淡水湖泊生态系统中砷的赋存与转化行为研究进展

砷(As)是一种无处不在的元素,目前已有很多关于湖泊水体、沉积物、浮游生物、底栖动物、鱼类及水生植物中As的含量分布与赋存形态的研究报道.As在全球淡水湖泊中分布不均,区域差异性较大;湖泊沉积物中As含量水平对底栖动物的自然生境影响很大,甚至造成底栖物种生物区系的改变;水生植物普遍具有富集As的能力,一般表现为沉水植物＞浮水植物＞挺水植物;水生动物中As含量一般为底栖动物＞浮游动物＞鱼类.相对于海洋生态系统,目前对湖泊生态系统环境与生物质中砷的赋存形态及其转化的认识还很不足,今后应加强人类活动影响下我国重要湖泊As的迁移、富集与转化行为的研究.     

长江中下游湖群大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊分布最为密集的区域,其中面积大于10 km²的湖泊总面积占相同级别中国淡水湖泊总面积的51.3%。目前对本地区湖泊大型底栖动物研究主要是关于单个湖泊或几个湖泊之间的比较,将区域内湖泊作为一个整体来分析的研究较少。为揭示现阶段长江中下游浅水湖泊底栖动物群落现状及其主要影响因素,于2008年和2009年夏季对本地区5个湖群69个湖泊大型底栖动物和水化学进行了调查,并分析区域过程和局域环境条件在决定该地区底栖群落结构中的相对重要性。结果表明水体矿化度、电导率及氮磷指标在不同湖群间具有显著差异,而高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a及营养状态指数无显著差异。密度方面,以寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫为优势类群的湖泊共46个,占总数量的66.7%,以螺类为优势类群之一的湖泊16个,占总数量的23.2%;生物量方面,以螺类为优势的湖泊数量最多(33个),占总数量的46.4%,但以寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫占优势的湖泊亦有27个,占总数量的39.1%,双壳类仅在9个湖泊占据优势。典范对应分析结果表明该地区底栖动物群落结构是局域环境条件和区域过程共同作用的结果,两类因子共解释了33.9%的底栖动物群落变异,其中局域环境因子占被解释量的48.1%,空间变量占35.4%。空间变量较高的解释量表明对整个长江中下游地区湖泊而言,区域过程对底栖动物的分布也起着非常重要的作用。     

渤海湾大型底栖动物调查及与环境因子的相关性

对渤海湾大型底栖动物和环境因子进行调查,利用多元分析技术对大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系进行研究。调查期间共发现大型底栖动物45种,平均密度为406个/m2。大型底栖动物数量空间变化明显,呈现从近岸到外海降低的变化特征。运用典范对应分析(CCA)探讨大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系,并采用向前引入法对环境因子进行逐步筛选,Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,水深、无机氮和溶解氧是影响渤海湾大型底栖动物空间分布的关键环境因子。     

徐州城市河流和湖泊的大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因子分析

对徐州市京杭运河市区段和市区湖泊云龙湖进行了大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因子的比较研究。结果显示:城市河流和湖泊生态系统中, 大型底栖动物种类较少、群落结构相对简单, 其中城市河流大型底栖动物的组成主要为水栖寡毛类和软体动物, 城市湖泊大型底栖动物主要组成为水栖寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫。除Margalef 物种丰富度指数外, 河流与湖泊的其他群落指数相差不大。聚类分析将两类生态系统中的大型底栖动物群落明显分为两组。CCA 结果显示云龙湖大型底栖动物群落的主要影响因子是pH 和溶解氧, 京杭运河徐州市区段大型底栖动物群落的主要影响因子是总磷和化学需氧量。     

中国自然湿地底栖动物生态学研究进展

底栖动物是湿地生态系统中的一个重要组成部分,在能量流动和物质循环中起着承上启下的作用。其群落结构能反映出底质条件、水质状况、水温等非生物因子以及植被、物种间的影响、捕食压力等生物因子的情况。本文概括了底栖动物的概念、生活型和功能群的划分,探讨了底栖动物群落生态学研究的特点及目前中国底栖动物的研究重点和主要研究成果,重点讨论了底栖动物群落分布的时空差异、底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系以及底栖动物的生物指示作用,并展望了底栖动物研究的未来发展趋势。     

瓯江口海域大型底栖动物分布及其与环境的关系

对瓯江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物进行了春（2006年5月）、冬（2007年1月）两季的调查,分析了研究区大型底栖动物的季节分布及其与环境的关系.结果表明：共鉴定出大型底栖动物65种,多毛类和软体动物是该海域大型底栖动物的主要类群;春季,小头虫的优势度最高,冬季,红带织纹螺的优势度最高;研究区大型底栖动物的种类分布为河口区＜邻近海域、冬季＜春季;该区大型底栖动物两季平均生物量和栖息密度分别为19.66 g·m^-2和131 ind·m^-2,春、冬季的密度差异显著,但生物量差异不显著;春冬两季研究区大型底栖动物的Shannon-Weiner指数差异显著,Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef种类丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数的差异不显著.春季,温度和浮游植物是影响研究区大型底栖动物类群的主要环境因子,冬季的主要影响因子为总有机碳和溶解氧.     

广东横石水河大型底栖动物群落与环境因子的关系

应用典范对应分析(CCA)对横石水河流域14个样点中的大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,枯水期和丰水期的物种与环境因子的相关性均在90%以上,说明大型底栖动物在横石水河的分布很大程度上受到环境因子的影响。化学需氧量(COD)和pH值是影响枯水期大型底栖动物分布的两个主要因子,浊度和重金属Cu、Pb浓度对大型底栖动物分布也有一定程度的影响。在丰水期,重金属Cu、Pb浓度和pH值是影响大型底栖动物分布的关键因子。从种类水平看,耐污种类如蠓类、摇蚊和大蚊的丰富度与COD和重金属浓度的环境轴呈正相关,而敏感种类如腹足纲、毛翅目以及蜉蝣目昆虫与COD和重金属浓度的环境轴呈负相关。     

河流微生境异质性与大型底栖动物空间分布的关系

大型底栖动物是河流生态系统较好的指示类群,越来越广泛地应用于河流生态状况评价.识别大型底栖动物空间分布的影响因素可以分为宏观尺度因子、中观尺度因子和微观尺度因子.前人的研究较多集中于中观尺度.本研究基于10 m河段微生境因子与大型底栖动物调查,采用地统计学方法,在微观尺度上分析了大型底栖动物空间分布特征及其与微生境的关系.结果表明:不同生境类型中底栖动物指标存在差异性,激流、深潭和急流的Shannon指数平均值分别为2、1.9、1.78;大型底栖动物密度、生物量、丰富度指数及Shannon指数具有空间自相关性,存在一定的扩散效应;微生境因子与大型底栖动物指标及物种的空间关系存在差异性,其中,水深和流速与大型底栖动物关系的拟合度较弱,底质组成与大型底栖动物的拟合关系相对较好,底栖动物密度与粒径<4 mm底质体积百分比呈现正空间自相关,生物量、丰富度指数、Shannon指数与粒径>32 mm底质体积百分比呈现正空间自相关.本研究结果可为底栖动物扩散机制研究、调查样方设置、物理生境修复等提供参考.     

红树林植被对大型底栖动物群落的影响

大型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,从红树林大型底栖动物种类、红树林与其周边生境大型底栖动物群落的比较,以及生境变化对动物群落的影响等方面阐述了红树林植被与大型底栖动物群落的关系.从物种数量上看,软体动物和甲壳类动物构成了红树林大型底栖动物的主要部分.影响大型底栖动物分布的环境因素包括海水盐度、潮位和土壤特性等,但在小范围区域,林内动物的分布更多地与红树林植被特性和潮位有关.因此,由于红树林植被破坏或者恢复引起的生境变化,将导致大型底栖动物群落和常见物种种群的变化,尤其对底上动物影响明显;随着人工恢复红树林的发育,林内底栖动物的多样性相应增加,优势种也发生变化.相比位于相同潮位的无植被滩涂,红树林可促进潮间带生物多样性.     

丹江口水库秋季底栖动物群落状态和空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

为探讨丹江口水库底栖动物群落状态和空间分布及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2013年秋季（11月）对丹江口水库底栖动物进行了详细调查,共检出底栖动物35种,常见种为霍甫水丝蚓和苏氏尾鳃蚓,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和正颤蚓。调查结果表明,丹江口水库底栖动物群落结构存在空间差异,现存量处于较高水平,未见明显衰退现象。就底栖动物群落状态（ⅡCS）而言,汉江库区要好于丹江库区,库峡要稍好于库区和库湾。为揭示主要物种的环境偏好以及对底栖动物分布具有重要影响的环境因子,采用协惯量分析（Co-inertia Analysis,CIA）和典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）。CCA的分析结果表明,水温、浊度、电导率、溶解氧、叶绿素a、锑、总氮、钼、高锰酸盐指数和硼对物种分布具有重要的影响。偏最小二乘法（Partial Least Square,PLS）的分析结果表明,pH、电导率、总氮、硼、钼、锑、钡和钒能很好地预测ⅡCS分值,是底栖动物群落发展的制约因素。结合CCA和PLS分析结果来看,对底栖动物具有重要影响的环境因子主要为电导率、总氮、硼、钼和锑。     

Selective feeding by baltic herring

Lake Lenore is a highly productive alkaline lake in the Lower Grand Coulee, Central Washington. Leakage of freshwater from nearby irrigation projects decreased the lake salinity from about 17 to 1.5 g/l during 1950–75. The initial bottom fauna with mass occurrence of single halobiontic chironomid species was supplanted by more diverse communities at all depths. The species richness increased by 2–8 times. The greatest addition of new species was found in the salinity range of 2–3 g/l. Concurrent increases in abundance and biomass suggest that the carrying capacity of the lake at higher salinities was not fully utilized by the benthos. A comparison with other eutrophic saline lakes indicates that benthic species composition and quantity is correlated with total salinity and ion composition.     

Zooplankton and environmental factors of a recovering eutrophic lake (Lysimachia Lake, Western Greece)

The present study investigates the zooplankton community dynamics and the abiotic environment in the eutrophic Lake Lysimachia (western Greece). The lake is considered to be recovering from eutrophication after the termination of an urban sewage inflow in 2000, and its waters are replenished constantly from the nearby oligotrophic Lake Trichonis. The results show that, although a decrease in nutrient concentrations was observed compared to the past, the lake still has eutrophic characteristics. This was reflected in the zooplankton community which is typical of those found in eutrophic lakes where rotifers prevail. Similarities among this lake and other nearby lakes were found considering the zooplankton community composition and seasonal variation. However, Lake Lysimachia is inhabited also by a number of different and even unique species (e.g., Moina micrura), suggesting that this ecosystem may be an important biodiversity refuge. Most of the zooplankton species were correlated with water temperature and, to a lesser extent, eutrophication key-water quality variables. Although there are few available data on the zooplankton of the lake, the abundance and composition of the community presenting characteristics indicative of intermediate trophic conditions and suggesting that the lake is probably under a kind of “biological” recovery.     

Temporal and spatial variations of aquatic environmental characteristics and sediment bacterial community in five regions of Lake Taihu

Sediment bacterial community and their relation with environmental factors were investigated in the five different trophic status lake regions sediment, Meiliang Bay, Wuli Lake, Gonghu Bay, Western Lake Taihu and Xukou Bay in a large, shallow, eutrophic freshwater lake (Lake Taihu, China). Water and surface sediment samples were collected at 35 sampling sites in January 2014 (winter) and July 2015 (summer). The physicochemical characterization showed that there were obvious changes in the trophic status and eutrophic index of five lake regions, which was mainly due to the difference of organic matter source. Based on the analysis of aquatic environmental characteristics, the organic nitrogen or nitrate nitrogen was the main storing form in the overlying water of five lake regions. In addition, nitrate nitrogen in pore water was lower than in overlying water, while ammonia nitrogen in pore water was higher than in overlying water. According to the DGGE profiles, temporal and spatial variations of bacterial community were apparent. Bacterial diversity was higher in summer than in winter and increased with the decrease in the lake region trophic status. The dendrogram of the bacterial community similarities revealed that samples were almost all grouped into two defined clusters (summer and winter), which indicated that season rather than region was the dominant factor. Canonical correspondence analysis demonstrated that ammonia nitrogen and nitrate–nitrite nitrogen in the sediment and pore water, organic matter and temperature significantly influenced the sediment bacterial community in the five lake regions.     

不同类型湖泊夏季浮游生物多元聚类分析

为深入了解湖泊环境生态系统的变化规律,为湖泊渔业和湖泊管理提供基础数据,于2007年夏季测定了武汉市梁子湖、斧头湖、柴泊湖、南湖和野芷湖5个养殖湖泊的浮游生物的数量和生物量。利用SPSS软件,对5个湖泊浮游植物6个门和浮游动物4个类的数量和生物量进行了主成分分析和因子分析。主成分分析和因子分析的结果是不相同的,其原因是两种方法的差异所致。两种方法结合使用,将有效地提高分析结果的准确度。分析结果表明,影响5个湖浮游生物的第1至第6个主成分分别为枝角类桡足类数量和重量因子、轮虫数量重量和绿藻门数量因子、隐藻门数量和重量因子、原生动物数量和重量因子、蓝藻门数量因子、硅藻门数量和绿藻门重量因子。使用SPSS软件,对5个湖泊13个点的浮游生物的数量和生物量予以了层次聚类法,并将5个湖泊的13个点分为5类,即梁子湖和斧头湖敞水区的3号和5号点为一类;梁子湖和斧头湖围拦养殖区的1号和4号点,以及梁子岛附近的2号点为一类;柴泊湖的6、7、8号3个点为一类;南湖原排污口附近的10号点为一类;南湖与野芷湖的其他9、11、12和13号4个点为一类。经分析认为,形成这个结果是由城市废水、生活污水和养殖生产所致。       

Diatoms of Lake Peipsi-Pihkva: a floristic and ecological review

463 taxa of diatoms have been recorded from the pelagic and littoral plankton, benthos and periphyton of Lake Peipsi-Pihkva. This typical eutrophic plain lake has many common features with large lakes of both Central and North Europe. As to the richness of diatom taxa, L. Peipsi- Pihkva surpasses other eutrophic lowland lakes, which can be explained by the size of this lake, and by the variety of living conditions in it. The list of taxa as well as notes about rare and phytogeographically interesting diatoms are presented.Deceased.     

The photosynthetic and growth rate responses of two freshwater angiosperms in lakes of different trophic status: responses to light and dissolved inorganic carbon

SUMMARY 1. Two rooted freshwater macrophytes ( Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss; Myriophyllum triphyllum Orchard) were grown in two lakes of differing trophic status on sediments collected from an eutrophic lake. In the two experiments (summer and winter) in the oligotrophic lake (Lake Taupo, New Zealand), the relative growth rates of both species were approximately double those recorded in the experiments in the eutrophic take (Lake Rotorua, New Zealand). These growth responses occurred even though the light and temperature regimes were similar at the experimental sites in both lakes and the concentrations of inorganic nutrients were higher in the eutrophic lake water.
2. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) analysis of both lake waters indicated that the oligotrophic water had approximately 10-fold more DIC than the eutrophic water. This corresponded, at natural pH, to a 2-fold higher concentration of free-CO₂ in the oligotrophic lake water (49 μM) than in the eutrophic lake water (23 μM). Photosynthetic experiments demonstrated that the maximum rates of photosynthesis were 2.46 and 2.25-fold higher in L. major and M. triphyllum , respectively, when the shoots were incubated in Lake Taupo water at Lake Taupo levels of free-CO₂ relative to Lake Rotorua water at Lake Rotorua levels of free-CO₂.
3. It is concluded that these differences in photosynthetic rates would lead approximately to a 2-fold difference in growth rate, thus explaining the growth responses observed in the field experiments.     

5'-nucleotidase activity in a eutrophic lake and an oligotrophic lake

Differences in enzymatic hydrolysis of dissolved organic phosphorus and subsequent phosphorus uptake were compared by using dual-labeled (gamma-P and 2-H) ATP in oligotrophic Lake Michigan and a moderately eutrophic lake in southeastern Michigan. More than 50% of the phosphate that was hydrolyzed was immediately taken up into bacterium-sized particles in the eutrophic lake and at a near-shore site in Lake Michigan. Less than 50% of the hydrolyzed phosphate was taken up into bacterium-sized particles at an offshore site in Lake Michigan. It is hypothesized that differences in size-fractionated uptake were the result of greater phosphorus utilization capacity in bacteria in habitats where loading of organic carbon is greater. Substantial isotope dilution of labeled phosphate uptake by unlabeled phosphate occurred, which implied that the phosphate was hydrolyzed extracellularly in both systems. Comparable nucleotidase activities were measured in the eutrophic lake and Lake Michigan, but the significance of the phosphate regenerated relative to particulate phosphorus pools was an order of magnitude greater in Lake Michigan. Seventy percent of the nucleotidase activity was inhibited by 100 muM phosphate in the eutrophic lake, which suggests that most hydrolysis was by phosphatase. Therefore, nucleotidase activity may be more important to phosphorus regeneration in oligotrophic habitats than phosphatase activity.     

小型湖泊水生植物栽培对轮虫群落结构的影响

为了解水生植物栽培对水环境及轮虫群落结构的影响,于2015年10月至2016年9月,对广州市暨南大学校园两个小型湖泊——明湖和南湖进行了周年调查.明湖无水生植物生长,南湖3—10月有水生植物轮叶黑藻生长,其中6—9月为植物旺盛生长时期.调查发现: 两湖共记录轮虫50种,分属于23个属,其中臂尾轮属、异尾轮属和腔轮属种类较多,均有8种.明湖记录轮虫32种,南湖记录39种. 明湖优势种主要有广布多肢轮虫、暗小异尾轮虫和微型多突轮虫;南湖优势种主要有螺形龟甲轮虫、爱德里亚狭甲轮虫和囊形腔轮虫.明湖轮虫丰度在2015年10月最高,达到3790 ind·L^-1,2016年3月最低,为854 ind·L^-1.南湖轮虫丰度在2015年11月最高,达到3555 ind·L^-1,2016年1月最低,为977 ind·L^-1.相似性分析表明,明湖与南湖水体轮虫群落结构差异显著,其中螺形龟甲轮虫为两湖群落结构差异贡献率最高的物种,其次为广布多肢轮虫.冗余分析表明,明湖轮虫群落结构主要受总磷、叶绿素a、水温的影响;南湖水生植物旺盛生长期,轮虫群落结构受总磷、温度、叶绿素a、深度的影响较大,优势种为底栖的无棘鳞冠轮虫、爱德里亚狭甲轮虫和囊形腔轮虫;水生植物开始生长时期主要受总氮和透明度的影响,优势种为浮游的广布多肢轮虫和等棘异尾轮虫;而无水生植物生长期主要受pH和溶解氧的影响较大,优势种亦为浮游性种,广布多肢轮虫、裂痕龟纹轮虫等.水生植物生长可有效降低N、P营养盐浓度,改善水质,增加空间异质性,支持更多轮虫种类生存,对水域生态系统的稳定具有重要作用.     

Some ecological aspects of Lake Qarun,Fayoum, Egypt. Part II. Production of plankton and benthic organisms

Distribution and abundance of phyto-, zooplankton and benthic organisms in Lake Qarun were investigated during the period from January 1974 to December 1977.Average number of phytoplankton cells was 152,300 cells/L and its biomass was 0.365 g/C/m³; average number of zooplankton was 31.44 × 10³/m³ and its biomass was 194.19 mg/m³. The average number of benthic fauna was 19889/m² and its biomass was 400.22 g/m² (dry wt.). Therefore, Lake Qarun may be considered as a highly eutrophic body of water.Freshwater planktonic species, that used to inhabit the lake, such as Diaptomus salinus and the cladoceran Moina salinarum, disappeared completely when the salinity of the lake water reached 30–34 However, some Rotatoria were able to withstand the high salinity. The new composition of the zooplankton community shows that the marine zooplankton species include not only Acartia latisetosa and Cirripedia nauplii, but also other species such as Polychaeta, Obelia medusae, etc.The benthos of Lake Qarun is characterised by an intensive growth of few species. The major part (i.e. 93.54% by weight) of bottom fauna in the lake is Mollusca, mainly Cerastoderma glaucum (69·84% by weight).     

Succession and collapse of macrozoobenthos in a subtropical hypertrophic lake under restoration (Lake Rodó, Uruguay)

We studied the succession patterns of the benthic community following a whole-lake restoration experiment in a subtropical hypertrophic lake (Lake Rodó, 34°55′ S 56°10′ W, Montevideo, Uruguay). The restoration measures involved diversion of the main inlet and removal of upper 1-m sediment and biomanipulation of the fish community. Between January 1997 and November 1999, we sampled sediments seasonally to analyse changes in benthos in relation to other abiotic and biotic characteristics of the system. The benthic community of the lake was composed of three families and nine genera. The maximum density (646 ind m⁻²), as well as the maximum taxonomic richness (six), were observed 1 month after the lake was refilled. Since 1998, the benthic abundance decreased considerably and continuously and a total absence of benthic organisms was registered by the end of the year. The low abundance of macroinvertebrates during 1997 could be explained by the food preferences of the dominant fish species, and the high fish biomass at the beginning of the biomanipulation process. However, the most relevant physico-chemical temporal patterns were the increase of organic matter and nutrients in the sediment and the fluctuations of oxygen and nitrate in the deepest layer of the water column. The disappearance of benthos was related to these temporal changes. These results stress the importance of the increase of organic matter for the changes in the physico-chemical environment, and its importance in the benthic succession and possible collapse. We suggest that in hypertrophic lakes, the effects of organic matter enrichment in the sediment can be even more relevant than fish predation in shaping the zoobenthos.