植物与内生真菌互作的生理与分子机制研究进展

在自然生态系统中,植物组织可作为许多微生物定居的生态位.内生真菌普遍存在于植物组织内,与宿主建立复杂的相互作用(互惠、拮抗和中性之间的相互转化),并且存在不同的传播方式(垂直和水平传播).内生真菌通过多样化途径来增强植物体的营养生理和抗性机能.但这种生理功能的实现有赖于双方精细的调控机制,表明宿主和真菌双方都进化形成特有的分子调控机制来维持这种互惠共生关系.环境因子(如气候、土壤性质等)、宿主种类和生理状态、真菌基因型的变化都将改变互作结果.此外,菌根真菌和真菌病毒等也可能普遍参与植物-内生真菌共生体,形成三重互作体系,最终影响宿主的表型.研究试图从形态、生理和分子水平阐述内生真菌与植物互作的基础.     

植物与病原真菌互作机制研究进展

植物与病原真菌之间的互作是当今植物病理学研究的热点问题之一,相关的研究有望为植物抗病机制的解析和抗病品种的选育奠定理论基础。我们从形态、细胞、生理生化和分子等水平综述了植物与病原真菌互作机制的研究进展。     

玉米黑粉菌孢子粉的无机元素和氨基酸含量测定

对玉米黑粉菌(Ustilago maydisDC.Corola.)孢子粉的无机元素和氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果表明:玉米黑粉菌孢子粉含有丰富的无机元素,其中铁、钙、镁、磷、锌、锰含量分别为100μg/g、3 561μg/g、1 382μg/g3、500μg/g、101μg/g和24μg/g;同时含有8种必须由食物蛋白质提供的氨基酸,以苏氨酸含量最多,为340.18 mg/100 g。     

玉米瘤黑粉菌的寄生策略及其调控机制

玉米瘤黑粉病是由担子菌Ustilago maydis对玉米的活体寄生所引起的真菌病害。该病原菌为双相型真菌,需要寄生于玉米植株来完成其有性生殖过程。综合相关研究报道,本文把U.maydis对寄主植物的寄生过程划分为7个阶段,包括形成致病性双核菌丝体、附着寄主植物表面、穿透寄主表皮、消减寄主防御反应、在寄主体内菌丝增殖、使寄主瘤变和生成厚垣孢子等。围绕寄生进程特点和关键基因,分别阐述了各个阶段的相关调控机制以及对寄主植物的致病性;展现了U.maydis为达到有性生殖目的而实施步步为营的寄生策略。本文对U.maydis寄生过程的阶段划分,有助于人们深入了解U.maydis与寄主植物之间互作机制、提供相关病害防控新思路。     

分泌型蛋白介导白念珠菌与宿主相互作用分子机制的研究进展

白念珠菌是人类最常见的条件性致病真菌之一,主要定植于人体粘膜表面。在白念珠菌与宿主相互作用过程中,分泌型蛋白起着非常重要的作用。针对分泌蛋白功能及其作用机理的研究有助于阐明白念珠菌致病分子机制,并为诊断、预防和治疗真菌感染提供新的理论策略。本文综述了白念珠菌分泌型蛋白在介导病原与宿主相互作用分子机制方面的最新研究进展,概括了分泌蛋白在组织侵入损伤、营养获取、细胞壁维持以及免疫逃避等方面的功能,同时对未来值得重点关注的研究方向进行了探讨。     

玉米黑粉菌cyp51基因结构分析与克隆表达

通过生物信息学手段分析cyp51基因结构,并根据GenBank登记的玉米黑粉茼cyp51 DNA序列,设计cyp51引物和两对分别截短不同跨膜区的突变体引物,构建了多种重组表达质粒及突变体重组表达质粒.选用不同宿主菌包括Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).BL21(DE3)pLysS和Rosetta(DE3)诱导表达并优化条件.SDS-PAGE分析结果表明:只有突变体pET32-YH-35能够在E. coli BL21(DE3)中高效表达(30℃,0.5 mmol/L IPRG诱导).通过与戊唑醇等4种商品化杀菌剂农药和14种XF系列农药先导化合物的紫外结合光谱分析表明:重组蛋白具有生物学活性.其中一种XF系列化合物的结合常数接近商品化杀菌剂,有可能开发为新的杀菌剂,为设计开发新型高效抗真菌新药提供了理论依据.     

志贺菌致病机制的研究进展

一些肠道致病菌能诱导宿主细胞凋亡,促进炎症反应的发生,导致细胞的损伤和细胞的进一步侵袭。志贺菌是痢疾重要的致病因子,诱导巨噬细胞凋亡是志贺菌致病机制的重要的环节。该菌与巨噬细胞接触后分泌侵袭质粒抗原（Ｉｐａ）,Ｉｐａ复合物激活巨噬细胞并使其骨架重排,胞膜皱折或形成粘着斑,然后蚕噬细胞。ＩｐａＢ在巨噬细胞质内与白细胞介素１β（ＩＬ－１β）转化酶（ＩＣＥ）结合,激活的ＩＣＥ裂解活化ＩＬ－１β,并最终启     

玉米黑粉菌mtDNA的研究 Ⅱ.限制性内切酶酶切图谱

本文报道玉米黑粉菌mtDNA的限制性内切酶酶切图谱。分别将mtDNA的Bam HI各片段制成探针,与mtDNA分别用8种酶酶切后的Southern膜进行杂交,用片段重叠法得出各套片段的排列次序,再将克隆化的Bam HI片段进行第二酶切,按分子量拼排出各酶酶切位点在mtDNA上分布的图谱。此外,片段重叠分析时,还发现玉米黑粉菌mtDNA为环状结构;杂交分析时还发现mtDNA内没有明显的重复序列。DNA总长60.7kb。     

Purification and characterization of aminopeptidase (pumAPE) from Ustilago maydis

The aminopeptidase pumAPE was purified from the haploid fungus Ustilago maydis FB1 strain. The purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation and three chromatographic steps, which included anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatography, resulting in a 23% recovery. The molecular mass of the dimeric enzyme was estimated to be 110 kDa and 58 kDa by gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Enzymatic activity was optimal at pH 7.0 and at 35 degrees C toward Lys-pNA and the pI was determined to be 5.1. The enzyme was inhibited by EDTA-Na2, 1,10- phenanthroline, bestantin, PMSF and several divalent cations (Cu2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+). The aminopeptidase showed a preference for lysine and arginine in the N-position. The K(m) value was 54.4 microM and the Vmax value was 408 micromolmin(-1)mg(-1) for Lys-pNA.     

黄淮海地区玉蜀黍黑粉菌群体遗传结构分析

利用17个多态性ISSR引物对2017年在我国黄淮海地区采集的41株玉蜀黍黑粉菌Ustilago maydis样本进行了种群遗传结构分析。基于UPGMA法和贝叶斯模型对玉蜀黍黑粉菌群体遗传结构分析显示,采集的样本可以分为两大群,且种群的划分表现出了与来源地理纬度的一致性。因此按照各样本所属地理纬度将样本分为北纬33°-34°、北纬35°-36°、北纬37°-38° 3大种群。结果表明,分离自北纬33°-34°地区的玉蜀黍黑粉菌遗传多样性最丰富,Nei’s基因多样性（H）为0.2216,Shannon指数（I）为0.3300。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示,变异中来自种群内部的变异为86%,种群间变异14%（φpt=0.141）。     

Immunolocalization of chitin synthases in the phytopathogenic dimorphic fungus Ustilago maydis

Conserved polypeptides of the chitin synthase genes UmCHS3 and UmCHS6 from the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis were utilized as immunogens to obtain polyclonal antibodies that were purified by affinity procedures. Because of their similarities at the regions encoded by either polypeptide, it was concluded that anti-Chs3 antibodies recognized both Chs3 and Chs4 chitin synthases, whereas anti-Chs6 antibodies recognized Chs6 and Chs8 polypeptides. These antibodies were used to analyze the localization of the corresponding chitin synthases in U. maydis cells, using both indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy with colloidal-gold-labeled secondary antibodies. It was observed that chitin synthase proteins were accumulated both in the surface and in the cytoplasm of the fungal cells. Electron microscopy images revealed the accumulation of clusters of gold particles in vesicles, providing evidence for the possible origin and destination of chitin synthases in the fungal cells.     

Mode of Action and Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Fluazinam in Ustilago maydis

Ustilago maydis strains, with low to moderate resistance to fluazinam (Rf ranging from 11.8 to 80), were isolated in a mutation frequency of 0.75 × 10⁻⁷ after chemical mutagenesis with N‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Genetic analysis resulted in the identification of two chromosomal genes. A study of the effect of mutant genes in the phytopathogenic fitness of U. maydis revealed that the resistance mutations had no apparent effect on mycelia growth rate and pathogenicity on young corn plants. Cross‐resistant studies showed that the mutations for resistance to fluazinam were also responsible for resistance to oligomycin, but not to dinitrophenol. A dose‐dependent inhibition of glucose oxidation in whole cells was observed by both fluazinam and oligomycin, and a complete inhibition was found at 40 μg/ml. The results obtained provide strong evidence that the mode of action of fluazinam consists of the inhibition the fungal cell's energy production process through direct inhibition of the ATP synthetase.     

Progress in pathogenesis research of Ustilago maydis,and the metabolites involved along with their biosynthesis

Ustilago maydis is a pathogenic fungus that causes corn smut. Because of its easy cultivation and genetic transformation, U. maydis has become an important model organism for plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. U. maydis is able to infect maize by producing effectors and secreted proteins as well as surfactant-like metabolites. In addition, the production of melanin and iron carriers is also associated with its pathogenicity. Here, advances in our understanding of the pathogenicity of U. maydis, the metabolites involved in the pathogenic process, and the biosynthesis of these metabolites, are reviewed and discussed. This summary will provide new insights into the pathogenicity of U. maydis and the functions of associated metabolites, as well as new clues for deciphering the biosynthesis of metabolites.