小异长足虻属额宽率的进化意义及一新属五新种记述(双翅目,长足虻科,异长足虻亚科)

研究发现小异长足虻属Chrysotus Meigen,1824中某些类群所具备的"额渐次变狭,颜颇宽、略下凹、两侧缘平行"的额、颜构造特征与异长足虻属Diaphorus Meigen,1824完全相同,该特征在两者中应属系统发育特征;并主要据此特征将小异长足虻属中凡具备"额渐次变狭,颜颇宽、略下凹、两侧缘平行"特征的类群分离出来,建立了变长足虻属Dubius gen.nov.,并附新属5新种记述:秋变长足虻D.autumnalus sp.nov.,曲变长足虻D.curtus sp.nov.,额变长足虻D.frontus sp.nov.,红崖变长足虻D.hongyaensis sp.nov.和亚曲变长足虻D.succurtus sp.nov.。根据变长足虻属,仅分布于新热带区和属东洋区的中国西南地区推测其可能起源于南方古陆(冈瓦纳古陆),并早在冈瓦纳大陆裂解前即向东洋区扩散。模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

中国广东省异长足虻属一新种记述(双翅目:长足虻科)

记述采自深圳仙湖植物园的异长足虻属1新种:米诺斯异长足虻Diaphorus minos Liu & Yang sp.nov.,提供了整体图和解剖生殖器图,编制了广东省该属的分种检索表.     

长足虻亚科系统发育研究及三新属记述(双翅目,长足虻科)

采用支序分析的方法首次对古北和东洋区长足虻亚科的24属3亚属之间的系统发育关系进行了分析.结果表明,长足虻亚科为一严格的单系群,其中Ahercostomus、Allohercostomus、Tachytrechus和Aphalacrosoma为一单系群,Tachytrechus和Aphalacrosoma为姐妹群.原为寡长足虻属Hercostomus亚属之一的Gymnopternus与新属Setihercostomus的亲缘关系较近,为有效属.粗柄长足虻属Ludovicius与Sybistroma为一严格单系群,建议合并为一属.弓脉长足虻属Paraclius Coquillet应为Pelastoneurus的异名.建立3新属,即准长毛长足虻属Aphypophyllus gen nov,模式种Ahy-pophyllus sinensis(Yang,1996);准白长足虻属Aphalacrosoma gen nov,模式种Aphalacrosoma postiseta(Yang et Saigusa,2001);毛颜寡长足虻属Setihercostomus gen nov.,模式种Setihercostomus zonalis(Yang,Yang et Li,1998).原为寡长足虻属的亚属Ahercostomus提升为属,模式种Hercostomus(Ahercostomus)jiangchenganus(Yang et Saigusa,2001).建立的新组合为:Ahypophytlus sinensis(Yang,1996)comb. nov. , Aphalacrosoma hubeiense (Yang, 1998) comb. nov., A. postiseta (Yang et Saigusa, 2001) comb. nov.,A. sichuanense (Yang et Saigusa, 1999) comb. nov., Seti hercostomus setifacies (Stackelberg, 1934) comb. nov., S. zonalis (Yang, Yang et Li, 1998)comb. nov., S. wuyangensis (Wei, 1997) comb. nov., S. huangi (Zhang, Yang et Masunaga, 2004) and Ahercostomus jiangchenganus (Yanget Saigusa, 2001) comb. nov. .     

中国广西雅长足虻属和毛瘤长足虻属新种记述(双翅目,长足虻科)(英文)

记述模式产地来自广西南宁大明山的长足虻科3新种。新种模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫博物馆。1褐端雅长足虻,新种Amblypsilopus apicalis sp.nov.(图1)鉴别特征跗节末端暗褐色,尾须端部扩大,背侧突分三叉。正模♂,广西南宁大明山,2011-05-24,张婷婷采。副模:4♂♂,3♀♀,同正模。词源:新种种名意指跗节末端暗褐色。2指端雅长足虻,新种Amblypsilopus digitatus sp.nov.(图2)鉴别特征触角黄色且梗节暗褐色,前足端跗节具特化侧毛,尾须近指状。正模♂,广西南宁大明山,2011-05-24,张婷婷采。词源:新种种名意指尾须端指状。3大明山毛瘤长足虻,新种Condylostylus damingshanus sp.nov.(图3～4)鉴别特征后足腿节端部浅黑色,尾须很长,几乎伸达腹基部。正模♂,广西南宁大明山,2011-05-29,张婷婷采。副模:13♂♂,1♀,同正模。词源:新种种名意指模式产地大明山。     

中国西南地区巨口长足虻属三新种(双翅目:长足虻科)(英文)

本文报道采自中国西南地区贵州省的巨口长足虻属Diostracus Loew,1861三新种:白斑巨口长足虻D.albuginosus sp.nov.,薄叶巨口长足虻D.lamellatus sp.nov.,和双突巨口长足虻D.dicer-aeus sp.nov.。新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

贵州虻属五新种（双翅目：虻科）

本文记述采自贵州的虻属五新种:似类柯虻Tabanus cordigeroides sp.nov.、贵州虻T.guizhouensis sp.nov.、似杭州虻T.hongchowoides sp,nov.、伪青腹虻T.Pseudoliuiuentris sp.nov.和亚岷山虻T.subminshanensis sp. nov.,并分别进行了分类讨论。     

湖北神农架缺脉舞虻亚属五新种(双翅目,舞虻科)(英文)

记述湖北神农架缺脉舞虻亚属Coptophlebia 5新种,即端鬃缺脉舞虻Empis (Coptophlebia) apiciseta sp. nov.,基黄缺脉舞虻E. (C.) basiflava sp. nov.,指突缺脉舞虻E. (C.)digitata sp. nov.,白毛缺脉舞虻E. (C.) pallipilosa sp. nov.,后鬃缺脉舞虻E. (C.) posticasp. nov.。     

中国虻属二新种：双翅目：虻科

本文报道了虻属二新种:晨螫虻 Tahanus matutinimordicus sp.nov.;似冲绳虻 T.okinawanoides sp.nov.,作者对新种的形态特征进行了详细描述,并与近似种作了比较。     

中国距水虻属六新种(双翅目:水虻科)

记述中国距水虻属Allognosta Meigen 6新种,即保山距水虻 A.baoshana,sp.nov.,红河距水虻A.honghensis,sp.nov.,金平距水虻A.jinpingensis,sp.nov.,单斑距水虻A singularis,sp.nov.,腾冲距水虻A.tengchongana,sp.n...     

中国寡毛水虻属四新种(双翅目,水虻科)

记述我国寡毛水虻属4新种,即双色寡毛水虻Evaza bicolor sp.nov.,黄盾寡毛水虻属E.flaviscutellum sp.nov.,黑胫寡毛水虻E.nigritibia sp.nov.和棕胫寡毛水虻E.ravitibia sp.nov.。模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

Trichoderma species for biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens of pasture species

Soil-borne plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn), Pythium ultimum (Trow) and Sclerotinia trifoliorum (Eriks) can reduce grass and forage legume establishment. The potential for biocontrol of these pathogens by Trichoderma fungi was evaluated. Following dual culture assays, nine Trichoderma isolates (five of Trichoderma atroviride and one each of Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma virens) were chosen for assessment in pot experiments. In the presence of R. solani, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) emergence was increased by 60–150% by two isolates of T. atroviride and by 35–212% by the isolate of T. virens, with the increase depending on growing medium and amount of pathogen inoculum. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) emergence in the presence of S. trifoliorum was significantly increased by two T. atroviride isolates and the T. hamatum isolate. In the presence of P. ultimum, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) emergence was increased by 25–42% by one isolate of T. atroviride and the T. hamatum isolate. However, for all three pasture species, some Trichoderma isolates reduced seedling emergence. Seedling growth (shoot and root fresh weight/plant) of the three pasture species was significantly increased by one or more T. atroviride isolates. On the basis of these results for both disease reduction and growth promotion, four T. atroviride isolates were selected for field assessment as biocontrol agents of soil-borne pathogens of pasture species.     

Toxicity of venom of Asobara and Leptopilina species to Drosophila species

The Drosophila parasitoid Asobara japonica Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has highly toxic venom that kills host larvae if its injection is not followed by an injection of lateral oviduct components along with egg‐laying. In the present study, the venoms of seven other Drosophila parasitoids (Asobara rossica, Asobara rufescens, Asobara pleuralis, Leptopilina heterotoma, Leptopilina japonica, Leptopilina ryukyuensis, and Leptopilina victoriae) are tested against three kinds of Drosophila species (i.e. Drosophila species that are suitable as host for focal parasitoids, those that are resistant to the parasitoids, and a cosmopolitan species, Drosophila simulans). Venoms of the three Asobara species are not toxic to any of Drosophila species, whereas those of the four Leptopilina species are toxic to some Drosophila species. The toxicity of venom varies among Leptopilina species, and the susceptibility to venom also varies among host Drosophila species. Furthermore, toxicity and paralytic effects of venom are not correlated. Because the toxicity of venom is not adaptive for parasitoids, it may be an inevitable side effect of some components that play an essential role in parasitism.     

Safety evaluation of four entomopathogenic nematode species against two silkworm species

Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) and mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) are economically important insects used for silk production and food resource. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the families of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are beneficial organisms currently considered in biological control. In this paper, we evaluated survival of two silkworm species exposed to four Steinernema species which are widely applied in pest control. The results showed that among four Steinernema species, S. bicornutum and S. feltiae did not have an effect on the larval survival to the two silkworm species, whereas S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri did have an effect. Each Steinernema species poses no threat to hatchability of eggs, pupation rate, larval durations and cocoon shell ratio.     

On the conspecificity ofAnopheles fluviatilis species S withAnopheles minimus species C

Anopheles fluviatilis andAn. minimus complexes, each comprising of at least three sibling species, are closely related and important malaria vectors in Oriental Region. RecentlyAn. fluviatilis species S, which is a highly efficient malaria vector in India, has been made conspecific withAn. minimus species C (senior synonym) on the basis of homology in 335 base pair nucleotide sequence of D3 domain of 28S ribosomal DNA(rDNA). We examined the conspecificity of these two nominal species by obtaining and analysing the DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal loci internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and D2-D3 domain of 28S rDNA (28S-D2/D3) from those ofAn. fluviatilis S andAn. minimus C. We found that the sequences ofAn. fluviatilis S are appreciably different from those ofAn. minimus C with pair-wise distance (Kimura-2-parametre model) of 3.6 and 0.7% for loci ITS2 and 28S-D2/D3, respectively. Pair-wise distance and phylogenetic analyses using ITS2 sequences of members of Minimus and Fluviatilis Complexes revealedthat An. fluviatilis S is distantly related toAn. minimus C as compared to any other members of the Fluviatilis Complex. These findings suggest that the two nominal species,An. fluviatilis S andAn. minimus C, do not merit synonymy. The study also confirms that the reported speciesAn. fluviatilis X is synonym with species S.     

Five new Candida species

Summary The following five new yeast species are described:Candida beechii isolated from cider,C. blankii isolated from a mink,C. cacaoi isolated from fermenting cacao,C. freyschussii isolated from wood pulp andC. melibiosica isolated from sputum.     

A new Cryptococcus species

Summary A newCryptococcus species,Cryptococcus gastricus, is described. Its relationship to the genusLipomyces is discussed.     

An immunochemical approach to species relationship in Triticum and some related species

Summary An immunological reaction, precipitation in gel, was produced using a rabbit antiserum directed to a specific protein constantly present in bread wheats (T. aestivum, genome AABBDD), but absent in durum wheat (T. durum Desf., genome AABB). This protein was isolated in the soluble-protein fraction of bread wheat caryopses by combined biochemical and immunological techniques.The availability of such a specific anti-bread wheat serum made possible the analysis of a series of varieties and species of wheat and of some closely related (Secale, Aegilops) and less closely related (Hordeum, Haynaldia) taxa to determine whether the protein was present or absent. Hordeum vulgare, Haynaldia villosa, Triticum monoccocum and Triticum turgidum gave a negative result, while positive results were obtained in T. aestivum, T. timopheevi, T. zhukovskyi, Secale cereale, Aegilops speltoides, Ae. mutica, Ae. comosa, Ae. caudata, Ae. umbellulata, Ae. squarrosa, and also in the artificial amphiploids (Ae. speltoides x T. monococcum) and (Ae. caudata x T. monococcum).It is concluded that these results agree closely with the classification of Triticum proposed by MacKey in 1966. The investigated protein not only permits the differentiation of T. aestivum from T. turgidum, but also T. turgidum from T. timopheevi at tetraploid level and T. monococcum from all the diploid species of Aegilops.     

Freakish patterns – species and species concepts in apomicts

Apomict groups keep challenging taxonomists, in classifications as well as in more fundamental question about the nature of apomictic species. The latter question is not just an academic one, because the outcome influences practical decisions on biodiversity and conservation. A historical overview over the species problem shows that a period of confusion and proliferation of species concepts between 1940 and 1990 was followed by an increasing consensus at the end of the 20th century that the species category is heterogeneous. Species come in kinds, which is understandable in light of their different evolutional histories. Recently, Wilkins stated that we do not need a generally applicable species concept, because species are not an a priori category into which all biological organisms must fit, but salient phenomena that are to be explained. Not only biparental, but also asexual organisms often form such species‐as‐phenomena, explained as some combination of adaptation to an ecological niche and reproductive compatibility. The above is illustrated by historical and current studies in three well‐studied apomict groups, viz. Ranunculus cassubicus agg., Rubus subgen. Rubus and Hieracium (subgen. Hieracium and Pilosella). Species in the Ranunculus cassubicus aggregate are the few existing sexuals, which are surrounded by a hybrid swarm of only partial apomictic forms, whereas in Rubus subgen. Rubus and Hieracium s.s. sexuals as well as numerous apomicts form well defined species. How species should be circumscribed in Pilosella is yet to be clarified. Largely, the differences between these groups can be contributed to their different modes of apomixis and the associated retained sexuality. From this review it is clear that the question is not so much ‘What is a species?‘, but ‘What is a species in this particular group?‘ To answer this question a thorough knowledge and understanding of the biology of the genus in question is required.     

On some species ofMycogloea

Three new species ofMycogloea are described and illustrated; they are:M. amethystina from Canada,M. nipponica, from Japan, andM. bullata from Thailand.Mycogloea tahitiensis is reported from Japan and additional undescribed taxa in the genus are briefly noted. Some characteristics of the genus are discussed, and a key is provided for six species recognized at this time.