宁波滩涂贝类养殖区沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留及生态风险评估

利用GC-ECD对宁波市主要滩涂贝类养殖区表层沉积物中的多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留量进行测定,研究其分布状况,并进行生态风险评估.结果表明:贝类养殖区表层沉积物中的总有机氯农药含量为0.80～32.40ng·g-1,多氯联苯含量为3.20～33.33 ng·g-1.HCHs主要来自远距离大气传输及历史残留,部分区域有DDTs输入,其来源可能是三氯杀螨醇的使用.大部分站位的p,p’-DDT和DDTs存在潜在的生态风险,其中墙头和西店海域的p,p’-DDT残留超过生物效应中值,对底栖生物毒害效应较高.大多数站位PCBs的生态风险较低.     

DDTs和HCHs在珠江口南部海域管角螺的组织分布及生物转化

通过测定珠江口海域典型腹足类管角螺(Hemifusus tuba)各组织器官中DDTs和HCHs的含量,研究了管角螺体内DDTs和HCHs的组织分布和生物转化规律.结果表明:管角螺肠中DDTs和HCHs含量远高于其他器官,表明其肠壁对有机氯农药有一定的屏蔽作用;性腺中检出较高浓度的DDTs和HCHs,表明性腺是DDTs...     

赣江流域底泥中有机氯农药残留特征及空间分布

基于"临水垂直插管法"采集赣江流域32个采样点的底泥样品,经索氏提取方法(Soxhlet Extraction,SE)前处理及气相色谱法(GC-ECD)检测样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量。结合多元统计学和ArcGIS9.3,研究了8种有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布情况。结果表明,所检测8种OCPs中,除β-HCH有2个点未检出,其它7种OCPs检出率为100%。以DDTs残留含量最高,DDTs平均值为10.40μg/kg,其异构体以p,p’-DDT为主;HCHs的平均值为8.24μg/kg,其异构体以β-HCH为主。它们除了来自环境中的早期残留外,仍然具有新的外源HCHs和DDTs的输入。不同OCPs在研究区分布存在很大差异,HCHs总量分布较高的地区位于流域的中下游,DDTs总量分布较高的地区位于流域的中上游。     

有机氯农药在大滨鹬和红腹滨鹬体内的富集程度

为探讨东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线上的鸻鹬类体内有机氯农药的含量及来源,本研究以该迁徙路线上的大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)和红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)为研究对象,用索氏提取法对这两种鸟的胸肌和皮下脂肪中的有机污染物进行萃取,并用气相色谱法对19种有机氯农药进行检测。结果表明,HCHs、DDTs、硫丹Ⅱ等14种有机氯农药在大滨鹬和红腹滨鹬的组织中均有不同程度的检出,所有样品中的含量最高值达1 573.5 ng/g脂重;在检出的14种有机氯农药中,α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、p,p′-DDE、硫丹Ⅱ、硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的检出率达100%;在大滨鹬的肌肉组织、红腹滨鹬的肌肉和脂肪组织中,p,p′-DDE的残留量最高;而在大滨鹬的脂肪组织中硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的含量最高;目标物中的艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、反式氯丹等未达检出限或含量较低。我们对比了不同物种及不同组织样本中有机氯农药的富集程度,红腹滨鹬的肌肉组织中HCHs的沉积量显著高于大滨鹬,而大滨鹬的脂肪组织中硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的含量显著高于红腹滨鹬。此外,分别对比两个物种的肌肉组织和脂肪组织中有机氯农药沉积量,部分有机氯农药在脂肪组织中的沉积量显著高于肌肉组织,说明相比于肌肉组织,有机氯农药可能更易于在脂肪组织中累积。     

安徽农田表层土壤中有机氯农药的分布及其组成

以安徽省寿县等19个地区的农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)为对象,采用超声波提取,气相色谱法/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)检测,分析了α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、op’-DDE、PP’-DDD、α-硫丹和百菌清等8种有机氯农药(OCPs)在农田表层土壤中的分布及组成特征.结果表明:19个取样点中8种有机氯农药残留的总含量范围为ND～23.75μg · kg-1,其中PP’-DDD、γ-HCH为主要污染物,平均质量浓度分别为13.83和13.49μg·kg-1·与1990年的调查结果相比,六六六平均值含量呈明显下降趋势;与国内外土壤相比,安徽省农田表层土壤中的六六六( HCHs)处于中等偏高的水平.安徽省农田表层土壤中OCPs、HCHs和PP’-DDD平均浓度分别为48.58、28.64和13.83 μg·kg-1,均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618- 1995)的一级土壤质量标准(＜50 μg· kg-1),污染较轻.     

网箱养鱼对水库水体甲基汞的影响

分别在2010年9月(暖季)和2011年3月(冷季),选取乌江渡水库网箱养鱼区和距离网箱100～200m的对照区(库心),对水体不同形态汞及其他相关参数进行了研究,以揭示网箱养鱼对水库汞地球化学行为的影响。结果表明,暖季养鱼区水体总汞含量为(2.04±0.53)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.146±0.231)ng·L-1,对照区水体总汞含量为(3.33±2.39)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.380±0.577)ng·L-1;冷季养鱼区水体总汞含量为(3.04±1.53)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.047±0.028)ng·L-1,对照区水体总汞含量为(3.24±1.23)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.046±0.013)ng·L-1;养鱼区与对照区总汞含量(n=35,P=0.875)、甲基汞含量(n=35,P=0.091)均无显著差异。结合对养鱼区与对照区水体中其他各参数(总氮、总磷、溶解性有机碳、叶绿素、温度、溶解氧等)综合分析表明,由于水库蓄水与泄水发电对水库水体的扰动及水库自身水体的交换作用导致水体呈混匀状态,网箱养鱼造成的水体甲基化程度差异不显著;而水库水体季节性分层造成的水体底部厌氧和温度的变化是影响水体甲基汞含量及分布的主要因素之一。     

福建漳江口水环境中滴滴涕（DDTs）的分布与溯源

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)方法分析了漳江口水环境中表层水、沉积物和水生生物体内滴滴涕(DDTs)的污染水平,初步研究了其在多介质中的含量、转移分配规律,并根据其沿江分布规律、组成特征,结合三氯杀螨醇同步调查结果进行了溯源分析.结果表明: 漳江口表层水中的DDTs平均含量为枯水期10.5 ng·L^-1(未检出～20.1 ng·L^-1)、丰水期28.3 ng·L^-1 (未检出～45.2 ng·L^-1)、平水期5.03 ng·L^-1 (未检出～18.8 ng·L^-1);表层沉积物中DDTs含量(以干质量计)为1.87～144 ng·g^-1,平均17.3 ng·g^-1;11种水生生物中DDTs的含量范围为1.09～432 ng·g^-1,平均37.0 ng·g^-1.与其他地区相比,漳江口表层水和沉积物中的DDTs残留属于中等水平.DDT在沉积物中的富集因子为1185;在生物体中的富集因子平均为2534,富集能力依次为水生植物<虾类<贝类<鱼类.DDTs沿江分布基本呈下降趋势,推断其残留与船舶防污剂释放关系不大,主要来源于陆源性污染.组成特征分析显示,漳江口DDTs主要来源于环境中的早期残留,而Y-8站(江心岛后)近期有新的DDTs输入,可能与三氯杀螨醇的使用有关.同步调查结果显示,Y-8站表层水和沉积物中均检出三氯杀螨醇,且含量最高,近期存在三氯杀螨醇的施用.     

南亚热带典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃和有机氯农药研究

参考美国EPA标准方法对南亚热带潮汕地区农业土壤中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,并对其分布和来源进行研究,最后探讨了不同种植方式下污染物的污染特征。结果表明：该区农业土壤中PAHs含量范围从22．1ng／g到1256．9ng／g,与其它地区的污染程度和一些土壤环境质量标准相比,该区处于中等污染水平。高温裂解是土壤PAHs的主要来源。OCPs在被禁止20a后在土壤中仍有残留,残留水平从4．6ng／g到1021．5ng／g,其中HCHs和DDTs的残留未超过国家土壤环境质量标准。早期使用残留是其主要污染源,但新近仍有DDT和硫丹的输入。PAHs和OCPs的污染主要集中在土壤表层和亚表层,且随着深度的加深,污染逐渐减少,但40cm以下,污染变化很小。菜地土壤PAHs污染水平低于稻田土壤,而OCPs污染水平高于稻田土壤。     

贵州洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞的分布特征

通过分析贵州省乌江流域新建的洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞的浓度,探讨了水库水体各形态汞的分布特征,旨在进一步弄清新修建的水库水体汞的甲基化过程.结果表明,洪家渡水库总汞(THg)浓度变化范围在0.32～6.75 ng·L-1;溶解态汞(DHg)浓度变化范围在0.23～2.27 ng·L-1;颗粒态(PHg)汞浓度变化范围在0.03～4.51 ng·L-1;总甲基汞(TMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.04～0.18 ng·L-1;溶解态甲基汞(DMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.02～0.08 ng·L-1;颗粒态甲基汞(PMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.01～0.13 ng·L-1.洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞存在着季节性变化,水体THg、DHg和PHg的季节变化表现为夏、秋季大于春、冬季;水体TMeHg、DMeHg和PMeHg的季节变化表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.在空间上,水体甲基汞含量从表层到底层表现无规律性的增加趋势,从上游到下游的浓度也无明显的变化,与北美欧洲新建水库水体甲基汞浓度(0.01～6.6 ng·L-1)进行比较,发现洪家渡水库水体甲基汞浓度明显偏低,以上结果说明洪家渡水库水体没有显著的汞甲基化作用,这与乌江流域淹没土壤的贫瘠、有机质含量偏低有关.     

南极食物链顶端海鸟卵中PCBs和OCPs积累水平及其全球意义

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)内标法定量测定了南极乔治王岛世袭栖息地海鸟(棕贼鸥、灰贼鸥、巨海燕、白眉企鹅)卵样中持久性有机氯污染物多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)残留量,研究探讨南极海洋食物链顶级生物体有机毒物积累水平探讨其环境意义。结果显示,卵样中有机毒物积累水平依次为:多氯联苯>滴滴涕>氯代苯>六六六。贼鸥卵样多氯联苯含量范围在91.9~515.5ng/g,滴滴涕56.6~304.4ng/g,氯代苯6.5~70.5ng/g,六六六<0.5~2.0ng/g;企鹅卵样多氯联苯含量范围在0.4~0.9ng/g,滴滴涕2.4~10.3ng/g,氯代苯6.0~10.2ng/g,六六六0.1~0.4ng/g;巨海燕卵样多氯联苯含量范围在38.1~81.7ng/g,滴滴涕12.7~53.7ng/g,氯代苯4.2~8.8ng/g,六六六0.5~1.5ng/g。研究结果还显示,不同种类海鸟卵样检出多氯联苯和有机氯农药均以七氯、六氯联苯、滴滴涕同系物(P,P′-DDE)和氯代苯化合物为主体。贼鸥、巨海燕卵样检出9种多氯联苯同系物(大小依次为PCB-180>PCB-153>PCB-194>PCB-138>PCB-118>PCB-170>PCB-101>PCB163>PCB-149)。贼鸥卵样七氯、六氯取代物的多氯联苯同系物含量在17.5~205.5ng/g占其总多氯联苯的62%;巨海燕卵样在14.5~30.5ng/g,占其总多氯联苯的69%;企鹅卵样检出5种多氯联苯同系物相对积蓄较低,其卵样之间变化相对稳定。对不同种类海鸟卵样的有机污染物数据进行统计分析,结果显示不同鸟种有机毒物积累水平的差异取决于不同鸟种的生态习性,如活动范围、迁徒距离、觅食习性以及巢址选择等,最主要是海鸟在海洋生态食物链中的位置,其食谱的宽窄,同时表明海鸟体内PCBs和OCPs积累通过食物链逐级加强的结果。有机毒物最高积累水平出现在棕贼鸥卵样中,灰贼鸥和巨海燕次之,企鹅最低。因为贼鸥不仅食性杂食谱宽,而且贼鸥与企鹅及其他小型海鸟之间存在着一定的捕食与被捕食的关系。南极海鸟卵样多氯联苯和有机氯农药的检出,是全球性有机氯污染又一新的重要证据。南极海鸟卵样中有机毒物的检出,揭示了人造有机污染物在南极鸟类代间转移的存在,它们在南大洋生态系统中的消除将会需要较长的时间过程,表明人类活动对南极生物圈与南极海洋环境的持久影响,南极是全球唯一无污染地区的价值正在丧失。     

Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments around Chaohu Lake: Concentration Levels and Vertical Distribution

Eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in surface sediments from the Nanfei River and in four sediment cores from the primary estuaries of Chaohu Lake, Eastern China. The results indicate that the OCP concentrations in the surface and core sediments around Chaohu Lake were 3.48–121.08 (with a mean of 34.93) ng/g and 0.60–39.28 (7.07) ng/g, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of ΣOCPs were observed in sediment samples from the Nanfei River and its estuary. The three important OCP contributors around Chaohu Lake were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which originated primarily from the historical use of technical DDTs and HCHs. A principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that HCB and lindane may originate from the same sources, and DDTs were greatly influenced by organic carbon from the soil environment and the impact of urbanization processes.     

Characterization,ecological and health risks of DDTs and HCHs in water from a large shallow Chinese lake

The levels of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyolohexanes (HCHs) in water from Lake Chaohu were measured. The residues, possible sources and potential ecological and health risks of these compounds were analyzed. The results show that the contents of total DDTs and HCHs in the water varied from 1.52 to 21.79 and from 1.58 to 31.66 ng L^− 1, respectively, which were higher than those in other Chinese lakes. The main sources of HCHs and DDTs were lindane and technical DDT, respectively. The o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT ratios indicated the new illegal inputs of DDT in all studied inflow rivers and some lake areas. The MOS10 (margin of safety) values suggested that the Lake was facing a potential ecological risks from p,p′-DDT, whereas the risk of γ-HCH was small. Both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of DDTs and HCHs associated with the water use were very low.     

Occurrence,distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in peri-urban vegetable soils of Changchun,Northeast China

The characterizations of residue levels and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils are necessary to evaluate the potential pollution and risks of OCPs to the ecosystems and human health. A total of 51 surface soil samples were collected from peri-urban vegetable fields of Changchun and 13 OCPs were analyzed to learn the composition, spatial distribution and sources. The concentrations were in the ranges of 0.94–107.8 ng g^?1 for DDTs, 0.89–98.3 ng g^?1 for HCHs, 0.22–18.20 ng g^?1 for Chlordanes, nd–4.49 ng g^?1 for aldrin and nd–9.66 ng g^?1 for dieldrin, respectively. The total OCPs concentrations ranged from 2.44 to 177.1 ng g^?1 and the higher residues were mainly distributed in northeast and southwest sites, as well as sites along the Yitong River. According to the concentrations and detection frequencies, DDTs and HCHs were the most dominant compounds. Compositional analysis and principal component analysis suggested that DDT, HCH and chlordane in most soil samples derived from historical application except the slight fresh introduction at some locations. There exist a variety of OCPs residues in peri-urban vegetable soils of Changchun, but it is still safe and suitable for agricultural production for the most part, and some specific locations with high OCPs residues ought to be a cause for concern.     

Aquatic biota as potential biological indicators of the contamination,bioaccumulation and health risks caused by organochlorine pesticides in a large,shallow Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu)

Aquatic biota have long been recognized as bioindicators of the contamination caused by hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic environments. The primary purpose of the present study is to identify which species of aquatic biota are the most sensitive to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Lake Chaohu and can therefore serve as indicators of the lake's health and assist in the assessment of OCPs risks to human health. OCP levels in eight species of aquatic biota were measured using GC–MS, and the relationships between the biota and OCP levels in the water and suspended solids were studied. DDTs pose potential human health risks and were the predominant OCP components found in the aquatic biota. DDT had the highest mean bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and biota suspended solids accumulation factor (BSSAF) of all of the studied OCP components. The food web magnification factors (FWMF) for p, p′-DDT were greater than 1, implying that biomagnification occurred. This finding indicates that DDTs still pose a serious threat to the ecosystem and human health in Lake Chaohu, even though the agricultural application of DDT powder has been officially banned since 1983. There were significant positive relationships between OCPs levels in Culter erythropterus and those in both water and suspended solids, as well as between OCPs levels in Protosalanx hyalocranius and those in suspended solids. This finding suggests that C. erythropterus and P. hyalocranius are the most sensitive aquatic biota to OCPs and may serve as the most effective bioindicators for monitoring OCP contamination in the water and suspended solids of Lake Chaohu. Megalobrama amblycephala, which contained the highest wet weight mean OCP concentration, is the most sensitive OCP indicator and can be used to assess the human carcinogenic risk of OCPs in Lake Chaohu.     

Pollution assessment of organochlorine pesticides in urban agricultural soils of Jilin City,China

The content, source, and pollution level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils are necessary to assess potential risks to eco-environment and human health, and to target environment-friendly policies. A total of 50 surface soil samples were collected from urban vegetable fields of Jilin City and thirteen OCPs were analyzed. The concentrations were in the ranges of 3.16–48.35 ng·g^?1 for Dichloro-Diphenyl-Tricgloroethanes (DDTs, sum of o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD, and p, p′-DDE), 4.37–44.77 ng·g^?1 for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and δ-HCH), 1.19–13.17 ng·g^?1 for Chlordanes (sum of heptachlor, t-chlordane, and c-chlordane), 0.24–2.60 ng·g^?1 for aldrin, and nd–3.43 ng·g^?1 for dieldrin, respectively. The different compositions indicated that the residues of DDTs and HCHs originated mainly from the historical application, while chlordanes were mostly from recent input. On the basis of soil quality standards of China and the Netherlands, DDTs and chlordanes in this study were categorized as light pollution, and HCHs were classified as no pollution for the majority of soil samples. There are a variety of OCPs residues in urban vegetable soils of Jilin City, but it is still safe and suitable for agricultural production.     

Historical deposition behaviors of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake in Eastern China: Roles of the sources and sedimentological conditions

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were quantified in sediments from Lake Chaohu, a shallow eutrophic lake in Eastern China, to investigate their historical deposition behaviors and to reconstruct their use history. The OCP concentrations ranged from 2.17 to 18.61 ng g⁻¹ in the surface sediments in the lake region and from .28 to 86.27 ng g⁻¹ in the inflowing river. The highest values of the aforementioned variables were attributed to urban-industrial pollution sources in the west lake region and decreased with distance from the river inlets. Historically, OCP contamination displayed three stages in Lake Chaohu: an initial increase before the 1930s, a sharp increase until the 1980s, and a decrease due the implementation of policies banning their use in the 1980s. During the second stage, the OCP concentrations increased rapidly from .69, .58, 1.95 and .02 ng g⁻¹ in the C4, C5, C6 and C10 samples in the 1930s to 8.68, 61.89, 24.14 and 3.53 ng g⁻¹, respectively, in the early 1980s. This temporal trend of OCP concentrations corresponded with historically intense anthropogenic activities, indicating that contamination by OCPs was accompanied by industrialization and civilization prior to their prohibition. In addition, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination was derived from the historical use of technical DDTs, whereas hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) contamination was attributed to the historical use of technical BHCs with Lindane and new inputs of illegal DDTs. Strong positive relationships between the OCP concentrations and the total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, sediment grain sizes (<4 μm), nutrient contents and heavy metal contents indicated that the sedimentary conditions and human activities affected the depositional characteristics of the OCPs. The DDT residues and their metabolites, particularly those in the inlet rivers, should be of concern because they result in an ecotoxicological risk in the catchment of Lake Chaohu.     

Distribution of organochlorines and ecological risks in surface sediments from El-Mex Bay,Mediterranean Sea

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in eight sampling sites collected from El-Mex Bay sediments during the period of 2013–2015. Concentrations of PCBs, Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethanes (DDTs), and cyclodienes ranged from 0.148 to 23.99, ND to 0.089, ND to 4.64, and 0.005 to 0.581 ng g^?1 dry wt, respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC) was relatively low, ranging from 0.09% to 1.42%. Total carbonate content ranged from 38% to 58%. The negative correlation of TOC with total pesticides (r = ?0.18) suggested that TOC does not have a role binding with pesticides. On the other hand, a positive correlation between PCBs and TOC (r = 0.254 at p > 0.01) was observed probably due to the low solubility of PCBs in the seawater. So, it will continue to precipitate until it reaches the bottom water and contaminates the sediment. The data obtained in the present work compared well with the counterpart data reported internationally. In general, the results of PCBs and OCP concentrations in El-Mex Bay sediments were much lower than the permissible levels recorded by sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Interestingly, the organochlorines in sediments of El-Mex Bay were below the respective SQG values and were not likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.