小黑杨转双价抗虫基因的研究

用根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法,将蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt基因C肽序列的融合基因导入小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra),所获得的3株卡那霉素抗性再生植株进行PCR和PCR-Southern杂交检测的结果均为阳性,Southern杂交检测的结果2株为阳性.抗虫试验结果显示,3个转基因株系均具有明显的抗虫效果,能显著抑制舞毒蛾幼虫的生长发育,表现出强烈的抗虫作用.     

水蛭肽基因的克隆及其转化甘蓝

将合成的水蛭肽基因转入甘蓝,构建了水蛭肽的植物表达载体pBOK-L,使用甘蓝的下胚轴和根癌农杆菌的共培养实现转化,再生植株经卡那霉素筛选,检测结果表明所得到的抗性植株均为转基因植株,获得了转水蛭 肽基因的甘蓝植株。     

农杆菌介导寒地水稻遗传转化的研究

通过农杆菌介导法,将拟南芥转录激活因子ICE1基因导入寒地品种垦鉴稻10号成熟胚愈伤组织中,将经潮霉素筛选得到的抗性愈伤进行分化,获得了一些再生抗性植株,部分植株经PCR检测为阳性,证明外源目的基因已整合到水稻的染色体上,从而建立了高效水稻遗传转化体系。实验表明:YEB和MS按适当比例混合作为悬浮培养基转化率较高;干燥除菌效果和转化率均优于羧苄青霉素、头孢霉素液体除菌;潮霉素采用低压-高压-低压方式筛选最好;AS和葡萄糖均能提高转化率。     

农杆菌介导Bt基因遗传转化高粱

高粱是全球仅次于小麦、水稻、玉米、大豆和马铃薯等的重要作物之一。以高粱幼穗愈伤组织为转化受体,通过农杆菌介导法和含有抗潮霉素和gus基因的双元载体将杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry1Ab导入高粱品种115、ICS21B和5-27,经Hyg筛选共获得21个独立的转基因株系,52株转基因植株,平均转化率为1.9%。经PCR、Southern杂交和RT-PCR分析表明cry1Ab基因已整合入高粱基因组中并得到正确转录。Bt蛋白Westernblotting分析和ELISA定量测定显示,cry1Ab基因在转基因高粱植株中表达,但不同转基因植株表达量有差异。饲虫试验表明,转基因高粱对大螟(Sesamiainferens)具有一定抗性。     

抗虫转基因甘蓝及其后代的研究

通过农杆菌感染法将苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因转移进了甘蓝的基因组,带子叶柄的子叶作为外植体与农杆菌共培养.发生在子叶柄基部的愈伤组织在含卡那霉素(Km)15～30mg/L的MS培养基上进行筛选,约5%外植体上的愈伤组织继续长大,当移到含Km和6-BA的分化培养基上时,愈伤组织分化出绿色的芽.将芽分离培养,约80%在加有Km的培养基上被诱导生了根.未转化的对照组织在筛选培养基上不能分化出正常的芽和根系,并且逐渐褐化死亡.小菜粉蝶的幼虫被饲喂以转基因植株的叶片,幼虫出现中毒症状,表现为发育受阻和死亡.约20%受试植物的DNA与苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因探针杂交显阳性带.由转基因植株的种子长成的第2代甘蓝幼苗的卡那霉素抗性和植株的抗小菜粉蝶的活力均符合孟德尔单基因分离规律.     

红树林耐盐相关基因转化水稻的研究

运用农杆菌介导法将红树林耐盐相关基因mangrin转入粳稻品种‘日本晴’中,通过GUS基因检测愈伤组织转化率,确定农杆菌菌液浓度OD600为0.5,浸染时间30min,共培养时间3d为最佳转化体系;经潮霉菌筛选,获得抗性再生植株。通过PCR扩增检测、Southern blot分析和GUS基因活性检测,结果表明,mangrin基因整合到再生水稻的染色体DNA上。耐盐性测定结果表明,转基因植株在200mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,成活率保持在83.3%,株高增长20%~40%,mangrin基因能提高转基因水稻对盐胁迫的抗性。     

农杆菌介导巨桉Eg5高效遗传转化

以巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)无性系Eg5叶片为外植体, 探讨了农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)侵染时间、共培养pH值和共培养时间对瞬时转化效率的影响, 分析了不同筛选策略对遗传转化植株筛选效果的影响。结果表明, 外植体侵染45分钟, 共培养pH值为5.8, 共培养3天所得到的瞬时转化效率最高; 逐步提高卡那霉素(Km)浓度筛选转基因植株有效, 筛选率达到15%, 转化率达到0.26%。经过GUS染色分析和PCR检测, 证实为转基因植株。     

美洲商陆抗真菌蛋白转化烟草的研究和抗病性检测

本研究为美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白(PaAFP)基因首次对植物遗传转化的研究,转入烟草中研究此蛋白对烟草立枯病的抗性。从美洲商陆叶片中获得美洲商陆抗真菌蛋白前体蛋白基因cDNA序列,构建植物表达载体pCAMBIA1300-PaAFP,通过三亲杂交法将其导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404受体菌,转染烟草获得了大量再生转基因植株。PCR、Southern杂交、RT-PCR以及Tris-Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测结果表明目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,并且已经得到转译。转基因植株苗期抗立枯病试验表明,转基因烟草植株对立枯丝核菌表现出了抗性。     

兰州百合基因枪转化方法的研究

以兰州百合试管苗鳞片叶为受体,通过基因枪转化法将脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因(DHAR)转入兰州百合,并用GUS染色、PCR扩增和Southern杂交等技术进行转基因株系的检测.结果表明:以兰州百合鳞片叶为受体材料,在轰击压力1 100 psi、轰击距离6 cm时,抗性率高达14%,转化率为1.5%;10 mg/L的潮霉素对鳞片叶具有很好筛选作用.GUS分析发现,转化株系叶片为蓝色;PCR检测和Southern杂交进一步证实抗性株系为转基因植株,且为单拷贝.     

农杆菌介导抗储粮害虫转基因小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)的获得及分析

以本实验室选育的小麦优良品系的胚性愈伤组织为材料,采用农杆菌介导将抗虫基因豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因CpTI转入小麦培养细胞,经筛选获得抗卡那霉素的愈伤组织并再生植株。经PCR和实时PCR检测、PCR-Southern和Southernblot验证,确定了3株独立再生植株为含有CpTI的转基因植株。农杆菌菌浓度、侵染时间及转化处理方式对小麦转化率均有明显影响。3株转基因植株正常可育并结籽,形成转基因株系。外源基因在转基因植株T1代中的分离呈多样性,部分株系(转基因株系T-Ⅰ、T-Ⅲ)表现出孟德尔遗传规律。抗虫试验表明,3株转基因植株T2代籽粒对储粮害虫麦蛾具有一定的抗性,转基因株系T-Ⅰ、T-Ⅱ、T-Ⅲ及非转基因植株的T2代籽粒虫蛀率分别为19·8%、21·9%、32·9%和58·3%。转基因植株T1代群体农艺性状调查显示,3个株系具有良好的农艺性状,为小麦的遗传改良提供了新的种质抗虫材料。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。