赤子爱胜蚓对不同猪粪和秸秆的分解作用

通过赤子爱胜蚓对发酵后猪粪(粮食猪粪、饲料猪粪)和秸秆(水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆)及其不同质量比例(1∶1或3∶1)混合物料进行摄食分解后,对物料前后及不接种赤子爱胜蚓的对照样品理化性质进行分析,发现赤子爱胜蚓处理90 d后的不同物料质量均减少,减少的质量显著多于不接种蚯蚓的对照处理(P＜0.01).赤子爱胜蚓对猪粪与秸秆混合物料的分解量多于纯猪粪和纯秸秆(P＜0.01).猪粪与玉米秸秆的混合物,经蚯蚓处理后,混合物料减少的质量显著多于猪粪与水稻秸秆混合物中物料减少的质量(P＜0.05).经蚯蚓处理后,饲料猪粪混合比例为3∶1的物料质量损失显著多于混合比例为1∶1的物料质量损失(P＜0.01),而粮食猪粪混合比例为1∶1的物料质量损失与混合比例为3∶1的物料质量损失差异不显著(P＞0.05).接种赤子爱胜蚓后,物料的全氮和速效氮、全磷和速效磷以及全钾和速效钾的含量增加,有机质和pH值降低.粮食猪粪和玉米秸秆以质量1∶1的比例进行混合物料的有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量变化幅度最大,表明赤子爱胜蚓对此混合物料的分解作用最大.本研究可为猪粪和作物秸秆的资源化利用提供理论依据.     

Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓生长发育和生殖的影响

Bt蛋白能通过转Bt基因作物的秸秆还田进入土壤,进而可能会对土壤动物如蚯蚓的生长发育和生殖造成影响.为评估Bt水稻对赤子爱胜蚓的影响,本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加2.5%、5%、7.5%和10% Bt水稻(b2B138)及其同源水稻(安丰A)秸秆,分别在饲养赤子爱胜蚓7、15、30、45、60、75和90 d后观测蚯蚓的存活率、相对生长率和生殖情况,以及秸秆土壤混合物和蚯蚓体内的Cry1Ab蛋白含量.结果表明:较高还田量(7.5%和10%)Bt水稻秸秆处理对赤子爱胜蚓存活率有抑制作用;Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓的相对生长率没有不利影响;还田量为5%、7.5%和10%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田能促进蚯蚓的生殖.酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结果表明: 在Bt水稻土壤混合物中,蚯蚓体内均能检测到Cry1Ab蛋白,且前者随着时间延长而显著减少.因此,还田量为2.5%和5%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田释放的Cry1Ab蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓的生长发育和生殖没有不利影响.     

Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓生长发育和生殖的影响

Bt蛋白能通过转Bt基因作物的秸秆还田进入土壤,进而可能会对土壤动物如蚯蚓的生长发育和生殖造成影响.为评估Bt水稻对赤子爱胜蚓的影响,本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加2.5%、5%、7.5%和10% Bt水稻(b2B138)及其同源水稻(安丰A)秸秆,分别在饲养赤子爱胜蚓7、15、30、45、60、75和90 d后观测蚯蚓的存活率、相对生长率和生殖情况,以及秸秆土壤混合物和蚯蚓体内的Cry1Ab蛋白含量.结果表明:较高还田量(7.5%和10%)Bt水稻秸秆处理对赤子爱胜蚓存活率有抑制作用;Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓的相对生长率没有不利影响;还田量为5%、7.5%和10%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田能促进蚯蚓的生殖.酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结果表明: 在Bt水稻土壤混合物中,蚯蚓体内均能检测到Cry1Ab蛋白,且前者随着时间延长而显著减少.因此,还田量为2.5%和5%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田释放的Cry1Ab蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓的生长发育和生殖没有不利影响.     

温度对赤子爱胜蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥效率的影响

为了探讨环境温度对蚯蚓的生物量及其堆肥效率的影响,进行了不同培养温度条件下赤子爱胜蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的研究。试验结果表明,在其他生态因子保持不变的情况下,赤子爱胜蚓的生长和繁殖具有一个适宜的温度范围,可能在20℃左右,温度太高或太低都对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖不利。赤子爱胜蚓对有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的堆肥效率在20℃达到最高,而在其他温度时较低,特别是低温(5℃、10℃)情况下堆肥效率显著降低,但温度较高(30℃、35℃)时其堆肥效率下降不显著。从产业应用的角度,如果同时考虑蚯蚓维持种群繁衍的再生产能力以及蚯蚓堆肥效率这两个因素,环境温度维持在20℃附近可能最适宜赤子爱胜蚓处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥。     

转Cry1Ab-Ma基因抗虫玉米CM8101对白符跳和赤子爱胜蚓的影响

白符跳Folsomia candida和赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia fetida是土壤生态系统中的重要指示动物。本文采用酶联免疫吸附剂法(ELISA)测定转Cry1Ab-Ma基因抗虫玉米CM8101完熟期叶片、茎秆、根组织的Cry1Ab-Ma蛋白含量,并通过在培养基和土壤中添加转基因玉米CM8101残体分别饲养白符跳和赤子爱胜蚓,研究了转基因玉米CM8101对白符跳存活率和赤子爱胜蚓生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,在叶片、茎秆、根组织中均能检测到Cry1Ab-Ma蛋白,含量介于1.06-4.66μg/g鲜重之间;转基因玉米CM8101较之非转基因对照郑58,对白符跳的存活率,赤子爱胜蚓的存活率、体重变化量、蚓茧量和孵化幼蚓量均无显著影响,可初步推断转基因玉米CM8101在两个月内对土壤动物无安全风险。     

转BPH9和Bar基因抗褐飞虱耐除草剂水稻‘H23’对非靶标生物的影响

为探明转BPH9和Bar基因抗褐飞虱耐除草剂水稻‘H23’对非靶标生物安全性的影响, 本文以‘H23’的非转基因亲本改良的‘广占63-4S’为对照, 比较二者对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的影响。其中, 对二化螟采用水稻稻苗饲养法, 观察接虫后6 d二化螟的存活情况, 并称取活虫体重; 对大型蚤采用水稻粉液饲喂法, 考察28 d大型蚤的存活率、繁殖数等指标; 对赤子爱胜蚓则用添加水稻秸秆的人工土壤培养法, 考察28 d内赤子爱胜蚓的存活、体重和行为情况。结果表明, 与受体对照‘广占63-4S’相比, 转BPH9和Bar基因抗褐飞虱耐除草剂水稻‘H23’对二化螟、大型蚤和赤子爱胜蚓均无显著影响, 可以认为, 短期内转BPH9和Bar基因水稻‘H23’对这3种非靶标生物无明显的生态风险。     

厨余混合绿化垃圾的不同配比对赤子爱胜蚓生物量及堆肥效率的影响

为了探讨厨余混合绿化垃圾的不同配比对蚯蚓的生物量及其堆肥效率的影响,进行了两种物料不同混配比例条件下赤子爱胜蚓堆肥处理混合垃圾的研究。试验结果表明,在其他生态因子保持不变的情况下,混合基质中增加绿化垃圾的比例可以相应地显著加快蚯蚓的生长、成熟和繁殖速度,显著提高对应基质的堆肥效率,这可能与混合基质碳氮比的提高、酸碱度的平衡以及透气性的改善有关。在厨余垃圾占主体（不低于50%）的情况下,绿化垃圾掺入的最佳比例范围为40%~50%,在该比例范围内,混合基质对赤子爱胜蚓种群增长的促进作用接近极限,相应的蚯蚓堆肥的效率也接近平台期最高值。     

蚯蚓的营养成分

蚯蚓中含有丰富的蛋白质和氨基酸,是动物蛋白质营养成分来源之一。吉林省生物研究所对四种常见蚯蚓的营养成分做了测定,结果如下: 四种蚯蚓蛋白质含量占干物质的百分比是:红色爱胜蚓67.71%;赤子爱胜蚓64.61%;背暗异唇蚓57.96%;日本赤子爱胜蚓61.37%。四种蚯蚓中含有丰富的氨基酸,高达18种,氨基酸总量占干物质的百分比分别为:红色爱胜蚓58.08%;赤子爱胜蚓60.94%;背暗异唇蚓64.93%;日本赤子爱胜蚓64.33%。蚯蚓中含有人和动物体内不能合成的必需氨基酸。以动物10种必需氨基酸计,在四种蚯蚓中,必需氨基酸占氨基酸干物质总量的百分比(100克干样品含氨基酸克数)依次为:27.36%;28.48%;22.9%;     

蚯蚓处理猪粪与秸秆的最适碳氮比及混合物腐熟度评价

以猪粪和水稻秸秆混合作饵料,通过90 d的室内培养试验,用平均体质量、日均质量增加倍数、日均产茧量和累计繁殖量等指标衡量4个处理（C/N 20、C/N 25、C/N 30和C/N 35）中蚯蚓的生长繁殖状况,并通过35 d的混合物（C/N 25、C/N 30和C/N 35）腐熟试验,采用pH、C/N和水溶性有机碳（DOC）3个指标综合评定混合物腐熟度.结果表明: 处理C/N 30的蚯蚓生长繁殖状况显著优于其他处理.35 d的混合物腐熟试验以21 d为拐点,pH和DOC均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,C/N则呈现持续下降趋势;但综合3个指标衡量,混合物至试验结束尚未完全腐熟.处理C/N 25在7～35 d时C/N＜20,表明C/N＜20不适宜作为衡量混合物腐熟与否的单一指标,应结合其他指标综合判定混合物的腐熟情况.     

蚯蚓的生态及养殖利用

世界上大约有3000多种蚯蚓,共分为21科,包括陆栖和水栖两大类。实用价值较高的有4科,即:颤蚓科(Tubificidae)、键胃科(Moniligastridae)、巨蚓科(Me-gascolidae)。正蚓科(Lumbricidae),共22种。正蚯科中的赤子爱胜蚓(Eiscniafoetida),又名“大平二号”,是目前主要养殖品种。赤子爱胜蚓在生态条件上与大多数蚯蚓有统一性,但也存在一定差异性。     

Vermistabilization of textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings by an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida

Investigations were made to explore the potential of an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida to transform textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings in to value added product, i.e., vermicompost. The growth and reproduction of E. foetida was monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 77 days in the laboratory under controlled experimental conditions. The maximum growth was recorded in 100% cow dung (CD). Replacement of poultry droppings by cow dung in feed mixtures and vice versa had little or no effect on worm growth rate and reproduction potential. Worms grew and reproduced favourably in 70% poultry droppings (PD)+30% solid textile mill sludge (STMS) and 60% PD+40% STMS feed mixtures. Greater percentage of STMS in the feed mixture significantly affected the biomass gain and cocoon production. Net weight gain by earthworms in 100% CD was 2.9-18.2 fold higher than different STMS containing feed mixtures. The mean number of cocoon production was between 23.4+/-4.65 (in 100% CD) and 3.6+/-1.04 (in 50% PD+50% STMS) cocoons earthworm(-1) for different feed mixtures tested. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Total potassium, total calcium and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd) contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixtures. Our trials demonstrated vermicomposting as an alternate technology for the recycling and environmentally safe disposal/management of textile mill sludge using an epigeic earthworm E. foetida if mixed with poultry droppings.     

Feasibility of utilization of horse dung spiked filter cake in vermicomposters using exotic earthworm Eisenia foetida

This contribution reports the potential of vermicomposting technology in the management of horse dung (HD) spiked sugar mill filter cake (SMFC) using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida under laboratory conditions. A total of six vermicomposters filled with different ratios of HD and SMFC were maintained for this study. The growth and fecundity of E. foetida was monitored for 12 weeks. Maximum growth was recorded in 90% HD+10% SMFC feed mixture containing vermicomposter. Earthworms' biomass gain and reproduction was favorably up to 50% HD+50% SMFC feed composition. Maximum cocoons were also recorded in 90% HD+10% SMFC feed mixtures, however increasing proportions of SMFC in different vermicomposters affected the growth and fecundity of worms. A significant decrease in C:N ratio and increase in total kjeldahl nitrogen, total available phosphorus and calcium contents was recorded. The heavy metals content was higher in the vermicompost obtained in all the reactors than initial feed substrates. Based on investigations it is concluded that vermicomposting could be an alternative technology for the management of filter cake if it is mixed in 1:1 ratio with horse dung.     

阿苯哒唑对蚯蚓的生态毒理效应

采用人工污染土壤法测定了不同浓度阿苯哒唑对蚯蚓生长、生存、繁殖以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶（GST-S）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）活性的影响.结果表明:低浓度阿苯哒唑（5 mg·kg^-1）对蚯蚓的繁殖有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）;当阿苯哒唑含量达到7 mg·kg^-1时,将明显影响蚯蚓的生长和生存（P<0.05）;当其含量达到10 mg·kg^-1时,蚯蚓的死亡率为53%.阿苯哒唑浓度与蚯蚓的生长、繁殖间存在明显的剂-效关系.阿苯哒唑染毒21 d后,对蚯蚓SOD、GST-S的活性有明显影响,药物浓度与效应间没有明显的剂-效关系,对AchE活性没有表现出明显的影响.阿苯哒唑对土壤动物显示毒性作用,具有潜在的生态风险.     

不同肥料对土壤养分三要素平衡与累积的影响

本文探讨不同肥料、施肥结构、施肥方法对土壤养分三要素平衡与累积的影响。结果表明,不同形态单位氮素投入对土壤氮素盈余影响为猪粪> 化肥> 稻草,对土壤全氮提高的影响为稻草> 化肥> 猪粪;不同形态单位磷素投入对土壤磷素盈余的影响为猪粪> 化肥> 稻草,对土壤全磷提高的影响为化肥> 猪粪> 稻草;不同形态单位钾素投入对土壤钾素盈余影响为化肥> 猪粪> 稻草,对缓解土壤钾素下降的影响为猪粪> 稻草> 化肥。     

体重、年龄和应激刺激对菲牛蛭繁殖性能的影响

采用单因素方差分析等方法探讨人工养殖条件下体重、年龄和环境应激对菲牛蛭繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,体重对卵茧大小和湿质量及幼蛭体长、体宽和湿体质量无显著影响(P>0.05),而亲蛭性腺系数、平均产茧数、孵化率和平均孵化数在各组间差异显著(P<0.05),其中体重10～15g组明显高于其他组(P<0.05);年龄对亲蛭平均产茧数、孵化率、平均孵化数和卵茧大小影响显著(P<0.05),其中2～3年龄亲本具有最高的平均产茧数、孵化率和平均孵化数,8月龄亲本所产卵茧个体明显大于其他年龄组(P<0.05),而卵茧湿质量及幼蛭体长、体宽和湿体质量在各年龄组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。环境应激对亲蛭的平均产茧数、孵化率和平均孵化数影响显著(P<0.01),其中1～2次操作应激下的平均产茧数和孵化数最高,无操作刺激下的孵化率略高于1～2次操作刺激(P>0.05),而卵茧大小和湿质量及幼蛭体长、体宽和湿体质量在各应激处理组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究获得了菲牛蛭繁殖的最佳体重和年龄,建议繁育生产中挑选10～15g和2～3年龄的个体作为亲本,期间进行1～2次操作刺激可提高其繁殖性能。     

寄主植物对赭色鸟喙象取食、发育和繁殖的影响

本文对甘蔗赭色鸟喙象OtidognathusrubricepsChevrolat在甘蔗、玉米、竹子和类芦上的取食、发育和繁殖作了比较研究。结果表明 :成虫趋向取食甘蔗、在甘蔗上产卵 ;每雌产卵量、产卵历期、成虫寿命和卵孵化率以甘蔗为最高、最长 ,然后依次为类芦、玉米、竹子。甘蔗最有利于该虫的取食、发育和繁殖。     

Observations on effects of feeding level on growth and reproduction in haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) in captivity

Individual haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) were maintained at different feeding levels in an aquarium from November until the completion of spawning. The mean duration of spawning was 33.2 days (range 19–59) during which an average of 16.6 (range 10–25) batches of eggs were produced. The size and dry weight of the eggs declined during the spawning period. Egg production and feeding level were correlated positively. There was some suggestion that when female haddock received low rations (< 5 kcal day^-1) a lower proportion spawned, and the dry weights of the eggs were lower compared with females on high rations (> 13 kcal day ^-1). The relation between daily growth in wet weight, g, and daily surplus energy intake, kcal, was: G =(0.295 E )— 0.328. When food energy is restricted, haddock appear to achieve a balance between somatic growth and reproduction.     

Environmental impacts of precision feeding programs applied in pig production

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect that switching from conventional to precision feeding systems during the growing-finishing phase would have on the potential environmental impact of Brazilian pig production. Standard life-cycle assessment procedures were used, with a cradle-to-farm gate boundary. The inputs and outputs of each interface of the life cycle (production of feed ingredients, processing in the feed industry, transportation and animal rearing) were organized in a model. Grain production was independently characterized in the Central-West and South regions of Brazil, whereas the pigs were raised in the South region. Three feeding programs were applied for growing-finishing pigs: conventional phase feeding by group (CON); precision daily feeding by group (PFG) (whole herd fed the same daily adjusted diet); and precision daily feeding by individual (PFI) (diets adjusted daily to match individual nutrient requirements). Raising pigs (1 t pig BW at farm gate) in South Brazil under the CON feeding program using grain cultivated in the same region led to emissions of 1840 kg of CO₂-eq, 13.1 kg of PO₄-eq and 32.2 kg of SO₂-eq. Simulations using grain from the Central-West region showed a greater climate change impact. Compared with the previous scenario, a 17% increase in climate change impact was found when simulating with soybeans produced in Central-West Brazil, whereas a 28% increase was observed when simulating with corn and soybeans from Central-West Brazil. Compared with the CON feeding program, the PFG and PFI programs reduced the potential environmental impact. Applying the PFG program mitigated the potential climate change impact and eutrophication by up to 4%, and acidification impact by up to 3% compared with the CON program. Making a further adjustment by feeding pigs according to their individual nutrient requirements mitigated the potential climate change impact by up to 6% and the potential eutrophication and acidification impact by up to 5% compared with the CON program. The greatest environmental gains associated with the adoption of precision feeding were observed when the diet combined soybeans from Central-West Brazil with corn produced in Southern Brazil. The results clearly show that precision feeding is an effective approach for improving the environmental sustainability of Brazilian pig production.