飞虱科三新属四新种 (同翅目:蜡蝉总科)

记述飞虱科3新属,即奇臀飞虱属Miranus Chen et Ding,gen.nov.,东洋飞虱属Orientoya Chen et Ding,gen.nov.,和凹缘飞属属Aoyuanus Ding et Chen,gen.nov.,4新种为葛氏奇臀飞虱M.kuohi Chen et Li,sp.nov.、环鳞奇臀飞虱M.circus Chen et Ding,sp.nov.、东洋飞虱Orientoya orientalis Chen et Ding,sp.nov.和叉茎凹缘飞属Aoyuanus furcatus Ding et Chen,sp.nov.,及1新组合,片刺奇臀飞虱M.varians(Kuoh),comb.nov.。模式标本分别保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所（GZU）和南京农业大学植物保护系（NJAU）。     

飞虱科(半翅目)二新种和中国大陆二新纪录种

描记了采自云南西双版纳的飞虱科(半翅目)2新种:弯突淡背飞虱,新种Sogatellana curva sp.nov和刺茎奇臀飞虱,新种Miranus spinaphallus sp.nov.新种弯突淡背飞虱Sogatellana curva sp.nov与属内其它种的区别在于该种的阳基侧突略为弯曲,端部细且外端角不突出,而其它种阳基侧突的内端角和外端角都突出,另外该种膈背缘的形状不同于属内其它种;新种刺茎奇臀飞虱Miranusspinaphallus sp.nov.以阳茎左侧背面有一排刺状突起以及右腹侧面有一排小刺可与奇臀飞虱属其它种类相区别.报道了我国大陆的两个新纪录种,迪索西飞虱Syndelphax disonymos(Kirkaldy)(分布:广东湛江)和蜿蜒茎刺飞虱Sinolacme sinuosa Yang(分布:广西阳朔).新种的模式标本和其它研究标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆.     

大叉飞虱属种类检索表及一新种记述(半翅目,飞虱科)

大叉飞虱属Ecdelphax Yang种类主要分布在我国,目前已知有5种,其中包括1新种.本文编有分种检索表,并对新种钩突大叉飞虱E.anconaea sp.nov.进行了记述.新种阳茎鞭节端部分岔,显示与大叉飞虱Ecervina (Muir)近缘,但前者根据臀刺突呈钩状可与后者和属内的其它种类区别.提供了成虫和雄虫外生殖器特征的照片.新种模式标本采自西藏墨脱上亚东村;保存在南京农业大学昆虫标本室.     

特里飞虱属在中国的首次发现及卢氏特里飞虱的再描记(半翅目.蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

记述采自黑龙江三江平原的飞虱科中国1新纪录属:特里飞虱属Trichodelphax Vilbaste,1968及中国1新纪录种:卢氏特里飞虱T.lukjanovitshi(Kusnezov,1929),并对卢氏特里飞虱作了重新描记,提供了成虫外形照片及雄性外生殖器特征图。研究标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

叉飞虱属(同翅目,飞虱科)分类研究

研究了叉飞虱属Garaga Anufriev的种类,共记述6个种,其中包括1新种G. trifurca Guo et Liang,sp.nov和中国大陆1新纪录种G.pallida Yang,补绘了已知种荻叉飞虱G.miscanthi Ding的特征图,并编制了叉飞虱属的分种检索表.     

偏角飞虱属分类研究(同翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

对偏角飞虱属Neobelocera Ding et Yang的种类进行了系统整理,共4种,即偏角飞虱Neobelocera asymmetrica Ding et Yang(云南)、浙江偏角飞虱N.zhejiangensis(Zhu)(浙江、安徽)、汉阴偏角飞虱N.hanyinensis Qn etYuan(陕西)、兰坪偏角飞虱N.lanpingensis Chen(云南).对属征进行了拟定,编制了种检索表,简述了已知种的分布、寄主.描记了采自湖南张家界国家森林公园的1新种,即侧刺偏角飞虱N.laterospina sp.nov.,提供了该新种及兰坪偏角飞虱N.lanpingensis Chen的特征图.研究标本及新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所.     

古北飞虱属中国三新记录种

在整理鉴定东北地区飞虱种类时,发现古北飞虱属Jave sella Fennah,1963三个中国新记录种,其中古北飞虱J.pellucida已有文献报道在瑞典传播燕麦不孕矮缩病(Oat sterile dwarf),在欧洲、以色列传播玉米粗缩病(Maize rough dwarf),是一个值得注意的种类。 古北飞虱属全世界已知13种,均分布于古北区,其中有2种分布到新北区。本属种类体色多有变异,形态特征和雄外生殖器构造极为相似,很难确切地区分开来,故本文将其属种特征报道如下,以供鉴定时参考。     

中国西藏凹距飞虱族一新属和新种记述(半翅目,飞虱科,飞虱亚科)

记述了飞虱科1新属和1新种:西藏宽唇飞虱Latidypenus tibetensis gen.et sp.nov..该属根据后足胫距和雄虫阳茎构造特征,应归属于飞虱亚科中的凹距飞虱族,其亲缘关系接近于圆翅飞虱属Yuanchia Chen et Tasi和奇节飞虱属Mirocauda Chen,但可根据下列的特征与后两者相区别:1)后唇基基部膨大,向两侧扩张,明显宽于额的端部(后者为常态,仅稍宽于额的端部),侧面观,前唇基基部明显低于后唇基的端部,呈阶梯型(后者在同一线上);2)后足刺式为5-8-4(后者为5-6-4);3)后翅ⅡA1脉在端部分岔,A脉分为4支伸达后缘(后者ⅡA1脉在端部不分岔,A脉分为3支伸达后缘).模式种为西藏宽唇飞虱Laticlypenus tibetensis sp.nov..标本采自西藏墨脱上亚东村,灯光诱集.新种模式标本保存在南京农业大学昆虫标本室.     

中国飞虱科二属分类概要及三新种记述(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

对分布于我国南方的飞虱科两个属:细突飞虱属Neoterthrona Yang et Yang及等胸飞虱属Paraconon Yang et Yang进行了分类概要,修订了2属的属征,并记述3个新种:直茎细突飞虱Neoterthrona recta sp.nov.,具瘤细突飞虱Neoterthrona tubercularis sp.nov.和中华等胸飞虱Paraconon sinensis sp.nov..文中分别给出了2属所有种的检索表.新种模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

中国西北地区飞虱科四新记录种

作者于1987和1988年对中国西北地区的飞虱种类进行了初步调查和采集,经整理鉴定,发现4种中国新记录种,均属于飞虱亚科(Delphacinae)、飞虱族(Delphacini),其中绿飞虱属Chloriona 2种,黎氏飞虱属Ribautodelphax和古北飞虱属Javesella各1种,而且黎氏飞虱属为我国首次记录。     

橡胶树橡胶生物合成调控相关基因表达丰度比较

蛋白质是构成生命系统的基本元件之一,是大部分生物学功能的执行者。蛋白质丰度与其生物学功能息息相关,其丰度受基因表达过程中各环节严格精密的调控。其中,蛋白质丰度与其相应mRNA丰度存在较强的相关性,蛋白质丰度差异的40%可由mRNA丰度来解释。茉莉酸信号途径调节巴西橡胶树中的天然橡胶生物合成,但相关基因彼此间的表达丰度差异尚待阐明。该文比较了S/2D d3割胶制度下,15个橡胶生物合成调控相关基因COI1、JAZ1、JAZ2、JAZ3、MYC1、MYC2、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5、GAPDH、HMGR1、SRPP、REF、HRT1、HRT2以及2个常用内参基因18S、ACTIN1在10个橡胶树种质胶乳中的表达丰度差异;将ACTIN1的表达丰度设定为1,以此为标准计算出样品中其他基因的表达丰度。结果表明:相同个体中不同基因的转录丰度差异明显,不同个体中相同基因集的丰度大小排序存在一定差异;同一基因在不同个体中的转录丰度差异明显,这16个基因的最大丰度分别是最低丰度的9.43、6.04、10.02、12.29、18.82、9.22、38.46、112.83、121.36、15.34、19.09、13.54、10.05、19.80、24.83、11.82倍,他们的变异系数分别为73.05%、55.19%、69.09%、67.37%、66.59%、53.87%、83.25%、122.02%、166.34%、59.89%、70.59%、75.67%、74.20%、68.34%、84.23%、78.59%;总的来说,在群体水平上,16个基因的转录丰度从高到低依次为18S SRPPHMGR1REFMYC2/HRT1COI1MYC1/MYC4GAPDH/JAZ1/MYC5JAZ2HRT2/MYC3/JAZ3,他们的群体平均丰度依次为ACTIN1的28 382.26、43.64、11.39、7.16、5.47、5.10、1.07、0.75、0.74、0.45、0.42、0.33、0.12、0.06、0.06、0.04倍。值得注意的是,无论在个体水平还是群体水平上,18S的丰度毫无疑问是最大的,在mRNA中,SRPP的丰度最大,JAZ1大于JAZ2和JAZ3,MYC2大于MYC1、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5,HRT1大于HRT2。综上结果表明,结构基因和功能基因的丰度高于调控基因。在基因相对表达分析中,常对目的基因和内参基因作均一化处理,从而掩盖了不同基因间的真实丰度差异,因此,在基因表达分析中,既要关注基因的相对表达量,也要关注基因间的丰度差异,这有助于更全面地理解基因的功能。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-Amylase inhibitor-1 gene from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> expressed in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis>plants inhibits α-amylases from the coffee berry borer pest

Background  

Coffee is an important crop and is crucial to the economy of many developing countries, generating around US70 billion per year. There are 115 species in the < i > Coffea < /i > genus, but only two, < i > C. arabica < /i > and < i > C. canephora < /i > , are commercially cultivated. Coffee plants are attacked by many pathogens and insect-pests, which affect not only the production of coffee but also its grain quality, reducing the commercial value of the product. The main insect-pest, the coffee berry borer ( < i > Hypotheneumus hampei < /i > ), is responsible for worldwide annual losses of around US70 billion per year. There are 115 species in the Coffea genus, but only two, C. arabica and C. canephora, are commercially cultivated. Coffee plants are attacked by many pathogens and insect-pests, which affect not only the production of coffee but also its grain quality, reducing the commercial value of the product. The main insect-pest, the coffee berry borer (Hypotheneumus hampei), is responsible for worldwide annual losses of around US500 million. The coffee berry borer exclusively damages the coffee berries, and it is mainly controlled by organochlorine insecticides that are both toxic and carcinogenic. Unfortunately, natural resistance in the genus Coffea to H. hampei has not been documented. To overcome these problems, biotechnological strategies can be used to introduce an α-amylase inhibitor gene (α-AI1), which confers resistance against the coffee berry borer insect-pest, into C. arabica plants.     

Socioeconomic Value and Growth of Naturalized <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa balbisiana</Emphasis> L. A. Colla Leaves in Honduras

Socioeconomic Value and Growth of Naturalized Musa balbisiana L. A. Colla Leaves in Honduras. Musa balbisiana (Musaceae) is a seed–producing diploid banana indigenous to Southeast Asia. After it was introduced to Honduras it became naturalized in nearby second–growth areas of the north coast. Local residents were quick to recognize the socioeconomic value of these wild banana leaves as a wrap for traditional nacatamales. To estimate the monetary value and to provide preliminary data on sustainable harvest of these leaves, interviews and field research were undertaken in 2009. From July to September of that year, each of 38 harvesters averaged a weekly sale of 4,400 cut, de–veined, and blanched M. balbisiana leaves. This weekly harvest sold for Lempiras (Lps.) 550.00 or ca. U.S. 30.00 to truckers, who transported them to major markets. The number of leaves produced in three months was estimated by two techniques: 1) The traditional cut of the entire pseudostem and 2) a careful cut to only remove useful leaves. The number of useful leaves cut at the onset of the study and three months later was 11 and 13 for techniques 1 and 2, respectively. This difference was not significant, but the more careful method did yield significantly wider, longer, and a greater number of total leaves (useful plus immature). This is the first field study to estimate leaf production by naturalized < i > M. balbisiana < /i > plants in Honduras. All leaves are currently harvested from wild populations and no sustainable management plans exist. The socioeconomic value and cultural use of < i > M. balbisiana < /i > leaves in Honduras is an example of an exotic species that has important socioeconomic benefits. This naturalized < i > Musa < /i > appearsM. balbisiana plants in Honduras. All leaves are currently harvested from wild populations and no sustainable management plans exist. The socioeconomic value and cultural use of M. balbisiana leaves in Honduras is an example of an exotic species that has important socioeconomic benefits. This naturalized Musa appears to have few of the negative impacts typically attributed to exotic plants.     

Bau und Entwicklung des Atmungssystems der Honigbiene (Apis mellifica L.)

Ohne ZusammenfassungErklärung der Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen A Sekundäranastomos im Thorax - al Trachea alarum - AL Oberlippen-Antennen-Luftsack-trachee - ana Analschlinge der Längsstäm me - ant Antennentrachee - Ant Antenne - apa Apicalschlinge der Ldngsstämme - Atr Atrium - b larvale Kopftrachee - Bm Bauchmark - BTr Basaltracheole - c larvale Kopftrachee - ci T. cephalica inferior - CLL Clypeusluftsack - COL Gehirn-Augenluftsack - cs T. cephalica superior - cu Cubitaltrachee - cvi T. cephalica visceralis - d T. dorsalis - de T. dorsalis exterior - dea T. dorsalis exterior anterior - dep T. dorsalis exterior posterior - di T. dorsalis interior - Dk Darmkanal - DML Doisalmuskelluftsack - DrK Drüsenkern - ds T. dorsalis superior - e larvale Kopftrachee - Ex Exuvie - Exf Exuvialflüssigkeit - EzK Endzellkern - f larvale Beintrachee - FRL Stirnluftsack - G Gehirn - Go Gonaden - J Intima - JBe Imaginalanlage der Beine - JFl Imaginalanlage der Flügel - iT inverse Trachee - k nymphale Kopftrachee - K Tracheenknotenpunkt im Kopf der Imago - K, K Tracheenknotenpunkte im Kopf der Nymphe - K Kern - l T. longitudinalis - lb Unterlippentrachee - Lb Unterlippe - lbr Oberlippentrachee - Lbr Oberlippe - lbt Unterlippentastertrachee - Lbt Unterlippentaster - LTL Lateralthoraxluftsack - M Membran - Ma Matrix - md Mandibeltrachee - Md Mandibel - MDa Mitteldarm - MdD Mandibeldrüse - me Medialtrachee - Me Öffnungsmuskel - Mg Malpighigefäße - Mo Schließmuskel - MPL Metapleuralluftsack - mx Maxillartrachee - Mx Maxille - MX Maxillarluftsack - N Nerv - o Augentrachee - oa vordere Augentrachee - oc Ocellartrachee - OCL Ocellarluftsack - Oe Oesophagus - oi untere Augentrachee - op hintere Augentrachee - Pa Porta atrii - PH Pharynx-Luftsack - Ps Pericardialsinus - r Analtrachee - R Rückengefäß - ra Radialtrachee - Re Rectum - RPa Rectalpapille - s T. stigmatis - Sg Unterschlundganglion - SGL Unterschlundganglienluftsack - SLL Lateral-Scutellarluftsack - SML Median-Scutellarluftsack - SOL Supraoesophagalluftsack - SpD Spinndrüse - SPL Scutellar-Propodealluftsack - St Stigma - Stm Stigmenmund - t Analtrachee - T Trachea - TGa Tracheengang - Tr Tracheole - TrB Tracheolenbündel - TrW Tracheolenwand - u Analtrachee - v T. ventralis - V Vakuole - va T. ventralis anterior - vaa T. ventralis anterior anastomotica - vap T. ventralis anterior pedalis - ve T. ventralis exterior - vel T. ventralis exterior lateralis - vep T. ventralis exterior proximalis - vi T. visceralis - vp T. ventralis posterior - vpa T. ventralis posterior anastomotica - vpl T. ventralis posterior longitudinalis - vpp T. ventralis posterior pedalis - w Analtrachee - Wa Wange Dissertation der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Marburg a. L.     

Correspondence of environmental tolerances with leaf and branch attributes for six co-occurring species of broadleaf evergreen trees in northern California

 For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus m e n z i e s i i (Ericaceae), C h r y s o l e p i s c h r y s o p h y l l a (Fagaceae), L i t h o c a r p u s d e n s i f l o r u s (Fagaceae), Quercus c h r y s o l e p i s (Fagaceae), Quercus w i s l i z e n i i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia c a l i f o r n i c a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight, thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits, and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels. Accepted: 22 March 1996     

Die facettenaugen der landwanzen und zikaden

Ohne ZusammenfassungBuchstabenerklärungen zu den Abbildungen bm Basalmembran - bz Blutzelle - c Cornea - ChI I. Chiasma - ChII II. Chiasma - ChIII III. Chiasama - cu Cuticula - GI peripheres oder I. Opticusganglion - GII II. Opticusganglion - gzk Ganglienzellkern - hy Hypodermis - KK Krystallkegel - KKz Krystallkegelzelle - KKzk Kern der Krystallkegelzelle - Kz Krystallzelle (Sempersche Zelle im aconen Auge) - Kzk Krystallzellkern - MI I. Medullarmasse - MII II. Medullarmasse - MIII III. Medullarmasse - nb Nervenbündel - nf Nervenfasser - Om Ommatidium - Pl Pigmentleisten - Pz Hauptpigmentzelle - Pzk Hauptpigmentzellkern - pz Nebenpigmentzelle - pzk Kern der Nebenpigmentzelle - rh Rhabdomer - Rh Rhabdom - rpz Retinapigmentzelle - rpzk Kern der Retinapigmentzelle - ret Retinula - Sm Schaltmembran - sph Sphärosom - Sst Schaltstück - sz (1-8) 1.-8. Schzelle - szk (1-8) 1.-8. Schzellkern - szp Pigment der Sehzelle - tra Trachee     

Turbellaria Proseriata von der Pazifikküste der USA (Washington) I. Otoplanidae

The family Otoplanidae is represented by 8 species in the San Juan Archipel of the North American Pacific Coast. 6 new species and 1 new subspecies are described; 3 new genera are nominated. The female genital systems of Americanaplana nov. gen. and Pluribursaeplana nov. gen. deliver new elements for the morphology of the Turbellaria.

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Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen ag Atrium genitale bs Bursa - bsb Bursablase bss Bursasack - c Gehirn - co Kopulationsorgan - dqi Ductus genito-intestinalis - do dorsale Nadelgruppe - dsp Ductus spermaticus - eg extrakapsuläre Ganglien - fs feinkörniges Sekret - fsp Fremdsperma - ge Germar - gö Geschlechtsöffnung - gvc unpaarer Endabschnitt der Germo vitellodukte - gvd Germovitellodukt - hd Hautdrüse - hf Haftfeld - hn Hakennadeln - hp Haftpapille - hs homogenes Sekret - i Darm - is Kopfdarm - iv Darmvakuolen - kd Kittdrüsen - kr Kriechsohle - ks Kornsekret - ksd Kornsekretdrüsen - l Längsmuskeln - mb Muskelband - mfo Mündungsgrube des Frontalorgans - mgk männlicher Geschlechtskanal - mh Matrixgewebe für Hakennadeln - nv Ventralnerv - pap Parenchympolster - ph Pharynx - pht Pharynxtasche - qlm quergestreifte Längsmuskeln - rag rostrale Atrialausstülpung - rh Rhabditen - rm Ringmuskeln - sch schulpförmiger Zentralteil der Stilettapparatur - sd Schalendrüsen - sk Sehkolben - sm Sarkoplasma - sp Spermium - st Stilettapparatur - sta Statocyste - to Hoden - tr Trichterrohr - va Vagina - vd Vas deferens - vg Vesicula granulorum - vhp ventrale Haftpapillenreihe - vi Vitellar - vn ventrale Nadelgruppe - vp Vaginalporus - vs Vesicula seminalis - vva Vereinigung der paarigen Vaginen     

Die postembryonale entwicklung der aleurodinen (Hemi ptera-homoptera). Ein beitrag zur kenntnis der metamorphosen der insekten

Ohne ZusammenfassungErklärung der Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen A After - Cl Clypeus - AA Afterapparat - Cru Crumena - ACl Anteelypeus - Cx Hüfte - ADr Anhangsdrüse des männlichen Geschlechtsapparats - degDr degenerierte Drüse - dorsWB dorsale Wachsborstenbildner - Ant Antenne - DP Dorsalpori - Ar Arohum - dvm Dorsoventralmuskel - Au Komplexauge - epi epipharyngeales Sinnesorgan - B Bein - Fa Eingang zu Hö ₃ - BM thorako-abdominale Ganglienmasse - F _1,2 Falten, s. Text - Fe Femur - BuccGg Buccalganglion - FK Filterkammer - CerGg Cerebralganglion - Fl Flügel - FlA Flügelanlage - Op Operculum - FTr Fetttröpfchen - Ov Ovar - GA Anlage der ektodermalen Teile des Geschlechtsapparats - Ovid Ovidukt - Par Paramere - Go p paarige Gonapophyse - PB Palisadenbildner - Go u unpaare Gonapophyse - PCl Postclypeus - H ₁, H2 Artikulationshebel der Stechborsten - Pe Penis - Ph Pharynx - H Herz - Poh hintere - HD Hinterdarm - Pol laterale Randpolster - HFl Hinterflügel - Pov vordere - Ho Hoden - Pia Prätarsus - Hö _{1, 2, 3} vordere, mittlere, hintere Bildungshöhle - R Rectum - Rec Receptaculum seminis - HöFl Bildungshöhlen der Flügel - Ret retortenförmige Organe - HSch Haftscheibe - RWB Randwachsborstenbildner - KDr Kittdrüse - Sa1, 2, 3 Epithelsäcke, die weiter eingezogen werden - Kr Kralle - IA Larvenauge - SGg Subösophagalganglion - Lb Stechborstenscheide, Labium - SpDr _{1, 2} Speicheldrüsenlappen - Ling Lingula - SP Samenpumpe - L. mand., L. max. Lamina mandibularis, maxillaris - SPP Speichelpumpe - StB Stechborstenbündel - L. opt. L., L. opt. J. larvaler bzw. imaginaler Lobus opticus - Stg Stigma - Ta Tarsus - Ti Tibia - m Muskel - Tth, q Tentoriumarme - Md mandibulare Stechborste - Vag Vagina - m. dil. Dilatator der Mundpumpe - V. d. Vas deferens - MD Mitteldarm - VFl Vorderflügel - m. tent. Musc. tentorii - vlm ventraler Längsmuskel - MG Malpighi-Gefäß - Wl Epithelwand, s. Text - Mx maxillare Stechborste - Wu Wulst, s. Text - Myc Mycetom - Oc Ocellus - Oen Oenocyten - Ös Ösophagus - OLN Oberlippennerv     

An annotated list of species of the Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 aggregate sensu de Chambrier et al. (2004) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), parasites of fishes in the Palaearctic Region, their phylogenetic relationships and a key to their identification

A list and key to the identification of valid species of tapeworms of the Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 aggregate sensu de Chambrier et al. (2004), i.e. species of the genus occurring in fresh- and brackish-water fishes in the Palaearctic Region, are provided, with data on their hosts and geographical distribution. Instead of 32 taxa listed by Schmidt (1986) and subsequent authors, only the following 14 species are considered to be valid: P. ambiguus (Dujardin, 1845) (type-species); P. cernuae (Gmelin, 1790); P. filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802); P. fluviatilis Bangham, 1925; P. gobiorum Dogiel & Bychowsky, 1939; P. longicollis (Zeder, 1800); P. macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825); P. midoriensis Shimazu, 1990; P. percae (Müller, 1780); P. plecoglossi Yamaguti, 1934; P. sagittus (Grimm, 1872); P. tetrastomus (Rudolphi, 1810); P. thymalli (Annenkova-Chlopina, 1923); and P. torulosus (Batsch, 1786). An analysis of sequences of the nuclear genes (ITS2 and V4 region of 18S rDNA) revealed the following phylogenetic relationships for these taxa: P. torulosus ((P. midoriensis, P. sagittus) (P. fluviatilis (P. filicollis, P. gobiorum, P. macrocephalus)) (P. cernuae, P. plecoglossi, P. tetrastomus ((P. longicollis, P. percae) (P. ambiguus, P. thymalli)))). P. pronini Rusinek, 2001 from grayling Thymallus arcticus nigrescens is synonymised with P. thymalli. P. esocis La Rue, 1911 is apparently invalid but its conspecificity with either P. percae or P. longicollis could not be confirmed due to the absence of the scolex in the holotype and the unavailability of other material for morphological and molecular studies. P. osculatus (Goeze, 1782) has recently been transferred to Glanitaenia de Chambrier, Mariaux, Vaucher & Zehnder, 2004. The validity of the genus is supported by the position of G. osculata within the Proteocephalidea, based on molecular data, as well as its morphology and nature of the definitive host (the European wels Silurus glanis). P. hemispherous Rahemo & Al-Niaeemi, 2001, described from S. glanis in Iraq, is transferred to Postgangesia Akhmerov, 1960 as Postgangesia hemispherous (Rahemo & Al-Niaeemi, 2001) n. comb.