大山雀和褐头山雀种间关系研究

在地理分布重叠地区的大山雀Parus major和褐头山雀Parus montanus栖息地海拔高度不同。大山雀栖于海拔2,370米以下,集中于次生杨桦林和老年人工杨树林;褐头山雀栖于海拔2,300米以上,集中于混交林和山杨栎林。它们的栖息地有一定重叠,但重叠值较低。重叠地带觅食生态位的四维中,树种选择一维有所不同,其余三维生态位重叠值均较大。两个种营养生态位有一定重叠,食物大小的重叠值更大。在进化发展过程中,两种山雀间完全的生态分离没有发生。     

两种鹪莺的种间生态位关系研究

本文研究了褐头鹪莺（Ｐｒｉｎｉａ ｓｕｂｆｌａｖａ）和黄腹鹪莺（Ｐ．ｆｌａｖｉｖｅｎｔｒｉｓ）在取食高度、取食基层和取食方法３个生态维度上的生态位宽度和生态位重叠以及它们与复合种群密度的关系。结果表明,两种鹪莺的现实生态位有较大的重叠,且种群密度变化时,生态位宽度和生态位重叠发生了显著移动,褐头鹪莺与黄腹鹪莺之 间存在着竞争;它们并没有采取生态位宽度来回避竞争,而是相反地各自扩展生态位宽度来减少重     

福建三明钩栲种群与主要伴生树种生态位研究

采用Levins生态位宽度及重叠、Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度测度式,定量分析福建三明钩栲群落8个主要伴生树种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠。结果表明,该群落中优势种的生态位宽度值的普遍较大;生态位宽的种群对生态位窄的种群可能有较大的重叠值,反之则低;揭示钩栲的生态位特征及空间分布格局,对今后生产实践具有一定的参考价值。     

小可爱——银喉长尾山雀

长尾山雀是山雀大家族中的一个小小类群,全世界共有7种,分布于欧亚大陆,留鸟;与山雀家族其他成员的明显区别在于：腹部没有黑色的纵带。它们尾长而体形娇小,尽管没有冠羽,但头顶的羽毛丰满、蓬松,看起来就像是戴着一顶＂帽子＂。我国常见的有4种,即：银喉长尾山雀、红头长尾山雀、银脸长尾山雀、黑眉长尾山雀。     

黄腹山雀的鸣唱特征分析

2006年4—5月及2007年6月,在北京小龙门林区录制了黄腹山雀(Parus venustulus)的鸣唱,利用Avisoft-SASLab Pro鸟声声谱分析软件(德国)测量鸣唱特征参数后进行统计分析,发现该地区的黄腹山雀种群鸣唱句法简单,鸣唱句子均为相同音节的不断重复。所采集的音节曲目中包含了56种音节型,音节类型数与采样个体数(r=0.973,P=0.000<0.05)呈显著正相关,不同个体的领域性鸣唱存在显著差异。与同域分布的大山雀、褐头山雀、煤山雀、沼泽山雀相比较,黄腹山雀的鸣唱句子最短(Dv=0.83±0.48),频率较高(Fmax=7.64±1.01,Fmin=3.27±1.13),句子中音节的重复次数最少(Ns.v=2.0±0.2)。     

小可爱——银喉长尾山雀

长尾山雀是山雀大家族中的一个小小类群,全世界共有7种,分布于欧亚大陆,留鸟;与山雀家族其他成员的明显区别在于:腹部没有黑色的纵带。它们尾长而体形娇小,尽管没有冠羽,但头顶的羽毛丰满、蓬松,看起来就像是戴着一顶"帽子"。我国常见的有4种,即:银喉长尾山雀、红头长尾山雀、银脸长尾山雀、黑眉长尾山雀。     

杂色山雀的研究现状

杂色山雀Parus varius是一种分布区域狭窄的小型森林洞巢鸟类,为东亚特有鸟类,主要分布在中国、日本和朝鲜半岛,全球现有8个亚种.中国仅有2亚种,P.v.varius繁殖于辽宁东部山区,P.v.castaneoventris仅分布于台湾,均为当地留鸟;除P.v.castaneoventris以外,其他亚种在日本均有分布.本文根据国内外对该物种的研究情况,对其亚种分布、生态生物学、种群遗传结构及形态学等方面作了综述,以期为后续研究提供参考.     

舟山群岛次生林优势种群的生态位与种间联结

为探讨舟山群岛次生林优势种群的关系,对桃花岛1 hm2固定样地进行调查,分析了15个优势种群的生态位特征和种间联结性。结果表明,豹皮樟(Litsea coreana var.sinensis)、红楠(Machilus thunbergii)和野梧桐(Mallotus japonicus)具有较大的生态位宽度,其Levins生态位宽度分别为1.3563、1.3170、1.3097,Hurlbert生态位宽度分别为0.8572、0.7373、0.7154,而朴树(Celtis sinensis)、柘(Maclura tricuspidata)和梾木(Cornus macrophylla)的生态位宽度较小。生态位相似比例大于0.5的种对有39对,占总对数的37.1%。生态位宽度大的种群之间相似比例较大,生态位宽度大的种群与生态位宽度小的种群也可能产生较大的重叠值,而生态位宽度小的种群一般不会与生态位宽度大的种群产生较大的重叠值。15个优势种群间总体呈现不显著负关联性,X2检验和联结系数结果均表明,负联结的种对较正联结的种对多。因此,舟山群岛次生林优势种群种间联结相对松散,具有一定独立性,但独立程度较低,群落尚不成熟,处于动态演替的不稳定阶段。阳性先锋树种天仙果处于衰退阶段,次生林将逐渐恢复成豹皮樟和红楠占优势的地带性常绿阔叶林。     

仙湖苏铁群落优势种群的生态位特征

采用生态位宽度和生态位重叠探讨仙湖苏铁群落优势种群的生态位特征。结果表明,群落中生态位宽度大的优势种群,对其它种群的生态位重叠大,而生态位宽度小的种群对生态位宽度大的种群的生态位重叠不一定大;如果2个种群生态位宽度相近,则存在着较大的生态位重叠。优势种之间生态位重叠大,由于存在资源竞争,导致群落组成和结构发生变化从而影响群落的演替发展。相同的物种对在不同层次其生态位重叠水平不一致,从林下层到立木层,物种对的生态位重叠程度降低。仙湖苏铁种群与立木层中生性树种的生态位重叠大,由于植株高度的差异,它们之间可能存在着促进而非竞争关系,因此调整群落林分组成,使群落向着以中生性树种为优势种的方向发展,也许是促进仙湖苏铁种群恢复和发展的有利措施。     

太行山中段植物群落优势种生态位研究

运用TWINSPAN把样方分为8个群落类型,用Levins、Shannon-wiener生态位宽度公式和Petraitis生态位特定重叠指数公式测定群落中主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并分析各种群生态位的生态学意义。在总群落中,披针苔草和草地早熟禾的生态位宽度最大,说明它们对群落环境的适应能力最强,对资源的利用能力也最强;在不同的群落里（群落Ⅰ到群落Ⅷ）,相同种群生态位宽度有极大差别,草地早熟禾在群落Ⅱ中,B1为 2.753,B2为 15.561,在群落Ⅷ中,B1为0,B2为1;总群落中,各种群的生态位宽度明显大于其在其他群落里的生态位宽度。两个种群的生态位重叠值越大,说明它们占据越相似的资源空间,珠芽蓼和火绒草的生态位重叠值高达0.892（群落Ⅰ中）,说明它们利用资源的相似性程度很高;在总群落中,各种群之间生态位重叠值都很低。     

Morphological evolution and changes in foraging behaviour of island and mainland populations of Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) — a test of convergence and ecomorphological hypotheses

Summary We study the leg morphology and feeding postures of two subspecies of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus; Tenerife island and the Iberian Peninsula) and the Coal Tit (Parus ater; Iberian Peninsula). We search for evidence supporting the hypothesis of convergent evolution in morphological and ecological traits and we discuss the role of ecomorphological hypotheses as predictors of foraging differences at the intraspecific level. To overcome the problems introduced by environmental characteristics not related to locomotion and competition, we make observations under controlled situations to manage food quality and food access. We determine that the island Blue Tit has a longer tarsometatarsus, larger foot span and a more proximal insertion of the tibialis cranialis muscle (flexor of the tarsometatarsus) than the mainland Blue Tit. These morphological differences are consistent with the more frequent use of hanging and clinging head-up postures by the Iberian Blue Tit. Several ecomorphological hypotheses obtained at the interspecific level with other taxa, have proved to be of high predictive value for explaining ecological differences considering morphological evolution. The Tenerife Blue Tit and the Iberian Coal Tit clearly show close convergence in both feeding postures and leg structure, although some differences in morphology were found between these two species. Convergence in foraging methods between the island Blue Tit and the mainland Coal Tit can be explained without considering current interspecific competition as a determinant of niche space.     

人工巢箱条件下两种山雀鸟类的同域共存机制

种间竞争会导致鸟类对自身的生存策略进行多方面调整,将多种因素结合起来分析不同鸟类的同域共存机制具有十分重要的意义.2009-2011年的3-7月,在辽宁省东部山区以悬挂人工巢箱的方法招引杂色山雀(Parus varius)和大山雀(Parus major),通过比较这两种鸟类在繁殖时间、繁殖参数和巢址选择上的差异,分析其繁殖期的栖息地选择及繁殖对策,探讨这两种鸟类同域共存的机制.结果表明,生态位的部分分离是大山雀和杂色山雀能够长期共存的基础.两者都是在繁殖期到来立即开始繁殖,均出现两次繁殖高峰,采用消减窝卵数的对策来适应环境质量的下降.对繁殖参数的分析表明,两种鸟类的繁殖对策都为k-选择,但大山雀略偏向r端,大山雀倾向高窝卵数、低繁殖成功率的繁殖策略;杂色山雀倾向低窝卵数、高繁殖成功率的繁殖策略.两种鸟类都选择在林龄较长的森林中筑巢,但是大山雀较注重巢址的安全性能,巢距地面较高,周围乔木密集;杂色山雀较为注重植被类型的选择,巢址多选择在植被多样、灌木生长茂盛的针阔混交林中,推测可能与杂色山雀的食物构成有关.     

Effect of increased food abundance near forest edges on flocking patterns of Coal Tit Parus ater winter groups in mountain coniferous forests

CapsuleIndividuals concentrated near forest edges in bigger social groups than in forest interiors and foraged more on pine cones which were more abundant there.

Aims To evaluate differences in food distribution between forest edges and forest interiors and their effects on the non-breeding flocking patterns of Coal Tit populations inhabiting mountain coniferous forests.

Methods We collected cone production data at forests edges and interiors in mountain pine forests located in the Pyrenees (northeast Iberian peninsula). At the same sites, we also quantified Coal Tit abundance, flocking patterns and foraging behaviour by means of paired bird surveys during autumn and early winter.

Results We recorded a larger abundance of pine cones available on trees along forest edges compared with forest interiors. Coal Tit groups were of bigger size along forest edges, although the number of social groups detected did not differ from forest interiors. Our observations on foraging behaviour supported the hypothesis that differences in flock sizes and overall abundances associated with distance to the edge are due to differences in the availability of pine cones and to the heavier use of these foraging substrates by birds along forest edges.

Conclusions Our results suggest that by changing food distribution, edge effects on pine cone production may be significantly involved in local changes in the social structure of the Coal Tit. An increase in resource heterogeneity and local population density may have important implications at a population level, such as favouring mobility of individuals searching for food resources and thus a transient life, and increasing the costs of territory defence to resident individuals.     

Accounting for interspecific competition and age structure in demographic analyses of density dependence improves predictions of fluctuations in population size

Understanding species coexistence has long been a major goal of ecology. Coexistence theory for two competing species posits that intraspecific density dependence should be stronger than interspecific density dependence. Great tits and blue tits are two bird species that compete for food resources and nesting cavities. On the basis of long‐term monitoring of these two competing species at sites across Europe, combining observational and manipulative approaches, we show that the strength of density regulation is similar for both species, and that individuals have contrasting abilities to compete depending on their age. For great tits, density regulation is driven mainly by intraspecific competition. In contrast, for blue tits, interspecific competition contributes as much as intraspecific competition, consistent with asymmetric competition between the two species. In addition, including age‐specific effects of intra‐ and interspecific competition in density‐dependence models improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.     

大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节变化

动物中普遍存在雌雄个体身体大小的性二态现象。了解近缘种之间身体大小性二态现象的差异，可为深入探讨身体大小性二态现象的潜在驱动机制提供证据。国外对欧亚大山雀（Parus major）的研究发现，其喙长、跗跖长、翅长等 6 项身体大小指标存在着明显的性二态，且喙长的性二态存在季节间差异。大山雀（P. cinereus）曾被作为欧亚大山雀的一个亚种，其形态和行为与欧亚大山雀存在着诸多相似之处。为探讨大山雀是否也存在身体大小性二态及季节性差异，本研究分析了 2018 至 2020 年间在河南董寨国家级自然保护区捕捉的 226 只（雌性 96 只和雄性 130 只）大山雀的喙长、头喙长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长和体长这 6 项体征指标的两性差异及其季节变化。结果显示，大山雀上述 6 项身体大小指标均存在不同程度的性二态现象，且雄性个体仅喙长与雌性的差异不显著，其余 5 项指标均显著大于雌性。此外，身体大小指标的两性差异不随季节显著变化，但两性的跗跖长在秋季均显著短于冬季和繁殖季，尾长在繁殖季均显著长于秋季和冬季。上述结果表明，大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节性差异与欧亚大山雀并不完全相似。无论其身体大小存在性二态和季节变化的原因，还是其与欧亚大山雀在身体大小性二态模式上的差别，都有待今后进一步的研究。     

STRUCTURE AND FORAGING PATTERNS OF FLOCKS OF TITS AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES IN AN ENGLISH WOODLAND DURING THE WINTER

Blue Tits were the commonest and most frequent members of mixed-species insectivorous flocks during the winter at Wytham Wood, Oxford. Six common flocking species (Blue Tit, Longtailed Tit, Great Tit, Coal Tit, Marsh Tit and Golderest) made up nearly two-thirds of the birds in the study area. A tentative interspecific social dominance hierarehy was constructed: Great Tit > Blue Tit > Marsh Tit > Coal Tit > Long-tailed Tit and Goldcrest. Blue Tits permitted conspecifics to approach them more closely than did other flock members. Blue Tits most frequently led the flocks, but no more than would be predicted by their abundance. Great Tits, and Marsh Tits and Coal Tits to a lesser extent, defended territories during the winter. Two of the six common species frequented the inner parts of branches (Great Tit, Coal Tit), two the outer parts of branches (Blue Tit, Marsh Tit), and two the twigs (Long-tailed Tit, Goldcrest). Members of each of these species-pairs showed marked differences in height of foraging and/or species of tree frequented. Because of their abundance, the impact of Blue Tits outside of their most highly frequented foraging zones may exceed that of species concentrating in these other zones (e. g., twigs high in trees). The Coal Tit foraged most diversely, the Great Tit least diversely. Species that foraged diversely in one of the three foraging categories (species of tree, substrate, height) usually foraged less diversely than most other species in the other dimensions. Species usually overlapped least in the zones exploited (inner parts of branches, etc.). Great Tits overlapped with other species less than did any other common flock member, and Coal Tits were the next lowest in this regard.     

杂色山雀对人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材的选择

2008年及2009年每年的3～8月,在辽宁省仙人洞国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀(Parus varius)人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材进行了收集和鉴定,发现巢中共有藓类植物7科9属。其中,小锦藓属(Brotherella)、青藓属(Brachytheccium)、棉藓属(Plagiothecium)及绢藓属(Entodon)所占比重较大。我们分别按照样方和苔藓群落采集了周围环境中的藓类植物,鉴定出7科8属的藓类植物;采集到35个苔藓群落,出现最多的是东亚小锦藓(B.fauriei)群落。结果显示,杂色山雀对苔藓的选择可能与苔藓的生物学特性、分布和数量有关。另外通过统计分析和比较得出,按照苔藓群落来采集的方式更适合本文的研究。     

陆生食肉动物竞争与共存研究概述

陆生食肉动物(食肉目哺乳动物, 以下简称食肉动物)作为食物链与营养级的高位物种对维持生态系统结构与功能稳定性起到重要作用。过度人类干扰已在全球范围内造成食肉动物种群数量剧烈下降和栖息地质量显著退化, 探究食肉动物的区域共存机制对理解生物群落构建、濒危物种保护与管理具有重要意义。本文通过梳理100余篇有关食肉动物在空间、时间和营养3个生态位维度上相互作用的研究, 分析了体型大小、猎物组成、种群结构、环境差异、人类干扰和气候变化等因素对食肉动物种间关系和区域共存的影响, 并对今后食肉动物区域共存研究中亟需解决的问题进行了展望。食肉动物通过生态位分离达到共存并没有单一的理论解释, 猎物、栖息地和人类干扰等因素可以调节食肉动物相互作用关系并直接或间接地影响共存, 共同适应在食肉动物区域共存中具重要作用。食肉动物区域共存是经过长期演化形成的相对稳定状态, 需要以动态的眼光去审视。要明晰生态位重叠与区域共存机制的区别与联系, 在理解生态位分离的基础上, 结合生活史、家域和行为等对食肉动物共存进行综合分析。     

DIFFERENTIATION OF FORAGING NICHE AMONG TITS, PARUS SPP., IN NORWAY DURING WINTER

The winter foraging behaviour of Willow Tit Parus montanuss, Coal Tit P. ater and Crested Tit P. cristatus was studied in several spruce-dominated, coniferous forest areas in which either Willow Tit alone, Willow Tit and Coal Tit, or all three species together were present. In the areas where Crested Tits were absent, Willow Tits foraged significantly more often in the outermost parts of spruce branches and less frequently on the parts of branches closer to the trunk, than in the area in which Crested Tits were present. In the area in which all three species were present, the same change in foraging pattern of Willow Tits was found in mixed flocks in which Crested Tits were lacking. The foraging pattern of Coal Tits was unaffected by the presence of members of either or both the other two tit species. It is suggested that the expansion of the feeding niche of Willow Tit in the absence of Crested Tit is a result of ecological release, due to a reduction in the degree of interspecific competition.