陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮调查

2013年通过对陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮Nipponia nippon调查,发现在城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、佛坪和洋县,朱鹮筑巢25个,其中城固10个巢,繁殖12只雏鸟,西乡10个巢,繁殖21只雏鸟,留坝1个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟,洋县4个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟。游荡期发现朱鹮66只,分布于城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、汉台和洋县6县区。因此,建议建立保护区周边地区朱鹮保护点,林业部门提供朱鹮专项保护经费并积极开展朱鹮的保护宣传工作。     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然 保护区黑鹳繁殖记述

黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)种群数量稀少,成活率低,为国家Ⅰ级重点保护物种,加强对黑鹳的保护已刻不容缓。内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区是黑鹳的重要繁殖栖息地,开展繁殖行为研究有助于提高对黑鹳的保护成效。2012至2015年对2处黑鹳繁殖巢址进行了繁殖期观察。2012年5月15日首次发现1巢内有4枚卵并有亲鸟在巢中孵卵,6月7日孵化出4只幼雏,8月底全部成功离巢。2013年4月黑鹳利用该巢产卵5枚,孵化1只雏鸟,孵卵期约33 d,后期卵、雏鸟均消失,推测为来自蛇类的捕食。2014、2015年该巢未被利用。2014年4月24日发现另外一处巢址,8月12日观察到3只幼鸟已开始练习飞行,至8月19日全部离巢。2015年该巢孵化雏鸟4只,6月初死于恶劣天气。通过监测发现黑鹳连续多年在保护区内栖息繁殖,所发现的两巢成功出雏7只个体。本研究初步获得保护区境内黑鹳的繁殖信息,为后续促进黑鹳种群恢复与栖息地保护提供了基础数据。     

北京小龙门林场黄眉姬鹟的巢与巢址特征

2003—2006年,在北京小龙门林场共发现黄眉姬鹟(Ficedula narcissina elisae)巢43个。其中34巢筑于天然巢址:开放巢占29.4%,位于树枝间(10巢);洞巢占70.6%,位于树桩顶端凹坑中(10巢)和树洞中(14巢)。开放巢距地高度高于洞巢。黄眉姬鹟的主要营巢树种是棘皮桦(Betula dahurica)。在研究区内共悬挂了100个大洞口巢箱和130个小洞口巢箱,结果发现黄眉姬只利用大洞口巢箱(9巢),不利用小洞口巢箱。以巢为中心,取半径6m的样方测量巢址的植被特征。对海拔、坡向、林冠郁闭度、乔木数量、乔木高、乔木胸径、枯树数量、树桩数量和林下郁闭度等变量进行主成分分析。结果表明,黄眉姬鹟的巢址具有乔木高大、林冠郁闭度高、多枯树和树桩等特征。黄眉姬鹟的繁殖成功率为51.2%,天敌破坏是造成繁殖失败的主要原因。     

贵州省雷公山国家级自然保护区发现海南繁殖巢

目前,海南■Gorsachius magnificus仅在中国广东省、浙江省、湖北省、广西壮族自治区和越南北部记录到繁殖种群。2019年7—8月在贵州省雷公山国家级自然保护区发现3个海南■巢,至少7只幼鸟。巢简单,近似圆盘。3个巢址均在人烟稀少、生境植被浓密、山林环绕的水域湿地;巢树高大、枝丫多、生长于坡度陡峭位置。该发现为海南■物种保护和繁殖研究提供了基础信息资料。     

凤头百灵繁殖习性的初步研究

凤头百灵(Galerida cristata Leautungensis)是内蒙古准格尔旗的一种较常见的留鸟。我于1965—1974年在沙圪堵镇附近,对其繁殖习性进行了观察。 成鸟多成对活动,幼鸟出飞后至次年初春多按小家族三五成群或集体十多只的小群。3、4月间配偶成对,占据巢区,选择巢址,营巢繁殖。繁殖期间常见雄鸟在几十米至百米的上空悬飞停留,久久鼓翼鸣唱,然     

保加利亚北部地区匈牙利小家鼠的空间组织结构

本文研究了保加利亚北部地区的匈牙利小家鼠在繁殖期的空间关系和分布。这种动物最普遍的空间关系是一雄一雌,也观察到两个或三个雄鼠与一个雌鼠、一个雄鼠与两个或三个雌鼠的组织形式。很少观察到雌性的社群小组。雌鼠之间的巢区没有发现重叠。一般雄鼠的巢区大于雌鼠。有一半雄鼠的巢区与一个雌鼠的巢区相重叠,其他的雄鼠与两个成年雌鼠的巢区相重叠。这些结果表明,匈牙利小家鼠具有多变的社群繁殖婚配体制,即单配制和多配制共存。比较普遍的一雄一雌的配对形式和雌性的独居特性,以及雌性之间巢区的相对独立性,表明单配制是该物种的主要婚配体制。     

鸳鸯利用城市建筑物繁殖初步观察

鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)主要在我国东北地区繁殖,常在树洞里营巢.2008年7月,在广西桂林市城区发现鸳鸯利用居民厨房的通风道繁殖,产卵10枚,并孵出2只幼雏.这是鸳鸯利用建筑物营巢繁殖的首次记录,也是广西繁殖鸟类的新纪录.     

矶鹬繁殖习性的初步观察

矶鹬(Tringa hypoleucos)的繁殖习性,目前在国内报道甚少。笔者于1966年3—10月和1979年3—10月,先后在吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州延吉县海兰江流域对其繁殖习性进行了初步观察。共采获成鸟4只(1 3)、离巢幼鸟8只(4 4)、在巢雏鸟4窝(16只),卵6窝(共24枚)。观察结果如下:     

小兴安岭白头鹤繁殖地种群数量初步调查

2004年通过地面和航空调查等方法,对繁殖于小兴安岭沾河流域的白头鹤(Grusmonacha)种群进行了数量调查,共统计到白头鹤30只。发现了3对鹤的巢;2对以及2只单只的个体,虽然没有发现巢,但根据其保护领域的行为,可以确定其为繁殖个体。同时统计到13只没有参加繁殖的个体,以及3只不能判明是否参加繁殖的个体。通过本次调查表明,小兴安岭沾河流域的森林沼泽是我国白头鹤的重要繁殖地。     

绿鹭的繁殖习性观察

2001年4－9月在合肥市对绿鹭（Butorides striatus)的繁殖习性进行了观察。绿鹭营巢生境主要选择在建筑物附近的高大阔叶树上,常一树一巢,未见与其他鹭类混群营巢。每巢产3－5枚卵,孵卵期21d,育雏期41d,42日龄后幼鸟离巢飞走,出飞存活率62．5％。育雏期雏鸟主要食物为小型鱼类。在4所大学校园及1处公园统计到有效巢56个,推算绿鹭224只。绿鹭在合肥繁殖属首次记录。     

Philornis downsi– a recently discovered parasite on the Galápagos archipelago – a threat for Darwin's finches?

The obligate dipterian bird parasite Philornis downsi and the facultative parasitic fly Sarcodexia lambens were, until recently, unknown on the Galápagos archipelago. The first sign of parasitism of P. downsi on Darwin's finches was found in 1997. Parasitism data were collected from 177 nests of 12 bird species, including eight endemic species. In this study we examined host specificity, infection prevalence (percentage of infested nests), parasite load per nest and per nestling, and breeding success for two climatically different years, 1998 and 2000. We found Philornis downsi in 97% of the investigated nests, Sarcodexia lambens in 32% of the nests and a still unidentified endoparasitic Muscidae in 87% of the clutches investigated. The first two ectoparasites showed no host preference and were found in the dry deciduous coastal zone as well as in the evergreen moist forest. Parasite load per nest varied through the breeding stages, with no parasites during incubation, but with numbers increasing with nestling development. Parasite load per nest showed little variation, but variation in brood size led to different infestation rates per nestling. Small broods suffered higher parasite loads and higher nestling mortality, thus inducing a possible impact on population dynamics.     

Resolving the population status of Ascension Frigatebird Fregata aquila using a 'virtual ecologist' model

The Ascension Frigatebird is an island endemic whose conservation status was subject to confusion owing to difficulties in counting and misinterpretation of data. Accurate nest counts for this species are problematic owing to their extremely prolonged breeding seasons, high nest failure rates, turnover of individuals at nest-sites, replacement laying and biennial breeding. We conducted repeated complete censuses of Ascension Frigatebird eggs at the species' sole colony of Boatswainbird Island, and collected data on laying phenology and nest survival rates within sample quadrats, throughout the 2001 and 2002 breeding seasons. We used these data to develop an individual-based model that predicted the number of Frigatebird nests present on each day an actual census occurred assuming an arbitrary 1000 breeding females bred there. We then divided the number of nests counted in these virtual censuses by 1000 to quantify bias, and used this figure to correct real census totals. The model revealed that the population numbered c. 6250 breeding females and c . 9350 mature females in 2001–2, and that numbers have not changed significantly since the late 1950s. Productivity, at 0.34 chicks/pair, was high compared to previous studies of Ascension Frigatebirds and most of those of congeners elsewhere.     

吉林向海自然保护区占用喜鹊巢繁殖的鸟类巢记述

部分鸟类在繁殖过程中,为避免被捕食、减少繁殖投入等而选择占用其他鸟类的巢。2014~2016年每年的4~8月,在吉林向海国家级自然保护区记录到4种占用喜鹊巢进行繁殖的鸟类,其中绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)8巢,纵纹腹小鸮(Athene noctua)4巢,长耳鸮(Aiso otus)5巢,麻雀(Passer montanus)6巢。大部分(82.6%)为利用喜鹊的废弃旧巢,而绿头鸭(1巢)、长耳鸮(2巢)和纵纹腹小鸮(1巢)少数侵占喜鹊当年新建的巢。     

不同纬度洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用及差异

迄今对洞巢鸟类生活史特征的纬度变异（特别是热带洞巢鸟类的繁殖）了解还十分有限。我们于2018年3至8月,分别在海南吊罗山（热带）、河南董寨（亚热带）和河北塞罕坝（温带）的林缘地带,悬挂相同规格的人工巢箱招引洞巢鸟类繁殖,用以比较不同地理区域的洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用情况及其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。野外共悬挂577个木制巢箱,3个研究地的利用率在海南吊罗山为最低（32.6%）,河南董寨最高（92.0%）。3个地点均有大山雀（Parus cinereus）入住（占总巢数的84.3%）,其孵化成效和繁殖成功率在3个地点不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）。但在河北塞罕坝,大山雀的孵化成效（75.7%）和繁殖成功率（65.7%）显著低于同域繁殖的褐头山雀（Poecile montanus）（97.7% 和97.7%）和煤山雀（Periparus ater）（93.5%和90.3%）（P < 0.05）。研究表明,3个地理区域利用巢箱繁殖的洞巢鸟的种类、数量以及对巢箱的利用率均存在差异,但对于广布种大山雀来说,地理位置的差异并不影响其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。     

野外使用红外热成像仪搜寻鸟巢实验

红外热成像仪是一种非接触、无损伤性的温度测量仪,它可通过接收被测物体表面的热辐射形成热谱图,对研究对象进行定性观察或定量分析。热成像仪在野生动物调查和实验研究等领域均有应用。我们于2015年4~8月的鸟类繁殖季,使用手持便携式红外热成像仪,对贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区内4种生境的鸟巢进行系统搜索。共找到鸟巢54个,其中7巢可在红外热成像仪中清晰显示。使用红外热成像仪搜寻鸟巢的成功率为13.0%(7/54)。其中,搜寻地面巢的成功率最大(27.3%,3/11),树上巢的成功率最低(0%,0/5)。在热谱图中所显示的巢,其植被郁闭度显著小于红外热成像仪搜寻不到的巢(t=2.837,df=16,P0.01);而其温差则显著大于红外热成像仪搜寻不到的巢(t=﹣2.476,df=19,P0.05)。这表明,使用红外热成像仪搜寻鸟巢主要受巢上植被郁闭度及巢周围环境温度的影响。巢上植被郁闭度越小,与周围环境的温差越大,则搜寻成功率越高。     

Does competition for nests affect genetic monogamy in Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea?

Most bird species are socially monogamous. However, extra‐pair copulations (EPCs), resulting in extra‐pair paternity (EPP), commonly occur. EPCs should allow females to adjust social mate choice and allow males that fail to obtain a nest a chance to avoid missing a breeding season, especially when poor nest supply constrains social mate choice. Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) are socially monogamous seabirds which seldom divorce, even when nest availability constrains social mate choice. In Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea, a burrow‐nesting petrel, two studies conducted in the Mediterranean, where competition for nests is weak, detected no EPP. EPP remains to be investigated at localities where competition for nests is much stronger, such as Vila islet, Azores archipelago, Atlantic Ocean. We conducted a genetic (microsatellites) study over two successive years on Vila, involving the breeding pairs of the same 65 nests each year and their single chick. EPPs occurred each year, the overall rate being 11.6%. Coupling genetic analyses to a 7‐year demographic survey provided additional data on pair bonds and competition for nests. Overall, cuckoldry was unrelated to divorce, nest density and inbreeding avoidance, but was more frequent when the social male was small. Nest changes were more costly for males than for females, and some apparently unpaired males attempted to dislodge social males during within‐pair copulations. These results are compatible with the existence of a link between poor nest availability and EPP and confirm that even species considered strongly monogamous can adopt flexible mating strategies.     

桂西南石灰岩地区部分鸟类繁殖资料记述

2010～2012年每年的3～7月采用系统搜寻法和根据亲鸟的行为及活动路径确定巢址的方法,在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区弄岗保护站辖区及其周边林区和农田进行了寻巢及观察,超过40种鸟类的巢被发现.本文摘录了18种鸟类的繁殖资料进行报道,主要内容包括生活习性、繁殖时间、窝卵数、卵大小和巢大小等.本文为今后石灰岩地区的鸟类研究提供基础资料.     

Testing hypotheses about the function of repeated nest abandonment as a life history strategy in a passerine bird

Nest structures are essential for successful reproduction in most bird species. Nest construction costs time and energy, and most bird species typically build one nest per breeding attempt. Some species, however, build more than one nest, and the reason for this behaviour is often unclear. In the Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa, nest abandonment before egg‐laying is very common. Fantails will build up to seven nests within a breeding season, and pairs abandon up to 71% of their nests before egg‐laying. We describe multiple nest‐building behaviour in the Grey Fantail and test four hypotheses explaining nest abandonment in this species: cryptic depredation, destruction of nests during storm events, and two anti‐predatory responses (construction of decoy nests to confuse predators, and increasing concealment to ‘hide’ nests more effectively). We found support for only one hypothesis – that abandonment is related to nest concealment. Abandoned nests were significantly less concealed than nests that received eggs. Most abandoned nests were not completely built and none received eggs, thus ruling out cryptic predation. Nests were not more likely to be abandoned following storm events. The decoy nest hypothesis was refuted as abandoned nests were constructed at any point during the breeding season and some nests were dismantled and the material used to build the subsequent nest. Thus, Grey Fantails are flexible about nest‐site locations during the nest‐building phase and readily abandon nest locations if they are found to have deficient security.     

家燕营巢特征及其对城市环境的适应性

城市面积在全球范围内迅速扩张,一些鸟类种群通过改变营巢特征,在与自然生境截然不同的城市中筑巢繁殖。但目前城市环境对于鸟类营巢影响的研究较缺乏。为了解鸟类营巢对城市环境的适应,于2016、2019年在黑龙江哈尔滨的城市与乡村环境,分别测量家燕（Hirundo rustica）巢（如,大小及形状）及巢址特征等（如,距地面和屋顶距离）参数,以探究：（1）家燕巢特征在乡村及城市生境是否存在差异？（2）家燕巢特征在年际间是否存在变化？并为城市家燕种群的保护提供理论依据及合理建议。研究采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验以及Wilcoxon秩和检验比较分析所测量的巢特征参数在城乡之间、年际间的差异,并对组间参数进行线性判别分析（LDA,Linear Discriminant Analysis）。结果发现,城乡间具有显著差异：（1）与乡村相比,城市巢距离屋顶更远,距地相对更近（P<0.05）;（2）城市巢更浅（P<0.05）;（3）从2016到2019年,城市和乡村巢都变得更深,半径更大（P<0.05）。根据这些发现,推测城市楼房建筑的楼道为家燕繁殖提供了相对更为封闭、安全的环境,旧巢及较为丰富的支撑物为家燕提供了适宜的巢址,有可能节省亲鸟在营巢上的繁殖投入;但同时应当警惕门窗关闭、资源受限、人为干扰等不利因素可能造成的生态陷阱。     

北京4种鸟类分布新纪录

报道了斑鱼狗(Ceryle rudis)、白斑军舰鸟(Fregata ariel ariel)、棕背伯劳(Lanius schach schach)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)4个北京鸟类的新分布记录.以上鸟类未记载于<北京鸟类志>、<北京脊椎动物检索表>和相关文献中,为近年来北京地区新发现的鸟类,在<中国鸟类...