云南省双团棘胸蛙的地理分布

对云南省84个县（市）双团棘胸蛙（Paa yunnanensis）地理分布进行了全面调查。基于历史记录与本次调查结果,采用地理信息系统,制作了云南双团棘胸蛙地理分布图。结果表明,双团棘胸蛙在云南广泛分布于迪庆州以外的15个州（市）71个县（市）,分布海拔为1 400～2 600 m,年平均气温为11.54～18.50℃。根据双团棘胸蛙分布受海拔和年平均气温限制的特点,采用DIVA-GIS 5.2软件,得到云南省双团棘胸蛙可能分布区图。该图可以预测双团棘胸蛙在云南的潜在地理分布,为在云南对该物种的深入研究和有效保护提供了基础数据。     

中国两栖动物新纪录——多疣棘蛙的再证实（图版封3）

多疣棘蛙（Paa verrucospinosa（Bourret）,1939）是Bourret于1937年根据越南沙巴采集到的标本订为棘胸蛙一新亚种,1939年他改订为新种。寇治通等人1983年10月在云南省勐腊县景飘采到一只雌性成体蛙的标本,作为我国多疣棘蛙的新纪录发表。但一直未得到承认。     

棘腹蛙(Rana boulengeri Günther)早期胚胎发育与分期的研究

本文研究了湘西地区棘腹蛙（Ｒ．ｂｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒｉＧ．）的早期胚胎发育与分期．用人工诱导排卵、人工授精的方法获得受精卵,在控制水温为（２３±０．５）℃下发育,棘腹蛙的胚胎发育从人工授精开始到蝌蚪的鳃盖完全闭合需要２６１ｈ;以胚胎形态变化和主要生理特征的出现为基础,该蛙早期胚胎发育可分为２５个时期．棘腹蛙发育过程中的形态特征和其它无尾两栖类相似,但在某些方面也呈现出与适应山地溪流环境有关的一些特点．     

刘氏棘蛙的分类修订

采集了云南宁蒗和四川盐源县交界泸沽湖的刘氏棘蛙Paa liui地模标本进行形态学研究,并与形态上相似的双团棘胸蛙P. yunnanensis、多疣棘蛙P.verrucospinosa、察隅棘蛙P. chayuensis开展分子生物学研究,结果表明:刘氏棘蛙作为一个独立物种不存在,分布于泸沽湖的刘氏棘蛙为双团棘胸蛙的一个地理居群,应作为双团棘胸蛙的同物异名进行归并.     

云南三种同域分布的棘蛙（蛙科Ranidae：无尾目Anura）的核型和银带研究

本文比较分析了云南景东地区三种同域分布棘蛙的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ。花棘蛙２ｎ＝２６（１６Ｍ＋ １０ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１ｐｉｎｔｅｒ,Ｎｏｓ．２－４,８,９等为ＳＭ。棘肛蛙２ｎ＝４０（１６Ｍ＋ ２０ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ＋２Ｔ）,ＮＦ＝７８,Ｎｏｓ．５－９,１１－１３,１５,１７等１０对为ＳＭ,Ｎｏ．３为ＳＴ,Ｎｏ．１８为Ｔ,其余 均为Ｍ,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１１Ｐ。二种的Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ都有异形现象。双团棘胸蛙２ｎ＝６４Ｔ,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ ＮＯＲＳ在４ｑｐｅｒ。都未发现异形性染色体。最后,对棘蛙属的核型演化机制和物种形成方式作了讨论。     

福建九龙棘蛙和小棘蛙的核型和Ag—NORs研究

福建两种棘蛙的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ观察结果如下：九龙棘蛙，２ｎ＝２６（２２Ｍ＋４ＳＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ，小棘蛙，２ｎ＝２６（２０Ｍ＋６ＳＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ在６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ。二者均未发现与性别分化相关的异形染色体。根据已知棘蛙属内的核型资料，对该属种间和居群间的核型演化机制进行了讨论。     

人工环境下棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)繁殖期的行为谱及活动节律

2007年4月，利用红外线摄像设备记录人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为活动，采用扫描取样法和目标动物取样法对录像资料进行分析，对人工环境下棘胸蛙的个体行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果表明：人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为主要包括静止行为（休息、对视）；社会行为（打斗、追逐）；运动行为（游泳、呜叫、跳跃）；捕食行为；繁殖行为（求偶呜唱、侵占、驱赶、撕咬，摔跤、抱对、错抱、拒绝行为、产卵）等。日变化规律变化表明：棘胸蛙的静止行为占了多数，其余多数行为集中在夜间，在凌晨03：00～05：00间出现一个最高峰，与此不同的是棘胸蛙的打斗行为在白天06：00～07：00、08：00～09：00、11：00～12：00多次出现高峰，而在夜间17：00～24：00打斗行为时间分配很少。呜叫行为在06：00—07：00，13：oo～14：00出现两个高峰，而在夜间17：00～01：00鸣叫行为时间分配很少。棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也主要发生在夜间，在凌晨02：30—04：30为高峰，其间抱对行为占到67％，其次为摔跤17％，撕咬15％，而其余所占很少。在行为描述的基础上，对棘胸蛙的有关行为机制进行了探讨。     

棘胸蛙养殖

棘胸蛙（ＲａｎａＳｐｉｎｏｓａＤａｖｉｅｌ）又名石林鸡、棘蛙、石鸡、坑蛙、山鸡、石蛙。属两栖纲无尾目蛙科蛙属。分布在我国四川、贵州、安徽、浙江、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、云南、广东、广西和台湾等省。多生活在海拔１５０～１０００ｍ,以阔叶林或针阔混交林覆...     

棘腹蛙生物学特性及资源保护研究进展

棘腹蛙(Quasipaaboulengeri)是无尾目(Anura)叉舌蛙科(Dicroglossidae)棘胸蛙属的两栖动物。因其以农业和森林害虫为食且对生存环境要求高的特点,故有保护和监测环境的生态功能。但由于生态环境恶化和过度捕捉等原因,造成野生棘腹蛙数量急剧下降,被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》列为易危种。本文从棘腹蛙的习性、生存环境特征、系统进化、人工养殖和资源保护等方面进行了综述,为进一步研究棘腹蛙提供基础资料和理论依据。     

不同开口饵料对棘腹蛙幼蛙生长和存活的影响

用摇蚊Chironomidae midges幼虫、水蚯蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri、蝇蛆Musca demestica、人工饵料作为棘腹蛙幼蛙的开口饵料饲养棘腹蛙幼蛙28 d,观察这些饵料对棘腹蛙幼蛙生长、存活情况的影响.结果表明,人工饵料组幼蛙生长速度最慢,存活率也最低(61.88%);摇蚊幼虫组的存活率最高(79.38%),生长最快,是棘腹蛙幼蛙适宜的开口饵料.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera,Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara,establishment and revision of the C. polita species group

In this paper the genus Pheidologeton Mayr, 1862 is synonymized under Carebara Westwood, 1840 and the Carebara polita group is established and revised. This species group currently includes six species from the Afrotropical region (C. madibai, C. nicotianae, C. perpusilla, C. polita, C. silvestrii, and C. villiersi) and two species from the Neotropical region (C. brevipilosa and C. urichi). The polita group clearly links Carebara and Pheidologeton, and, due to a lack of autapomorphic characters for the latter, a separation of the two genera is no longer justified. As a result Carebara is presented as a monophyletic and better defined genus that can be separated from other genera with more confidence. We present an overview of the distribution and biology of Carebara as well as images from the various genera currently in synonymy under Carebara, and discuss the characters they share. The polymorphism present in Afrotropical and Malagasy Carebara is discussed and one new species from Africa, C. madibai sp. n., is described. The subspecies Carebara perpusilla arnoldiana syn. n., Carebara perpusilla concedens syn. n., and Carebara perpusilla spinosa syn. n. are new synonyms of Carebara perpusilla. Oligomyrmex politus nicotianae is re-elevated to species level and transferred into Carebara, C. nicotianae comb. n., stat. rev.; C. punctata is a new synonym of C. silvestrii comb. n. and C. pygmaea albipes comb. n., syn n., C. pygmaea bugnioni comb. n., syn. n., and C. simularensis syn. n. are new synonyms of C. pygmaea comb. n.. The following names are transferred from Pheidologeton to Carebara as new combinations (with the species epithets adjusted to female endings where necessary): aberrans, affinis, affinis javana, affinis minor, affinis spinosior, affinis sumatrensis, ceylonensis, dentiviris, diversa, diversa draco, diversa ficta, diversa laotina, diversa macgregori, diversa philippina, diversa standfussi, diversa taprobanae, diversa tenuirugosa, diversa williamsi, hammoniae, hostilis, kunensis, latinoda, maccus, mayri, melanocephala, melasolena, nana, nanningensis, obscura, petulens, pullata, pungens, pygmaea, rubra, rugiceps, rugosa, schossnicensis, silena, silvestrii, solitaria, transversalis, trechideros, varia, vespilla, volsellata, yanoi, and zengchengensis. Three new combinations are creating secondary junior homonyms and are here replaced with new names: C. mayri (Santschi, 1928) = C. gustavmayri nom. n., C. rugosa (Karavaiev, 1935) = C. rugoflabella nom. n., and C. silvestrii (Wheeler, 1929b) = C. luzonensis nom. n. Two new combinations are creating secondary junior homonyms among species already in Carebara: C. taprobanae (Forel, 1911a) = C. sinhala nom. n., and C. nana Santschi, 1919 = C. pumilia nom. n.     

Occurrence,Parasitism, and Pathogenicity of Nematodes Associated with Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.)

Ten species of stylet-bearing nematodes were recovered in a survey of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L. ) stands in Georgia. Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, and Criconemoides were the genera found most frequently. Populations of Hoplolaimus galeatus, Scutellonema brachyurum, Helicotylenchus dihystera and H. pseudorobustus increased on greenhouse-grown sycamore, but Trichodorus christiei, Xiphinema americanum, Meloidogyne hapla, M. arenaria and M. incognita did not. Hoplolaimus galeatus and S. brachyurum are semi-endoparasites; H. dihystera and H. pseudorobustus are migratory endoparasites. Hoplolaimus galeatus caused extensive root necrosis and marked decrease of fresh weights of seedling roots and tops. Helicotylenchus dihystera and S. brachyurum produced only qualitatively different sparse and unhealthy root growth. Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus caused only a reduction in root surface area.     

Comparative Virulotyping of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella enteritidis

Members of Salmonella enterica are important foodborne pathogens of significant public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to determine a range of virulence genes among typhoidal (S. typhi) and non-typhoidal (S. enteritidis) strains isolated from different geographical regions and different years. A total of 87 S. typhi and 94 S. enteritidis strains were tested for presence of 22 virulence genes by employing multiplex PCR and the genetic relatedness of these strains was further characterized by REP-PCR. In S. typhi, invA, prgH, sifA, spiC, sopB, iroN, sitC, misL, pipD, cdtB, and orfL were present in all the strains, while sopE, agfC, agfA, sefC, mgtC, and sefD were present in 98.8, 97.7, 90.8, 87.4, 87.4 and 17.2 %, of the strains, respectively. No lpfA, lpfC, pefA, spvB, or spvC was detected. Meanwhile, in S. enteritidis, 15 genes, agfA, agfC, invA, lpfA, lpfC, sefD, prgH, spiC, sopB, sopE, iroN, sitC, misL, pipD, and orfL were found in all S. enteritidis strains 100 %, followed by sifA and spvC 98.9 %, pefA, spvB and mgtC 97.8 %, and sefC 90.4 %. cdtB was absent from all S. enteritidis strains tested. REP-PCR subtyped S. typhi strains into 18 REP-types and concurred with the virulotyping results in grouping the strains, while in S. enteritidis, REP-PCR subtyped the strains into eight profiles and they were poorly distinguishable between human and animal origins. The study showed that S. typhi and S. enteritidis contain a range of virulence factors associated with pathogenesis. Virulotyping is a rapid screening method to identify and profile virulence genes in Salmonella strains, and improve an understanding of potential risk for human and animal infections.     

Phylogeny of Phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp. nov.: a dark, septate, conifer-needle endophyte and its relationships to Phialocephala and Acephala

Dark, septate endophytes (DSE) were isolated from roots and needles of dwarf Picea abies and from roots of Vaccinium spp. growing on a permafrost site in the Jura Mountains in Switzerland. Two of the isolates sporulated after incubation for more than one year at 4 °C. One of them was a hitherto undescribed helotialean ascomycete Phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp. nov., the other was a new species of Phialocephala, P. glacialis sp. nov. Both species are closely related to DSE of the Phialocephala fortinii s. lat.-Acephala applanata species complex (PAC) as revealed by phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and 18S rDNA regions. Morphologically dissimilar fungi, such as Vibrissea and Loramyces species, are phylogenetically also closely linked to the new species and the PAC. Cadophora lagerbergii and C. (Phialophora) botulispora are moved to Phialocephala because Phialocephala dimorphospora and P. repens are the closest relatives. Several Mollisia species were closely related to the new species and the PAC according to ITS sequence comparisons. One DSE from needles of Abies alba and one from shoots of Castanea sativa formed Cystodendron anamorphs in culture. Their identical 18S sequences and almost identical ITS sequences indicated Mollisia species as closest relatives, suggesting that Mollisia species are highly euryoecious.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.