忽略土壤中有机碳水平。     

大兴安岭重度火烧迹地地表土壤节肢动物群落特征

火是生态系统的主要干扰因子之一,直接影响地表土壤动物群落多样性。为了解大兴安岭火烧迹地地表土壤动物群落恢复状况,于2016年6月和8月,选取松岭区南瓮河国家级自然保护区内2006年落叶松白桦混交林重度火烧迹地为实验样地、未受干扰的混交林为对照样地,采用陷阱法研究地表土壤节肢动物群落组成与多样性。本研究共捕获地表土壤节肢动物17 460只,隶属5纲14目57科85属。其中大型土壤节肢动物隶属4纲11目36科55属,优势类群为铺道蚁属（Tetramorium）;中小型土壤节肢动物隶属2纲3目18科30属,优势类群为球角跳属（Hypogastrura）。整体而言,重度火烧迹地地表土壤节肢动物总个体数多于对照样地,而总类群数低于对照样地,但仅大型地表土壤节肢动物个体数明显低于对照样地（P < 0.05）。研究时段,8月份中小型土壤节肢动物的个体数明显高于6月份（P < 0.05）。群落多样性分析表明,重度火烧迹地与对照样地的地表土壤节肢动物群落多样性指数差异性不显著（P > 0.05）,其中6月份中小型地表土壤节肢动物Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数与Margalef丰富度指数明显低于8月份（P < 0.01）,而6月份Simpson优势度指数高于8月份（P < 0.01）。火烧迹地与对照样地土壤节肢动物群落相似性系数为0.78,不同月份之间地表土壤节肢动物群落相似性均为0.43,表明地表土壤节肢动物群落总体变化较小,但地表土壤节肢动物群落随时间发生改变。地表土壤节肢动物对研究区域资源的利用存在明显的差异（P < 0.01）,重度火烧迹地可共同利用资源增多,对照样地可共同利用资源少而优势现象明显。重度火烧迹地地表主要土壤动物类群因可利用资源增加而导致生态位重叠指数增加。典型判别分析显示,地表土壤节肢动物群落受火烧干扰影响,且存在明显的季节变化。     

Wildfire reduces carbon dioxide efflux and increases methane uptake in ponderosa pine forest soils of the southwestern USA

Severe wildfire may cause long-term changes in the soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide and methane, two gases known to force atmospheric warming. We examined the effect of a severe wildfire 10?years after burning to determine decadal-scale changes in soil gas fluxes following fire, and explored mechanisms responsible for these dynamics. We compared soil carbon dioxide efflux, methane uptake, soil temperature, soil water content, soil O horizon mass, fine root mass, and microbial biomass between a burned site and an unburned site that had similar stand conditions to the burned site before the fire. Compared to the unburned site, soil carbon dioxide efflux was 40% lower and methane uptake was 49% higher at the burned site over the 427-day measurement period. Soil O horizon mass, microbial biomass, fine root mass, and surface soil water content were lower at the burned site than the unburned site, but soil temperature was higher. A regression model showed soil carbon dioxide efflux was more sensitive to changes in soil temperature at the burned site than the unburned site. The relative importance of methane uptake to carbon dioxide efflux was higher at the burned site than the unburned site, but methane uptake compensated for only 1.5% of the warming potential of soil carbon dioxide efflux at the burned site. Our results suggest there was less carbon available at the burned site for respiration by plants and microbes, and the loss of the soil O horizon increased methane uptake in soil at the burned site.     

Short-term effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey

Measurement of soil microbial biomass and abundance offers a means of assessing the response of all microbial populations to changes in the soil environment after a fire. We examined the effects of wildfire on microbial biomass C and N, and abundance of bacteria and fungi 2 months after a fire in a pine plantation. Soil organic carbon (C_org), total nitrogen (N_tot), and electrical conductivity (EC) increased following the fire. In terms of microbial abundance, the overall results showed that burned forest soils had the most bacteria and fungi. Microbial biomass C and N from soil in the burned forest were not significantly different from their unburned forest counterparts. However, microbial indices indicated that fire affects soil microbial community structure by modifying the environmental conditions. The results also suggested that low-intensity fire promotes microorganism functional activity and improves the chemical characteristics of soils under humid climatic conditions.     

Burning in a New Zealand snow-tussock grassland: Effects on soil microbial biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus availability

Fire has been an important management tool in the pastoral use of New Zealand tussock grasslands. The effects of a farm-scale pastoral fire and subsequent grazing by sheep on soil biochemical properties in tussock grasslands dominated by the narrow-leaved snow tussock (Chionochloa rigida ssp. rigida) were investigated, 1.5 and 2.5 years after the fire event, in 0-2 cm depth mineral soil at a site at 975 m altitude in Central Otago, New Zealand. The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of C. rigida leaves were also measured. Comparisons were made with soil and tussock leaves from an adjacent unburned site. At both samplings, values of total soil organic carbon (C), extractable C, microbial biomass C, and basal respiratory activity were, on average, 14%, 18%, 23%, and 40%, respectively, lower at the burned than at the unburned site. In contrast, microbial N values were roughly similar at both sites, while microbial P values were 42% higher at the burned site after 1.5 years. Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities were then also similar at both sites, whereas invertase activity was higher at the burned site. The greater availability of N and P at the burned site was confirmed by the higher concentrations of N and P in C. rigida leaves sampled 2 years after the fire. Ratios of microbial C:microbial N and microbial C:microbial P were significantly lower at both samplings at the burned site, and emphasise the importance of the soil microbial biomass in conserving N and P after pastoral burning in a grassland ecosystem.     

不同主伐方式对兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落的影响

对内蒙古根河大兴安岭林区1987年（恢复后期）、2013年（恢复前期）的皆伐与渐伐样地以及未采伐对照样地兴安落叶松的根际土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和多样性进行了分析,旨在揭示不同主伐方式对兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质以及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,主伐后兴安落叶松根际土壤的理化性质以及微生物群落的变化特征与非根际土壤存在区别,且不同主伐方式在不同恢复时期会对兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质以及微生物群落产生不同的影响：（1）根际与非根际土壤微生物群落中真菌均比细菌更容易受到土壤理化性质的影响,但是单一种理化性质的改变对根际与非根际土壤微生物群落均不能造成显著影响。（2）相较于未采伐对照样地,皆伐样地恢复前期兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和多样性没有显著变化。皆伐样地恢复后期,兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质（总碳、总氮、速效氮、pH）发生了显著变化,导致了微生物量碳氮、真菌磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）含量显著降低、细菌/真菌显著升高,辛普森多样性指数显著降低。（3）渐伐样地恢复前期兴安落叶松根际土壤总碳、总氮、速效氮含量以及含水量均显著降低,总钾、速效磷含量显著上升,根际土壤微生物量碳含量显著降低。恢复后期,兴安落叶松根际土壤总磷含量显著升高,根际土壤微生物量碳的含量已恢复到渐伐前水平。渐伐干扰对根际土壤各微生物类群PLFA含量、微生物群落结构以及多样性没有显著影响。     

Spatial heterogeneity of understory vegetation and soil in an Alaskan upland boreal forest fire chronosequence

In this study we characterized spatial heterogeneity of soil carbon and nitrogen pools, soil moisture, and soil pH of the first 15?cm of the soil profile; depth of the organic horizon; forest floor covers; and understory vegetation abundances in three sites (1999, 1987 and 1920 wildfires) of a boreal forest chronosequence of interior Alaska. We also investigated the cross-dependence between understory vegetation distribution and soil characteristics. Our results showed higher microbial respiration rates and microbial biomass in the oldest site and greater net N mineralization rates in the mid-successional site. Although spatial heterogeneity was absent at the scale studied for the majority of soil variables (60%), understory vegetation abundances and forest floor cover, spatial heterogeneity decreased with time after fire for the depth of organic horizon, soil microbial biomass, N mineralization rates and feathermoss cover. Our results also showed that increasing time after fire decreased the number of correlations between understory vegetation and soil characteristics while it increased between forest floor covers and soil characteristics. Overall, our study suggest that fire initially creates a patchy mosaic of forest floor cover, from fire hot spots, where high intensity burning exposes mineral soil, to practically unburned areas with intact mosses and lichens. As time since fire passes, forest floor cover and soil characteristics tend to become more uniform as understory species fill in severely burned areas.     

The response of Arctic vegetation and soils following an unusually severe tundra fire

Fire causes dramatic short-term changes in vegetation and ecosystem function, and may promote rapid vegetation change by creating recruitment opportunities. Climate warming likely will increase the frequency of wildfire in the Arctic, where it is not common now. In 2007, the unusually severe Anaktuvuk River fire burned 1039 km² of tundra on Alaska''s North Slope. Four years later, we harvested plant biomass and soils across a gradient of burn severity, to assess recovery. In burned areas, above-ground net primary productivity of vascular plants equalled that in unburned areas, though total live biomass was less. Graminoid biomass had recovered to unburned levels, but shrubs had not. Virtually all vascular plant biomass had resprouted from surviving underground parts; no non-native species were seen. However, bryophytes were mostly disturbance-adapted species, and non-vascular biomass had recovered less than vascular plant biomass. Soil nitrogen availability did not differ between burned and unburned sites. Graminoids showed allocation changes consistent with nitrogen stress. These patterns are similar to those seen following other, smaller tundra fires. Soil nitrogen limitation and the persistence of resprouters will likely lead to recovery of mixed shrub–sedge tussock tundra, unless permafrost thaws, as climate warms, more extensively than has yet occurred.