利用Ⅱ型启动子转录的U6 RNA提高植物病毒表达载体在植物中表达外源基因的水平

Ⅱ型启动子转录的外源短链RNA可以竞争性抑制细胞内源mRNA的核质转运,因而可能会提高植物RNA病毒载体表达的外源基因在植物中的积累.为了验证这一假说,利用OE-PCR技术合成拟南芥U6-1核内小RNA序列,并构建其Ⅱ型启动子转录的植物表达载体.以农杆菌渗滤技术,与烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)表达载体共接种寄主植物本氏烟,通过对报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescence protein,GFP)的荧光观察,并以Western印迹和ELISA测定GFP在烟草中的表达情况,分析共表达Ⅱ型启动子转录的U6 RNA对外源基因在植物中表达的作用效果.结果表明,共接种Ⅱ型启动子转录的U6 RNA对TMV病毒表达载体表达外源基因的水平有明显的增效作用,推测RNA核质转运干扰是提高外源基因表达的可能机制.     

RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子调控RNA 干扰在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景

RNA干扰是双链RNA介导的特异性转录后基因表达沉默现象.由于双链小干扰RNA介导的RNA干扰技术设计简便、作用迅速、效果明显,目前已被广泛应用于基因功能和重大疾病治疗的研究,尤其为肿瘤治疗提供了一条新途径.利用RNA干扰技术通过调节肿瘤发生发展相关基因的表达可制定出一系列有效的抗癌策略.然而在现行大多数策略中往往采用不可调控的RNA聚合酶Ⅲ启动子(H1,U6)表达经典的发夹结构RNA,经由Dicer酶切割成功能性siRNA,因此缺乏组织细胞靶向性和抗癌效率.最新研究表明,采用RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子可弥补由RNA聚合酶Ⅲ启动子调控RNA干扰缺陷和不足.此外,运用病毒载体特别是具有靶向和溶瘤效应的肿瘤特异性复制腺病毒,介导RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子调控表达siRNA有望成为更有效的治疗手段.     

RNA干涉与功能基因组

RNA干涉是通过双链RNA的介导特异性抑制具有相应序列的基因表达的转录后水平基因沉默机制,它为反向遗传方法研究基因功能开辟了一条新路。本综述了RNA干涉的机制以及它在功能基因组研究方面的最新进展。     

逆转录病毒介导的小干扰RNA稳定抑制了LRP16基因表达

RNA干涉是近年被广泛关注的一项技术,通过19～21nt的双链核酸介导使靶基因mRNA特异降解,目前已被广泛应用于细胞水平的基因功能研究。通过沉默LRP16基因表达介绍一项利用逆转录病毒介导发夹环样小干扰RNA的策略。首先选择了LRP16基因mRNA翻译起始位点下游 374nt和 668nt位置分别作为小干扰RNA作用靶位点,通过设计21nt的反义序列,构建了pL374和pL6682个以pLPC为骨架的逆转录病毒载体,针对绿色荧光蛋白序列构建pGFPi载体做阴性对照,茎环样结构小RNA由U6启动子驱动转录生成。3个载体分别与VSVG共转染293GP2细胞,包装假病毒,再分别感染MCF-7细胞,嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳定生成小干扰RNA的细胞。Northern blot实验表明pL374和pL668可分别将LRP16基因抑制90％和60％,为进一步研究LRP16基因功能奠定了基础。另外,首次将mU6启动子序列插入pLPC逆转录病毒载体骨架,将其改造为可介导发夹环样小干扰RNA产生的质粒载体。     

非完全互补shRNA对RNA聚合酶II启动子调控的RNAi的影响

RNA干扰（RNAi）是一种转录后基因沉默技术,可有效诱导序列特异性基因沉默．由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子调控表达的小发卡RNA可有效介导RNAi效应,为组织特异性基因沉默提供了一条新的途径．但是,由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子调控表达的小发卡RNA（shRNA）在序列上与靶基因非完全互补对RNAi效应的影响鲜有报道．本文初步探索RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子调控表达的shRNA碱基发生突变或缺失对RNAi效应的影响．研究表明,靶向hTERT mRNA的碱基突变shRNA显著降低RNAi效应,而靶向GFP mRNA的碱基缺失shRNA对RNAi效应没有显著影响．本研究为非完全互补shRNA对RNAi效应的进一步深入研究提供了理论与实验依据．     

RNA干扰对乙肝病毒基因的抑制作用

双链介导的遗传干涉的机制是1998年发现的。它通过双链RNA的介导特异性地降解相应序列从而导致转录后水平的基因沉默。RNA干扰作为后基因组时代的一种下调基因表达的工具已被广泛用于基因功能的研究以及疾病的治疗。利用小干扰RNA与乙肝病毒DNA通过共转染于HepG2肝癌细胞中使乙肝病毒基因沉默以达到抑制乙肝病毒复制作用。     

RNA干扰对乙肝病毒基因的抑制作用

双链介导的遗传干涉的机制是1998年发现的。它通过双链RNA的介导特异性地降解相应序列从而导致转录后水平的基因沉默。RNA干扰作为后基因组时代的一种下调基因表达的工具已被广泛用于基因功能的研究以及疾病的治疗。利用小干扰RNA与乙肝病毒DNA通过共传染于HepG2肝癌细胞中使乙肝病毒基因沉默以达到抑制乙肝病毒复制作用。     

逆转录病毒介导的小干扰RNA稳定抑制子LRP16基因表达

RNA干涉是近年被广泛关注的一项技术,通过19～21 nt的双链核酸介导使靶基因mRNA特异降解,目前已被广泛应用于细胞水平的基因功能研究.通过沉默LRP16基因表达介绍一项利用逆转录病毒介导发夹环样小干扰RNA的策略.首先选择了LRP16基因mRNA翻译起始位点下游+374 nt和+668 nt位置分别作为小干扰RNA作用靶位点,通过设计21nt的反义序列,构建了pL374和pL668 2个以pLPC为骨架的逆转录病毒载体,针对绿色荧光蛋白序列构建pGFPi载体做阴性对照,茎环样结构小RNA由U6启动子驱动转录生成.3个载体分别与VSVG共转染293GP2细胞,包装假病毒,再分别感染MCF-7细胞,嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳定生成小干扰RNA的细胞.Northern blot实验表明pL374和pL668可分别将LRP16基因抑制90%和60%,为进一步研究LRP16基因功能奠定了基础.另外,首次将mU6启动子序列插入pLPC逆转录病毒载体骨架,将其改造为可介导发夹环样小干扰RNA产生的质粒载体.     

RNA干涉分子机制研究进展

RNA干涉（RNA interference,RNAi）是生物体内的一种通过双链RNA(dsRNA)来抵抗病毒入侵和抑制转座子活动的自然机制.双链RNA与同源mRNA互补结合而使特定基因失活,这一过程已经在包括拟南芥、线虫和真菌等多种模式生物中得到揭示.近来研究表明,21～25 nt的小干涉RNA（small interference RNA, siRNA）可介导哺乳动物细胞特异性基因沉默.RNAi具有高效性和高度特异性,可能成为关闭基因的新技术而在基因功能研究和疾病基因治疗中发挥重要作用.     

H1启动子siRNA载体的构建及应用

利用双链RNA(dsRNA)调控基因表达已经成为研究基因功能的有力工具。用人H1启动子构建了pBS／H1PS小干扰RNA(siRNA)表达载体,用于在哺乳动物细胞中产生特异性dsRNA转录产物。通过对293细胞中的PSMA7分子进行表达抑制,证明该siRNA载体能够有效产生针对靶基因的RNA干扰(RNAi)效应。     

非编码RNA和RNA沉默

生物体内存在大量的非编码RNA ,它们形态各异 ,功能也千差万别 ,在生物的生长、发育、分化进程中扮演着不同的角色 ,尤其是siRNA ,它是RNA沉默的诱因。RNA沉默是真核生物特有的现象 ,它需要一系列因子的参与 ,其中RNA依赖性的RNA聚合酶是沉默起始的关键 ,Dicer酶是形成siRNA的基础 ,而RNA沉默诱导复合体 (RSIC)等是发生RNA沉默“链式反应”的关键因子     

Omnipotent RNA

The capability of polyribonucleotide chains to form unique, compactly folded structures is considered the basis for diverse non-genetic functions of RNA, including the function of recognition of various ligands and the catalytic function. Together with well-known genetic functions of RNA – coding and complementary replication – this has led to the concept of the functional omnipotence of RNA and the hypothesis that an ancient RNA world supposedly preceded the contemporary DNA–RNA–protein life. It is proposed that the Woese universal precursor in the ancient RNA world could be a cell-free community of mixed RNA colonies growing and multiplying on solid surfaces.     

RNA干扰

RNA干扰(RNAinterference,RNAi)是一种古老的生物抗病毒机制,能介导序列特异性的mRNA降解,是基因功能研究和蛋白组学的有效工具,在药物靶基因的筛选、抗病毒、肿瘤基因治疗等领域有很好的发展前景。     

Antibodies against RNA hydrolyze RNA and DNA

Immunization of animals with DNA leads to the production of anti-DNA antibodies (Abs) demonstrating both DNase and RNase activities. It is currently not known whether anti-RNA Abs can possess nuclease activities. In an attempt to address this question, we have shown that immunization of three rabbits with complex of RNA with methylated BSA (mBSA) stimulates production of IgGs with RNase and DNase activities belonging to IgGs, while polyclonal Abs from three non-immunized rabbits and three animals immunized with mBSA are catalytically inactive. Affinity chromatography of IgGs from the sera of autoimmune (AI) patients on DNA-cellulose usually demonstrates a number of fractions, all of which effectively hydrolyze both DNA and RNA, while rabbit catalytic IgGs were separated into Ab subfractions, some of which demonstrated only DNase activity, while others hydrolyzed RNA faster than DNA. The enzymic properties of the RNase and DNase IgGs from rabbits immunized with RNA distinguish them from all known canonical RNases and DNases and DNA- and RNA-hydrolyzing abzymes (Abzs) from patients with different AI diseases. In contrast to RNases and AI RNA-hydrolyzing Abs, rabbit RNase IgGs catalyze only the first step of the hydrolysis reaction but cannot hydrolyze the formed terminal 2',3'-cyclophosphate. The data indicate that Abzs of AI patients hydrolyzing nucleic acids in part may be Abs against RNA and its complexes with proteins. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Double-stranded RNA in rice: A novel RNA replicon in plants

The entire sequence of 13952 nucleotides of a plasmid-like, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from rice was assembled from more than 50 independent cDNA clones. The 5 non-coding region of the coding (sense) strand spans over 166 nucleotides, followed by one long open reading frame (ORF) of 13716 nucleotides that encodes a large putative polyprotein of 4572 amino acid residues, and by a 70-nucleotide 3 noncoding region. This ORF is apparently the longest reported to date in the plant kingdom. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed that the large putative polyprotein includes an RNA helicase-like domain and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (replicase)-like domain. Comparisons of the amino acid sequences of these two domains and of the entire genetic organization of the rice dsRNA with those found in potyviruses and the CHV1-713 dsRNA of chestnut blight fungus suggest that the rice dsRNA is located evolutionarily between potyviruses and the CHV1-713 dsRNA. This plasmid-like dsRNA in rice seems to constitute a novel RNA replicon in plants.     

RNA干涉技术

RNA干涉(RNAi)技术是利用一些小的双链RNA来高效、特异地阻断体内特定基因的表达,并促使mRNA降解,从而诱使细胞表现出特定基因缺失的表型。本从RNAi技术的历史、作用机制、研究策略、研究现状及应用前景等几个方面进行了综述,预测RNAi将会给基因治疗的发展带来新的希望。     

The RNA WikiProject: community annotation of RNA families

The online encyclopedia Wikipedia has become one of the most important online references in the world and has a substantial and growing scientific content. A search of Google with many RNA-related keywords identifies a Wikipedia article as the top hit. We believe that the RNA community has an important and timely opportunity to maximize the content and quality of RNA information in Wikipedia. To this end, we have formed the RNA WikiProject (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_RNA) as part of the larger Molecular and Cellular Biology WikiProject. We have created over 600 new Wikipedia articles describing families of noncoding RNAs based on the Rfam database, and invite the community to update, edit, and correct these articles. The Rfam database now redistributes this Wikipedia content as the primary textual annotation of its RNA families. Users can, therefore, for the first time, directly edit the content of one of the major RNA databases. We believe that this Wikipedia/Rfam link acts as a functioning model for incorporating community annotation into molecular biology databases.     

RNA编辑功能和RNA干扰

RNA编辑被认为是生命体一种新的基因加工与修饰现象,是指DNA转录成RNA后除RNA剪切外的其他加工过程,以核苷酸的删除、插入或替换等方式改变遗传信息,揭示生物进化过程中基因修饰和调控的另一个重要途径,是对中心法则的重要补充.而RNAi是一种由dsRNA介导的,在转录水平、转录后水平和翻译水平上阻断基因表达的基因调节途径.着重介绍 RNA编辑功能、RNA编辑与RNA干扰关系.     

RNA polymerase II acts as an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase to extend and destabilize a non‐coding RNA

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well‐characterized DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, which has also been reported to have RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. Natural cellular RNA substrates of mammalian Pol II, however, have not been identified and the cellular function of the Pol II RdRP activity is unknown. We found that Pol II can use a non‐coding RNA, B2 RNA, as both a substrate and a template for its RdRP activity. Pol II extends B2 RNA by 18 nt on its 3′‐end in an internally templated reaction. The RNA product resulting from extension of B2 RNA by the Pol II RdRP can be removed from Pol II by a factor present in nuclear extracts. Treatment of cells with α‐amanitin or actinomycin D revealed that extension of B2 RNA by Pol II destabilizes the RNA. Our studies provide compelling evidence that mammalian Pol II acts as an RdRP to control the stability of a cellular RNA by extending its 3′‐end.     

RNA干涉的研究进展

生物体内导入双链RNA后会引起体内同源基因特异性的沉默,这种现象称为RNA干涉,本主要介绍RNA干涉的研究历史,作用机制和应用等方面的情况。