可可西里地区藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴的营养生态位

2004年8月,在可可西里自然保护区的楚玛尔河至五道梁一带观察藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴的行为活动,并收集其粪便,运用粪便显微分析法对其食性进行研究,计算3种动物的营养生态位宽度和营养生态位重叠指数.结果表明：藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴所采食的植物种类基本相似,但在食谱中所占的比例不同,禾本科植物在藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴的食谱中所占的比例分别为58.7%、44.57%和9228%.藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴的营养生态位宽度分别为0.878、0.735和0.695.藏羚羊和藏野驴、藏羚羊和藏原羚、藏野驴和藏原羚的营养生态位重叠值(FT)分别为0.869、0.985和0.785.结合藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴的生态习性,从营养生态位的角度探讨了它们之间竞争与共存的关系.     

可可西里藏羚羊、野牦牛、藏野驴和藏原羚冬季蠕虫卵粪检研究初报

2004年12月25日~2005年1月5日,在可可西里地区收集到藏羚羊、野牦牛、藏野驴和藏原羚的新鲜粪便各36、16、13和20份带回实验室,利用漂浮法、沉淀法对其在冬季的寄生蠕虫卵进行检查。结果显示:藏羚羊、藏原羚粪便中均存在有细颈属线虫、马歇尔属线虫和莫尼茨属绦虫虫卵,藏羚羊的感染率在19.4%~94.4%之间,感染强度EPG分别为5.58、5.11和2.86;藏原羚感染率为15%~65%,感染强度EPG各自为11.1、2.45和12.65。野牦牛粪样有古柏属和毛圆属线虫卵,感染率在75%~87.5%之间,感染强度EPG为9.06和5.93;藏野驴粪样有裸头属绦虫卵和园形科线虫卵,感染率在31%~100%之间,感染强度EPG分别为3.77和104。粪检表明:冬季藏羚羊、野牦牛、藏野驴和藏原羚的蠕虫感染率高、感染种类少和感染强度低,动物处于带虫免疫状态。     

用物种分布模型和距离抽样估计三江源藏野驴、藏原羚和藏羚羊的数量

三江源国家公园成立后,人们需要了解该区域关键有蹄类物种如藏野驴(Equus kiang)、藏原羚(Procaprapicticaudata)和藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii)等物种的分布和数量,以便制定相应的保护规划.我们于2014～2017年夏季在三江源53.8×10~4km~2的范围内进行了样线调查,考察行程总计14597.8 km,记录到藏野驴3711头,藏原羚1187只,藏羚羊423只.为了准确估计有蹄类的数量,我们用随机森林模型量化了物种分布与22个环境变量的关系,预测了三大有蹄类在整个区域的分布和数量,并通过样线调查的数据进行校正,得到藏野驴、藏原羚和藏羚羊在三江源研究区域的总数分别为44240头、13162只和2390只.四年来三大有蹄类数量稳定.我们应用距离抽样的探测函数、随机森林模型中环境变量对物种数量的解释程度以及调查结果和模型结果的匹配程度进行不确定性分析,计算了动物估计数量的置信区间.我们建立了新的动物数量估计方法,适合于动物分布与环境变量关系密切并有样线调查结果的情况.     

青海省唐古拉山地区有蹄类数量的初步调查

青海省唐古拉山地区集中了青藏高原的三大动物——藏野驴(Equus hemionus Kiang)藏羚羊(Procapra picticaudata)和野牦牛(Bos grunniens),此外,藏原羚(Pantholops hodgsoni)也是高原地区特有种。了解有关这些动物的数量很有必要。1985年10月22日至11月10日,由林业部组织联合考察队对本区的野生动物进行了初步的数量调查。唐古拉地处青海西南部,行政上属海西蒙古族藏族哈萨克族自治州管辖,平均海拔在4000—5000米。主要的大型有蹄类是野驴和藏羚羊,野驴每群2—71只不等,藏羚羊最大的一群达279只。大部分动物都集中在公路两侧雪较浅的地方。…     

新疆阿尔金山自然保护区东部大型兽类数量和分布

2003年12月对阿尔金山保护区东部的6种大中型兽类进行了数量和分布状况的考察,发现藏野驴和藏羚羊的数量较以往数量有一定程度的增加,而野牦牛的数量有所下降,藏原羚、狼、赤狐的数量相对比较少。根据样线调查法计算,估计东部地区的藏野驴约8309只,藏羚羊1603只,野牦牛985只,藏原羚214只。从目前的调查看,有限的食物资源及人为因子（盗猎、开矿和围栏等）可能是制约野生动物种群数量增长的主要因素。     

青海省野牛沟地区主要兽类的数量与保护

作者于１９９０～１９９２年在青海省中部未受保护的野牛沟地区进行以有蹄类物种为重点的野生动物考察。考察结果表明：藏羚羊、藏原羚、野牦牛和岩羊的数量都超过１０００只,藏野驴约８００只,盘羊近２５０只,白唇鹿未估计数量。对其他１０种兽类也进行了考察。尽管有法律保护野生动物,但偷猎行为并没有得到控制。因此,必须尽快建立野牛沟自然保护区或野生动物管理区。     

西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

西藏马鹿为我国特有种,曾一度被认定为野外灭绝。在其生境中有多种食性相近的野生有蹄类及家畜同域分布,探究青藏高原特殊环境下西藏马鹿与这些有蹄类的食物资源种间竞争与共存关系十分必要。2013年和2014年8—9月,采用粪便显微分析法确定了桑日县西藏马鹿自然保护区西藏马鹿、白唇鹿、藏原羚、牦牛、山羊草青期食物组成,并比较分析了西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜之间的食物重叠和分化状况。结果表明: 西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类具有相似的可食植物种类组成,但所占食谱比例不同。西藏马鹿主要可食植物多为其他有蹄类次要可食植物,其中弱小火绒草为西藏马鹿(在动物食谱中的百分比为11.2%)与牦牛(10.2%)共同的主要食物,西藏柳为西藏马鹿(9.6%)和白唇鹿(11.4%)共同的主要食物。从科级水平来看,豆科植物为西藏马鹿(21.4%)与藏原羚(42.5%)的共同主要可食植物,莎草科植物为白唇鹿(49.2%)、牦牛(33.4%)、山羊(50.3%)的共同主要可食植物。菊科植物作为西藏马鹿(29.6%)的主要可食植物,也是白唇鹿(7.6%)、藏原羚(11.6%)、牦牛(17.3%)和山羊(14.1%)的次要可食植物。禾本科植物作为西藏马鹿(7.1%)次要可食植物,较其他4种有蹄类(白唇鹿13.6%、藏原羚12.3%、牦牛11.5%、山羊16.0%)所占比例低。西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类食物重叠度均高于0.5,与牦牛的重叠度最高(0.65)。西藏马鹿食物多样性指数(1.32)、均匀度指数(0.37)和生态位宽度指数(15.79)均较高。与2007—2008年相比,西藏马鹿食物组成变化较大,豆科植物比例增大,莎草科植物比例降低,食物质量总体有所提高。西藏马鹿与家畜之间存在较高的食物资源竞争,这将进一步影响西藏马鹿的分布范围和生存空间。     

阿尔金山自然保护区基于野牦牛、藏野驴、藏羚羊适宜栖息地的生态容量估测

阿尔金山国家级自然保护区保护了以野牦牛(Bos mutus)、藏野驴(Equus kiang)、藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsoni)为代表的青藏高原特有野生动物及其栖息地,但是近年来野生动物数量的快速增长引发了栖息地退化的问题,科学量化阿尔金山自然保护区各类栖息地对野牦牛、藏羚羊、藏野驴的生态容量,并提出相应的野生动物管理措施,是实现保护区可持续管理的根本途径。本文应用遥感技术和地面调查相结合的方法,系统分析了保护区内野牦牛、藏野驴和藏羚羊的栖息地需求,建立了植物生物量和NDVI的关系模型,结合三类野生动物的食性分析,估测了适宜栖息地(高寒草原、高寒荒漠草原、高寒草甸、高寒荒漠)为三类野生动物提供的可食植物量,推算了适宜栖息地和整个保护区可以承载三类野生动物的生态容量。结果表明:阿尔金山自然保护区内野牦牛、藏野驴和藏羚羊的适宜栖息地面积分别为31866.07、24035.51、24035.51 km~2,三类野生动物的适宜栖息地之间相互重叠,藏野驴和藏羚羊的适宜栖息地基本相同;全保护区内,高寒草原、高寒荒漠草原、高寒荒漠和高寒草甸分别提供了3944.91×10~4、3126.32×10~4、138.19×10~4、564.49×10~4kg可食植物量;结合三类野生动物的栖息地重叠程度及食物需求量分析,得出阿尔金山保护区的最大生态容量为野牦牛7951头/a、藏野驴6907头/a、藏羚羊27094只/a;结合三类野生动物对食物资源的占有率估计,得出阿尔金山三类野生动物的生态容量变幅为野牦牛3976—7156头/a,藏野驴3454—6216头/a、藏羚羊13547—24385只/a。根据阿尔金山自然保护区各类栖息地对三类野生动物的生态容量,提出适当控制藏野驴种群数量、增加藏羚羊种群数量的建议,以促进野生动物种群数量的持续增长和栖息地的有效保护。     

可可西里自然保护区藏羚羊的食性分析

2005年7月和2006年1月在可可西里国家自然保护区内收集藏羚羊的新鲜粪样各33份和55份.利用粪便显微分析法分析了该地区藏羚羊的食物构成及其冷季(1月)和暖季(7月)的变化.结果表明,在藏羚羊粪便中镜检到的可识别植物碎片为15科24种(属)植物,其食物谱构成主要包括禾本科、豆科、菊科、柽柳科及玄参科植物;禾本科是藏羚羊全年的主要食物,它在食物组成中所占的比例为60.5%;莎草科、豆科、菊科、柽柳科及玄参科植物是藏羚羊全年都取食的主要食物,其所占比例分别为16.7%、9.2%、6.4%、4.9%及0.9%.藏羚羊在冷季和暖季的食物构成有显著变化,莎草科和柽柳科在冷季所占比例较低,分别为7.7%和0.8%,而禾本科、豆科和玄参科在冷季所占比例较高,分别达到了70.4%、12.6%和2.4%.     

西藏羌塘北部和青海可可西里地区冬季野生动物调查

2006年11月1～23日,我们在西藏羌塘自然保护区北部和青海可可西里保护区进行了一次长达1692km的野生动物调查,此次调查所覆盖的区域均为无人区,海拔在4800～5200m之间。本次调查显示,冬季该荒漠／高山草原区域内,藏羚羊（Pantholops hodgsoni）是分布最多的有蹄类物种。在全长1692km,宽2km的样线上,共记录到5999只藏羚羊。在每个分区内的密度各不相同,从0．03／km^2到9．21／km^2,平均为1．77只／km^2。在调查期间,明显的雄性个体群平均为6．3只／群,雌性个体群平均为6．4只／群,同时我们也记录到了100只以上的雌雄集合群。由此可见,藏羚羊正进入冬季的交配期,在一些区域出现了集中分布的现象。我们依然不清楚这些开始集中的雌性藏羚羊分别来自哪几个迁徙种群,和各个产仔地的明确关系,以及雄性藏羚羊又来自哪些区域。相比较而言,在同一纬度区域内其它有蹄类物种的密度相对较低,只有当向东进入可可西里之后才有所上升。其中,在可可西里保护区记录到的野牦牛（Bos grunniens）占总数的73％（n=977）,藏野驴（Equus kiang）占48％（n=527）以及藏原羚（Gazella picticaudata）占95％（n=146）。西藏的羌塘北部地区对于藏羚羊是重要的冬季分布区,而可可西里地区不仅是几个藏羚羊种群重要的产仔地,同时也是一个重要的野牦牛种群的避难所。另外,本文还讨论了青藏公路东部有人区内的野生动物和草场的情况。在该区域内,已出现多个保护野生动物和自然环境的保护组织。     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

Endangered wild yak (Bos grunniens) in the Tibetan plateau and adjacent regions: Population size,distribution, conservation perspectives and its relation to the domestic subspecies

The yak (Bos grunniens) is a long-haired bovid, endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent high-altitude regions. The domesticated subspecies of yak (B. grunniens grunniens) are abundant and closely associated with the livelihoods of herders, while the wild subspecies of yak (B. grunniens mutus) are endangered due primarily to anthropogenic effects. The endangered status of wild yaks calls for consideration, if we are to secure its long term survival, hence this study. Here we hope to provide baseline information necessary for further research and protection of the wild yak resources. We use published data to discuss their evolution, their characteristics as well as their distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent high-altitude regions. We were able to come up with a world wild yak distribution map, which may be useful for establishing protected areas, as well as updating the species IUCN Red List Status. From the data available, we were also able to provide an estimate of the wild yak population in China (∼22,000 wild yaks living in China), corresponding to 90% of the total world population. We further discuss the major threats to yaks, and we give some suggestions for future and sustainable conservation.     

Genome‐wide variation within and between wild and domestic yak

The yak is one of the few animals that can thrive in the harsh environment of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and adjacent Alpine regions. Yak provides essential resources allowing Tibetans to live at high altitudes. However, genetic variation within and between wild and domestic yak remain unknown. Here, we present a genome‐wide study of the genetic variation within and between wild and domestic yak. Using next‐generation sequencing technology, we resequenced three wild and three domestic yak with a mean of fivefold coverage using our published domestic yak genome as a reference. We identified a total of 8.38 million SNPs (7.14 million novel), 383 241 InDels and 126 352 structural variants between the six yak. We observed higher linkage disequilibrium in domestic yak than in wild yak and a modest but distinct genetic divergence between these two groups. We further identified more than a thousand of potential selected regions (PSRs) for the three domestic yak by scanning the whole genome. These genomic resources can be further used to study genetic diversity and select superior breeds of yak and other bovid species.     

西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性及其遗传分化

通过测定和分析西藏11个牦牛类群114个个体的mtDNA D-loop区全序列,对西藏牦牛的遗传多样性、类群间的亲缘关系及其遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明:①西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列长度为890—896 bp,4种核苷酸T、C、A、G的平均比例分别为28.5%、25.3%、32.4%、13.8%,西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区富含碱基A+T,表现出一定的碱基偏好性。②共检测到130个变异位点,占分析总位点数的14.33%;其中单一多态位点85个,占多态位点总数的65.38%,简约信息位点45个,占多态位点总数的34.62%。序列变异中碱基缺失、插入和碱基替换等均有,其中碱基替换变异类型中转换114次,颠换12次,在转换变异类型中以A/G、T/C为主,占95.61%,在颠换变异类型中以A/T为主,占75%。③在114个个体中鉴定出90种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.981±0.008,核苷酸多样性为0.01056±0.00701,均说明西藏牦牛具有丰富的单倍型类型。④90种单倍型分为2个聚类簇(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),聚类簇Ⅰ包含80种单倍型,占全部单倍型的88.89%,涵盖本研究中所有的西藏牦牛类群;聚类簇Ⅱ中有10种单倍型,占单倍型总数的11.11%,涉及的类群有工布江达、帕里、丁青、巴青、江达、类乌齐、桑桑、桑日、斯布,说明西藏牦牛可能有2个母系起源。⑤西藏牦牛类群间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)在0.503%—1.416%之间,聚类分析和AMOVA分析显示西藏牦牛可分为两大类,康布牦牛、嘉黎牦牛为一类,其余的牦牛类群为另一类。     

A chromosome‐scale reference genome and genome‐wide genetic variations elucidate adaptation in yak

Yak is an important livestock animal for the people indigenous to the harsh, oxygen‐limited Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and Hindu Kush ranges of the Himalayas. The yak genome was sequenced in 2012, but its assembly was fragmented because of the inherent limitations of the Illumina sequencing technology used to analyse it. An accurate and complete reference genome is essential for the study of genetic variations in this species. Long‐read sequences are more complete than their short‐read counterparts and have been successfully applied towards high‐quality genome assembly for various species. In this study, we present a high‐quality chromosome‐scale yak genome assembly (BosGru_PB_v1.0) constructed with long‐read sequencing and chromatin interaction technologies. Compared to an existing yak genome assembly (BosGru_v2.0), BosGru_PB_v1.0 shows substantially improved chromosome sequence continuity, reduced repetitive structure ambiguity, and gene model completeness. To characterize genetic variation in yak, we generated de novo genome assemblies based on Illumina short reads for seven recognized domestic yak breeds in Tibet and Sichuan and one wild yak from Hoh Xil. We compared these eight assemblies to the BosGru_PB_v1.0 genome, obtained a comprehensive map of yak genetic diversity at the whole‐genome level, and identified several protein‐coding genes absent from the BosGru_PB_v1.0 assembly. Despite the genetic bottleneck experienced by wild yak, their diversity was nonetheless higher than that of domestic yak. Here, we identified breed‐specific sequences and genes by whole‐genome alignment, which may facilitate yak breed identification.     

Phylogeographical analysis shows the need to protect the wild yaks' last refuge in Nepal

The wild yak Bos mutus was believed to be regionally extinct in Nepal for decades until our team documented two individuals from Upper Humla, north‐western Nepal, in 2014. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) seeks further evidence for the conclusive confirmation of that sighting. We conducted line transects and opportunistic sign surveys in the potential wild yak habitats of Humla, Dolpa, and Mustang districts between 2015 and 2017 and collected genetic samples (present and historic) of wild and domestic yaks Bos grunniens. We also sighted another wild yak in Upper Humla in 2015. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses based on mitochondrial D‐loop sequences (~450 bp) revealed that wild yaks in Humla share the haplotype with wild yaks from the north‐western region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau in China. While hybridization with domestic yaks is a major long‐term threat, illegal hunting for meat and trophy put the very small populations of wild yaks in Nepal at risk. Our study indicates that the unprotected habitat of Upper Humla is the last refuge for wild yaks in Nepal. We recommend wild yak conservation efforts in the country to focus on Upper Humla by (i) assigning a formal status of protected area to the region, (ii) raising awareness in the local communities for wild yak conservation, and (iii) providing support for adaptation of herding practice and pastureland use to ensure the viability of the population.     

Influences on mammals frequency of use of small bridges and culverts along the Qinghai–Tibet railway,China

Understanding the use of small bridges and culverts by wildlife to cross the Qinghai–Tibet railway will aid in the design of wildlife crossing structures for similar transportation infrastructure. From 2014 to 2016, 36 infrared cameras were placed inside 14 small bridges and 11 culverts along the Qinghai–Tibet railway to determine the structures’ effectiveness as wildlife passages. Thirteen species of mammals were found to use the small bridges and culverts to cross the railway. The crossing rates for all mammals were significantly higher for small bridges than for culverts. Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), kiang (Equus kiang), and wild yak (Bos mutus) preferred small bridges over culverts to cross the railway. In contrast, mountain weasel (Mustela altaica) and Asian badger (Meles leucurus) preferred culverts to cross the railway. The crossing rates of all mammals, particularly Tibetan gazelle and woolly hare, were positively influenced by structure width. Structure height had a positive influence on wild yak, but structure length had a negative influence on kiang. The distance to the highway had a positive influence on the crossing rates of all mammals, particularly wild yak and woolly hare. Human use of the structures had no influence on the crossings of most mammals except for common wolf. We suggest that road design schemes include large and open crossing structures to benefit most species with limitations on human activities near wildlife passages.     

基于N%理念的三江源国家公园区域功能优化实践

三江源国家公园是我国第一个国家公园体制试点,要求实行最严格的生态保护,同时要处理好当地牧民生计与资源环境承载能力的关系,形成人与自然和谐发展新模式。本文就该国家公园所在地区区域尺度上生物多样保护最小面积与民生需求最大面积相协调的自然比例进行了探索,寻求可持续管理的途径与模式。通过国家公园区域内家畜(家耗牛Bos grunniens和藏系绵羊Ovis aries)和主要野生有蹄类草食动物(藏羚Pantholops hodgsonii、藏原羚Procapra picticaudata、野耗牛B.mutus和西藏野驴Equus kiang)的营养生态位体积和重叠,现有家畜和主要野生有蹄类草食动物的数量(分别为116.70×10^4羊单位和31.40×10^4羊单位),保障当地牧民(6.43×10^4人)基本生活需求的家畜存栏量(123.07×10^4羊单位)等核算出该国家公园需要保护的自然区域面积最低比例,即自然比例(Nature Proportion,N%),其理论值、现实值和预期值分别为90%、30%和74%。通过区域资源空间配置优化,将外围支撑区发展草产业生产的饲草资源用于“返青期休牧”模式和“暖牧冷饲两段式养殖”模式(可供饲养190 d所需饲草,即增加保护草地4.47×10^4 km^2),或用于满足当地牧民基本生活需求的家畜(可饲养60.25×10^4羊单位,即增加保护草地1.55×10^4 km^2)等优化了该国家公园N%的现实值和预期值,分别为67%和87%。不同的核算条件、方法和目的得到的N%存在较大差异。多重目标下三江源国家公园N%的核算,应考虑:生物多样性保护优先区域识别、生态安全屏障重点区域识别、应对未来气候变化影响保护区域识别及重要性区分、重要生态系统服务(如水资源)受益区域识别、当地牧民群众发展适宜区域识别及优先性区分、生态系统服务评估和生态系统服务商品供给量核算。合理核算三江源国家公园所在区域的N%,从而实现社会一生态系统可持续管理。