浙江省洞头拟裸长角虫兆属一新种（长角虫兆科：弹尾纲）

记述浙江省洞头岛拟祼长角虫兆属1无眼新种,岛屿拟裸长角虫兆Coecobrya islandica Shi&Pan sp.nov.。此新种的鉴定特征为无眼,弹器基具"光滑"刚毛,胫胕节内侧无"光滑"刚毛,下唇MREL1L2为光滑刚毛,X和X4为光滑刺状小刚毛,上唇基刚毛,腹部第II–IV节的感觉毛以及背部毛序。该新种与短毛拟裸长角虫兆Coecobrya brevis Xu et al.,2012最相似。本文给出了该新种的特征图及与相似种的详细特征比较。模式标本保存于台州学院生命科学学院和南京农业大学植保学院昆虫系。     

中国鳞（虫兆）属Tomocerus一新种（弹尾目：鳞虫兆科）

本文记述了中国鳞（虫兆）属1新种：王朗鳞姚Tommocerus(Tomocerina)wanglangensis,sp．nov．。模式标本保存于西南科技大学生命科学与工程学院昆虫标本室。王朗鳞虫兆Tomocerus(Tomocerina)wanglangensis,新种(图1～9)本新种和白鳞姚T.(Tomocerina)calceus Liu et al．1999非常相似,但新种爪内缘齿为1,1,1;弹器齿节刺简单、不具褶,刺序为2／1,Ⅰ,1,Ⅰ;弹器端节间齿数为2。正模♀,四川省平武县王朗,1800m,06-X-2002,刘永琴;副模：3♀♀,5♂♂,同正模。     

浙江省大雷山刺齿虫兆属一新种描述（弹尾纲：长角虫兆科）

记述浙江省大雷山刺齿虫兆属 1 新种,张氏刺齿虫兆Homidia zhangi sp. nov., 该种鉴别特征有体色,光滑下唇毛 L1,腹部第 4 节后侧中间 3+3 根大刚毛及长度相近的特化毛,腹部第 1 节和第 5 节特化毛的相对位置以及腹管侧瓣和弹器端区的大量纤毛状刚毛。模式标本保存于南京大学生命科学学院和台州学院生命科学学院。     

中国鳞[虫兆]属一新种及一新纪录种记述（弹尾目，鳞[虫兆]科）

记述弹尾目Collembola鳞[虫兆]科Tomoceridae鳞[虫兆]属Tomocerus1新种,即斑点鳞[虫兆]Tomocerus（Tomocerus）maculatus sp.nov.和1新纪录种,即巴地鳞Tomocerus（Tomocerus）asoka Yosii et Ashraf,1965。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。 斑点鳞[虫兆],新种Tomocerus（Tomocerus）maculatus sp.nov.（图1 ～10 ,表1） 体长2.3 ～3.1mm。 正模♀,吉林长白山（42.0°N,128.1°E） ,1100m,1980-08-03 ,黄复生采（IZCAS）。副模1 ♂,记录同正模; 1♀,吉林二道白河（42.4°N, 128.1°E）,700m, 1981-08-04 ,黄复生采（IZCAS）。 新种与T.（T.）violaceus Yosii,1956相似,但齿刺基部排列方式,触角、头部和身体上色素分布等不同。 词源：种名意指腹部3,4,5节上的斑块。     

浙江东白山裸长角虫兆属一2+2单眼新种（弹尾纲：长角虫兆科）

记述裸长角虫兆属1有眼新种：横眼裸长角虫兆Sinella transoculata sp. nov.。该新种的鉴定特征有2+2横向排列单眼,身体背部（除腹部第V–VI节）散布有棕色斑点,腹部第II节具a2大刚毛,腹部第IV节后侧中间具3根大刚毛及侧面具5根大刚毛。文中给出了该新种的特征图及该属2+2单眼横向排列物种之间的特征差异。     

中国鳞虫兆属Tom ocerus四新种(弹尾目:鳞虫兆科)

本文记述了中国鳞虫兆属Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｕｓ４新种,即紫胸鳞虫兆Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｕｓ（Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｉｎａ） ｐｕｒ－ｐｕｒｉｔｈｏｒｕｓ, ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．, （四川）; 白鳞虫兆Ｔｏｍｏｃｅｒｕｓ（Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｉｎａ） ｃａｌｃｅｕｓ, ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．, （四川）;巨鳞虫兆Ｔｏｍｏｃｅｒｕｓ（ｓ．ｓｔｒ．）ｍ ａｘｉｍｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．（四川）;小鳞虫兆Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｕｓ（ｓ．ｓｔｒ．）ｅｍ ｅｉｃｕｓ, ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ． （四川）。模式标本保存于绵阳经济技术高等专科学校农艺系昆虫标本室。１． 紫胸鳞虫兆Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｕｓ（Ｔｏｍｏｃｅｒｉｎａ） ｐｕｒｐｕｒｉｔｈｏｒｕｓ, 新种（图１）鉴别特征：本种与Ｔ．（Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｉｎａ） ｍ ｉｎｕｔｕｓＴｕｌｌｂｅｒｇ １８７６ 非常相似,但其下列特征可与后者相区别：弹器齿节刺的刺式为５／７,１,弹器端节间齿数为５～７,爪内齿数为１,１,１,握弹器体上刚毛数为５支。正模：♀,四川峨眉山,１９－ ＩＶ－ １９９５,刘永琴;副模：４♀♀２♂♂,同正模。２． 白鳞虫兆Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｕｓ （Ｔｏｍ ｏｃｅｒｉｎａ） ｃａｌｃｅｕｓ, 新种（图２）鉴别特征：本种与Ｔ．（Ｔｏｍｏｃｅｒｉ     

中国奇刺(虫兆)属一新种及丽江奇刺(虫兆)的新分布

记述中国奇刺(虫兆)属具有6臀刺的1新种,卜氏奇刺姚Friesea buyuni sp.nov..文中给出奇刺(虫兆)属中具有2+2小眼种类的检索表;并给出丽江奇刺(虫兆)的新发布记录.模式标本保存在上海昆虫博物馆.     

威(虫兆)属一新种及阔(虫兆)属在我国的发现(昆虫纲:弹尾目)

描述了采自上海地区的威(虫兆)属一新种Willemia shanghaiensis,并报道中国新纪录种厚角阔(虫兆)Oncopodura crassicornis Shoebotham,1911.新种模式标本存放于中国科学院上海昆虫研究所标本馆.     

西藏鳞(虫兆)亚属二新种记述(弹尾目,鳞(虫兆)科)

记述采自西藏地区的弹尾目Collembola鳞(虫兆)科Tomoceridae鳞(虫兆)亚属Tomocerus(Tomocerus)2新种:黑带鳞(虫兆)Tomocerus(Tomocerus)nigrofasciatus sp.nov.(西藏:洛扎生格)和背崩鳞(虫兆)Tomocerus(Tomocerus)baibungensis sp.nov.(西藏:墨脱背崩),给出鉴别特征图以及在西藏地区的种检索表.新种模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国颚毛(虫兆)属二新种(弹尾目,疣(虫兆)科)

记述了采白海南和浙江省的弹尾目疣[虫兆]科颚毛[虫兆]属Crossodonthina Yosii,2新种,海南颚毛yao C．hainana sp．nov．和天童颚毛yao C．tiantongshana sp．nov．。海南颚毛[虫兆]头部每侧有眼2个,弹器痕上有6根刚毛,非常容易与本属其它已知种类分开。天童颚毛[虫兆]与上海产的Crossodonthina tridentiens Yue＆Yin,1999相似,两者的主要区别是：新种的上颚有两条长的、羽毛状分支和具5齿的片状突起,且基部齿长而细;下颚的内颚叶端部及近基部各有1齿;新种腹部第5节有3＋3个疣状突起,而C．tridentiens有2＋2个疣状突起;新种的爪部内侧有2个小齿,1个大齿,C．tridentiens只有1大齿。模式标本保存于上海生命科学研究院,植物生理生态所昆虫标本馆。     

Molecular phylogeny of Armillaria from the Patagonian Andes

A number of species in the plant pathogen genus Armillaria are known from South America where they cause root rot disease on a wide variety of hosts. Knowledge pertaining to phylogenetic relationships of these species with those of other Armillaria species is almost non-existent. In addition, very few cultures representing these species are available, making DNA-based phylogenetic analyses impossible. The aim of this study was to characterise a collection of Armillaria isolates from the Patagonian Andes using DNA sequences and to determine their phylogenetic relationships with other Armillaria species. DNA sequences were obtained from the internal transcribed regions (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS4) and ribosomal large subunit (LSU) gene and used in phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic trees generated from the sequences separated the Armillaria isolates into four lineages. Lineages I and II represented A. novae-zelandiae and A. luteobubalina, respectively. Isolates belonging to A. novae-zelandiae from Malaysia, New Zealand, Australia and South America showed considerable intra-clade sub-structure. Lineages III and IV are probably distinct species and are most closely related to A. hinnulea and an unnamed species isolated from New Zealand and Kenya. This is the first comprehensive study of the phylogenetic relationships of Armillaria species from Patagonia and it provides a foundation for future research in this region.     

Negative dietary effects of Colorado potato beetle eggs for the larvae of native and introduced ladybird beetles

Aphidophagous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are attracted to and feed heavily on aphids, but many species will also feed opportunistically on other prey that they encounter. In potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Washington State, USA, coccinellids feed on both green peach aphids (“GPA,” Myzus persicae Sulzer) and eggs of the Colorado potato beetle (“CPB,” Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). The guild of aphidophagous ladybirds includes two native species, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville and Coccinella transversoguttata Brown. Recently, an introduced species, Coccinella septempunctata L., has invaded and apparently displaced its native congener. A second exotic, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, has colonized the area and is becoming more abundant. We compared larval development of each species on a monotypic diet of GPA, a monotypic diet of CPB eggs, or a mixed diet of both GPA and CPB eggs. Our goal was to answer two questions: (1) do larvae of the four ladybird species benefit from including CPB eggs in their diet and (2) do the four ladybird species differ in their ability to utilize CPB eggs as prey? No larva of any species completed development on a pure diet of CPB eggs, and survivorship was highest for all species when they fed on a pure diet of GPA. One native species, H. convergens, and one exotic species, H. axyridis, exhibited significantly lower survivorship on a mixed diet of both CPB eggs and GPA, compared to a pure GPA diet; H. axyridis also took longer to develop from egg to adult when both prey were provided. Survivorship of the two Coccinella spp. was not altered by the inclusion of CPB eggs with GPA, although CPB eggs lengthened the development time of C. transversoguttata. Adult size was not consistently affected by diet for any of the coccinellids. Overall, no ladybird species benefited from the inclusion of potato beetle eggs in its diet. The two Coccinella species responded similarly to the inclusion of CPB eggs, and so we would not expect any difference in the success of coccinellid larval development in potato fields following the replacement of C. transversoguttata by C. septempunctata. Hippodamia convergens and H. axyridis, the two species whose survivorship was depressed by combining CPB egg and aphid prey, were also the two species that consumed the greatest number of CPB eggs during successful larval development. A comparison of total egg consumption by each species cohort suggested that displacement of the other species by H. axyridis would not alter CPB biological control, because the higher per capita feeding rate by H. axyridis larvae compensated for individuals’ greater mortality risk on a diet including CPB eggs.     

Food Preference of Wireworms Analyzed with Multinomial Logit Models

Many species of wireworms (larvae of click beetles, Elateridae) are poly- phagous root herbivores. In grasslands under restoration succession with various grass species, we aim to determine the role of wireworms in aboveground vegetation succession. Therefore, it is crucial to know whether wireworms prefer some food plants to others. We have investigated the root preference to different grass species for Agriotes obscurus and Athous haemorrhoidalis and whether these preferences can be explained by covariates. In Experiment 1, individual wireworms could choose between four different plants, one of each species (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne). In Experiment 2, groups of wireworms were released into the soil in the center of 16 plants (4 from each species). We used multinomial logit models (MLMs) to analze the data. In the appendix the use of multinomial response models is clarified with a fictitious example, using the SAS statistic software package. No preference was found in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 we found differences in attractiveness of plant species depending on wireworm species: A. obscurus preferred grass species from nutrient-rich grasslands (L. perenne and H. lanatus). Both wireworm species disliked F. rubra. The distance from the release point influenced the probability of being found at a certain place at the end of the experiment: wireworms tended to stay in the proximity of the release point. A. haemorrhoidalis was more often found farther from the point of release than A. obscurus. Dispersal was farther from the release point in experiments with young plants (6 weeks) compared to older ones (9 weeks). Results are discussed in a broad ecological context.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of Chinese and Australasian Polystichum ferns as inferred from chloroplast trnL-F and rps4-trnS sequence data

Polystichum, one of the largest genera of ferns, occurs worldwide with the greatest diversity in southwest China and adjacent regions. Although there have been studies of Chinese Polystichum on its traditional classification, geographic distributions, and even a few on its molecular systematics, its relationships to other species outside China remain little known. Here, we investigated the phylogeny and biogeography of the Polystichum species from China and Australasia. The evolutionary relationships among 42 Polystichum species found in China (29 taxa) and Australasia (13 taxa) were inferred from phylogenetic analyses of two chloroplast DNA sequence data sets: rps4-trnS and trnL-F intergenic spacers. The divergence time between Chinese and Australasian Polystichum was estimated. The results indicated that the Australasian species comprise a monophyletic group that is nested within the Chinese diversity, and that the New Zealand species are likewise a monophyletic group nested within the Australasian species. The divergence time estimates suggested that Chinese Polystichum migrated into Australasia from around 40 Ma ago, and from there to New Zealand from about 14 Ma. The diversification of the New Zealand Polystichum species began about 10 Ma. These results indicated that Polystichum probably originated in eastern Asia and migrated into Australasia: first into Australia and then into New Zealand.     

A New Basidiomycetous Yeast Species, Cryptococcus mycelialis, Related to Holtermannia Saccardo et Traverso

A new species of the genus Cryptococcus, Cr. mycelialis (the type strain VKM Y-2863), is described based on the taxonomic study of four strains isolated from soil and plant samples collected on the South Georgia and East Falkland islands. This species differs from the known Cryptococcus species in its ability to form a true monokaryotic mycelium with pseudoclamp connections and haustoria. The species can be distinguished from the phylogenetically related and phenotypically similar species Holtermannia corniformis and Cr. nyarrowii by some assimilatory reactions, maximum growth temperature, and sensitivity to mycocins.     

Natural establishment of a parasitoid complex on Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii

Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most recent of four tephritid fruit fly species accidentally introduced into Hawaii. Although parasitoids have been released against other tephritid fruit fly species and have shown partial success in Hawaii, no parasitoids were released until 2004 to suppress populations of B. latifrons. The present study was conducted to document the parasitoid complex that has naturally established against B. latifrons in Hawaii and to assess whether there is a need for improving the biological control of this species. Based on ripe turkeyberry (Solanum torvum Sw) fruit collections over three consecutive years B. latifrons was the dominant tephritid fruit fly infestating turkeyberry at all four sites surveyed, across three major islands in Hawaii. The overall percentage parasitism of B. latifrons ranged from a low of 0.8% (Hana, Maui) to a high of 8.8% (Kahaluu, Oahu). Five primary parasitoid species were recovered from individually held B. latifrons puparia: Fopius arisanus (Sonan), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), D. tryoni (Cameron), and Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri. F. arisanus was the predominant parasitoid at three of the four sites. Low levels of parasitism suggest that there is a need to improve biological control of B. latifrons, to minimize chances of this species causing economic impacts on crop production in Hawaii. We discuss the possibility of improving biological control of B. latifrons through augmentative releases of F. arisanus or introduction and release of specific and efficient new parasitoid species.     

Species of Pleuroxus (Anomopoda,Chydoridae) from the subantarctic islands and southernmost South America: a partial unravelling of the Pleuroxus aduncus problem

Whereas previously all populations of Pleuroxus (now P.) known from the subantarctic islands and southernmost South America were considered to belong to a subspecies of P. aduncus (described from France), now there are five distinct species, only one of which resembles P. aduncus to any significant extent, but even it is a good species. Thus, the taxa are all distinctly different, and none of them could possibly be considered an infraspecies of P. aduncus sens. str. P. macquariensis from Macquarie Island and P. paroplesius and P. varidentatus from South America are new. Of the five species, P. varidentatus resembles P. aduncus most closely, but is separated from it by a number of significant characters. P. wittsteini is presently known from five islands in the south Indian Ocean, but there is considerable uncertainty as to whether all these populations really are the same taxon, because they differ somewhat in the shape of the labrum and in the intensity of sculpturing of the carapace and head. P. scopuliferus from South America is the most distinctive species of the group, having 9 gnathobasic filter setae on trunklimb III instead of the usual 8, a weak ridge on the shell, and a recurved rostrum extending beyond the tip of the labrum. No species of Pleuroxus (or of P., another subgenus of animals formerly assigned simply to Pleuroxus are known from the islands in the Scotia Arc between South America and Antarctica. The patterns of distribution cannot be explained by an on-going passive dispersal of resting eggs. No populations of species on the subantarctic islands are known from any of the southern land masses. Conditions on these islands intuitively must have been more severe during the glacial ages than during the present interglacial, suggesting that any anomopods present were eliminated during the severe glacial periods. Yet, the presence of isolated populations of endemic species on some islands and the complete lack of Pleuroxus on others (e.g. those in the Scotia Arc) argues that conditions, although more severe, still provided opportunities for the maintenance of active populations. Moreover, the morphological differences between populations of P. wittsteini on islands from a few hundred to several thousand kilometers apart likewise argue for genetic isolation over a very long period of time. Deceased     

Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) based on molecular and morphological data

Phylogenetic analysis of noncoding trnL plastid DNA sequences and morphological data for 43 species of Zygophylloideae, representing most of the morphological and geographical variation in the subfamily, indicates that the currently recognised genera Augea (monotypic, southern Africa), Tetraena (monotypic, China), and Fagonia (c. 30 species, widespread), are embedded in Zygophyllum (c. 150 species, widespread). A generic classification based on six monophyletic and morphologically distinctive entities is proposed: Roepera with c. 60 species in Australia and southern Africa, Zygophyllum with c. 50 species in Asia, Tetraena with c. 40 species in Africa and Asia, Augea with a single species in southern Africa, Melocarpum with two species in the Horn of Africa region, and Fagonia with c. 30 species in both the Old and the New World. Scanning electron microscopy studies of testa structure provided important characters for the delimitation of some genera. New combinations (61) are made in Roepera, a resurrected genus originally described from Australia, one new name is proposed in Zygophyllum, 35 new combinations are made in Tetraena, and two new combinations are made in Melocarpum (previously Zygophyllum sect. Melocarpum).     

An ustilaginomycetous yeast,Pseudozyma graminicola sp. nov., isolated from the leaves of pasture plants

Two strains belonging to a novel anamorphic species, Pseudozyma graminicola, were isolated from the leaves of herbaceous plants in the Moscow region (Russia). This species was genetically distinct from all known Pseudozyma species, based on sequence divergence in the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rDNA and the ITS region. It is related phylogenetically to species of the genus Sporisorium (Ustilaginaceae, Ustilaginales). Physiological characteristics distinguishing this novel species from the other species of the genus Pseudozyma are presented.