日本海舍氏贝乌贼角质颚形态特征分析

角质颚作为头足类的摄食器官,蕴含丰富的生态信息。根据2018年中国鱿钓船在日本海采集的303尾舍氏贝乌贼（Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi）样本,对其角质颚形态特征进行了分析。主成分分析显示,上头盖长、上喙长和上喙宽可解释舍氏贝乌贼上颚形态特征80.71%的信息,选为上颚的外形表征参数,下头盖长、下脊突长和下喙长可解释形态特征81.57%的信息,选为下颚的外形表征参数。协方差分析表明,舍氏贝乌贼角质颚外形表征参数与胴长和体重的关系均不存在性别间显著性差异。方程拟合和赤池信息准则结果表明,上头盖长与胴长的生长关系最适合用线性方程表示,而上喙长、上喙宽、下头盖长、下脊突长和下喙长与胴长的生长关系均最适用对数方程表示。上头盖长与体重的生长关系最适合用线性方程表示,而上喙长、上喙宽、下头盖长、下脊突长、下喙长与体重的生长关系均最适用对数方程表示。表征参数及其与胴长（或体重）关系式的确定,为后续利用角质颚外形进行种群鉴定和资源评估打下了基础。     

河南董寨国家级自然保护区发冠卷尾的巢址选择

2004年6~9月于河南董寨国家级自然保护区对发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查中共发现发冠卷尾的巢47个,分布于针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林等3种植被类型中。我们在巢址样方(n=47)和对照样方(n=47)中对地形、距离与植被等因素(共15个变量)进行了调查,最终通过逐步判别分析表明,距山脊距离、距水源距离、乔木均高和灌木密度是影响其巢址选择的主要因子。     

生于豆科植物上的链格孢属真菌一新种

报道生于豆科植物沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mongolicus上的链格孢属真菌一新种,沙冬青链格孢Alternaria ammopiptanthi。此种不同于已从豆科植物上报道的5个长喙链格孢种（复喙链格孢A.multirostrata、决明链格孢A.cassiae、猪屎豆生链格孢A.crotalariicola、瓜尔豆链格孢A.cyamopsidis和长喙链格孢A.longirostrata）,主要是其分生孢子的长喙不分枝和孢身细瘦。研究过的模式标本（PSNXAAFS267852）保存在宁夏农林科学院植物病害标本室。     

中国卷尾猛蚁属系统分类研究(膜翅目:蚁科)

记载中国卷尾猛蚁属Ｐｒｏｃｅｒａｔｉｕｍ Ｒｏｇｅｒ４种：伊氏卷尾猛蚁Ｐ．ｉｔｏｉ（Ｆｏｒｅｌ）分布于浙江、台湾和湖南,赵氏卷尾猛蚁Ｐ．ｚｈａｏｉ Ｘｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种分布于云南,日本卷尾猛蚁Ｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ Ｓａｎｔｓｃｈｉ分布于台湾,长腹卷尾猛蚁Ｐ．ｌｏｎｇｉｇａｓｔｅｒ Ｋａｒａｖａｉｅｖ分布于云南,为中国新纪录种。文中编制了中国４种工蚁的分种检索表。     

中国青藓科新资料

通过对青藓科模式标本的研究,结合中科院华南植物园标本馆（IBSC）及云南高黎贡山的青藓科标本,报道中国青藓科新记录1种：阔叶美喙藓Eurhynchium latifolium Cardot。对于曾有文献记载但缺少描述的4个种：粗肋毛尖藓Cirriphyllum crassinerum（Taylor） Loeske ＆M.Fleisch.、锐尖细喙藓Rhynchostegiella menadensis（Sande Lac.） E.B.Bartram、毛尖细喙藓Rhynchostegiella sakuraiiTakaki和西里伯长喙藓Rhynchostegium celebicum（Sande Lac.） A.Jaeger,在经过模式标本的检阅后重新确定了其在中国的分布,并提供了详细的描述及图片。     

基于形态特征判定五种鹬类性别的可靠性

快速准确地鉴定两性同型鸟类个体性别在鸟类生态学研究中具有重要意义。本文选择2008年春季迁徙期在崇明东滩停歇的大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)、红颈滨鹬(C.ruficollis)、尖尾滨鹬(C.acuminata)及翘嘴鹬(Xenus cinereus)5种两性同型的鹬类,用分子生物学方法进行性别鉴定,并基于个体的形态特征(体重、翅长、喙长、头喙长及跗跖长)采用判别分析方法对性别进行判定。结果表明,尖尾滨鹬雄性各形态特征均显著大于雌性,其他4种鹬类则相反。5种鹬类形态特征的性别差异指数在0.5%~25.3%之间,重叠度在29.4%~98.6%之间。5种鹬类判别分析判定性别的准确率在(0.69±0.06)~(0.96±0.01)之间,其中,尖尾滨鹬判别准确率(0.96)最高,翘嘴鹬判别准确率(0.69)最低。形态特征在两性间的差异程度影响性别的判别准确率。另外,两性性比对性别判别的准确率也有影响:性比偏雄性鸟类的雄性判别准确率高于雌性,而性比偏雌性鸟类的雌性判别准确率高于雄性。采用判别分析估测的性比与分子生物学鉴定结果相似,表明判别分析在判定种群的性比方面具有较高的可靠性。     

PCR 扩增Sry 基因进行鲸类动物性别的鉴定

哺乳动物Y染色体短臂上的Sry 基因决定雄性发育方向。本研究参照哺乳动物Sry 基因保守区序列设计引物, 以非性别特异性的线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 基因作为阳性对照, 用PCR 扩增江豚、长喙真海豚等鲸类动物的Sry 基因片断并对其进行凝胶电泳分析来鉴定鲸类动物的性别。通过此方法对87 个已知性别鲸类动物标本的检验, 结果完全正确, 并进一步应用此方法成功地完成了另外33 个未知性别鲸类标本的性别鉴定。由此建立了一套简单、快速、可靠的鲸类动物的性别鉴定方法。     

生于豆科植物上的链格孢属真菌一新种

报道生于豆科植物沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mongolicus上的链格孢属真菌一新种,沙冬青链格孢Alternaria ammopiptanthi。此种不同于已从豆科植物上报道的5个长喙链格孢种（复喙链格孢A. multirostrata、决明链格孢A. cassiae、猪屎豆生链格孢A. crotalariicola、瓜尔豆链格孢A. cyamopsidis和长喙链格孢A. longirostrata）,主要是其分生孢子的长喙不分枝和孢身细瘦。研究过的模式标本（PSNXAAFS 267852）保存在宁夏农林科学院植物病害标本室。     

喙果绞股蓝黄酮类化合物的分离及结构测定

从喙果绞股蓝（Ｇｙｎｏｓｔｅｍｍａ　ｙｉｘｉｎｇｅｎｓｅＣ．Ｙ．ＷｕｅｔＳ．Ｋ．Ｃｈｅｎ．）的茎叶分离到７种化合物：喙果黄素（ｙｉｘｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｎ）（Ｉ）、山奈酚（ｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒｏｌ）（Ｉ）、商陆素（ｏｍｂｕｉｎ）（Ⅲ）、商甙（ｏｍ－ｂｕｏｓｉｄｅ）（Ⅳ）、槲皮素（ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ）（Ｖ）、异鼠李素（ｉｓｏｒｈａｍｎｅｔｉｎ）（Ⅵ）和硬脂酸（Ⅶ）。其中,喙果黄素为新的黄酮甙,通过光谱分析及化学反应鉴定为商陆素一３－Ｏ－β一Ｄ一葡萄糖成。     

珠心喙与珠孔塞

大戟属（Euphorbia）植物的胚珠普遍具有珠心喙和珠孔塞的结构。珠心喙是由珠心伸入珠孔之中形成的喙状结构。珠孔塞是由胎座细胞衍生而形成的毛状细胞（图1）。实验表明,大戟属植物珠心喙的长短与珠孔塞的发达与否密切相关。珠心喙长并伸出珠孔外者,其珠孔塞不明显或无（图2）。珠心喙短不伸出珠孔外者珠孔塞发达,珠孔塞的毛状细胞进入珠孔而与珠心喙相接触（图3．4）。珠心喙和珠孔塞的存在与引导花粉管进入胚囊有关。珠心喙与珠孔塞@齐淑艳$沈阳大学师范学院生物系!110015     

Sexual size dimorphism and sex identification using morphological traits of two Aegithalidae species

The black-throated tit, Aegithalos concinnus, and long-tailed tit, A. caudatus, are two widely-distributed species of Aegithalidae. They are thought to be monomorphic and thus difficult to differentiate between sexes in the field. We determined the sex of 296 black-throated tits and 129 long-tailed tits using DNA analysis, evaluated their sexual size dimorphism, and developed discriminant models to identify sex based on morphometries, including bill length, bill depth, bill-head length, maximum tarsus length, tarsus width, wing length, tail length, total body length, and body mass. Both species were sexually dimorphic in size, with males having larger measurements than females, except for bill length in black-throated tits, and both bill length and body mass in long-tailed tits. Moreover, both species showed similar sexual size dimorphism (SSD) among the morphological features, with tail length having the highest SSD value. The multivariate discriminant models for sex identification had an accuracy of 82% for both species, which was slightly higher than the best univariate discriminatory model for each species. Because of the complicated nature of the multivariate model, we recommend univariate models for sex identification using D = 0.491 × tail length - 24.498 (accuracy 80%) for black-throated tits and D = 0.807 × wing length - 45.934 (accuracy 78%) for long-tailed tits. Females in both species showed generally higher morphological variation than did males, resulting in lower accuracies in all discriminate functions regardless of univariate or multivariate approach. This could be the result of a sex-biased selective pressure in which males have higher selective pressures for these morphological features.     

大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节变化

动物中普遍存在雌雄个体身体大小的性二态现象。了解近缘种之间身体大小性二态现象的差异，可为深入探讨身体大小性二态现象的潜在驱动机制提供证据。国外对欧亚大山雀（Parus major）的研究发现，其喙长、跗跖长、翅长等 6 项身体大小指标存在着明显的性二态，且喙长的性二态存在季节间差异。大山雀（P. cinereus）曾被作为欧亚大山雀的一个亚种，其形态和行为与欧亚大山雀存在着诸多相似之处。为探讨大山雀是否也存在身体大小性二态及季节性差异，本研究分析了 2018 至 2020 年间在河南董寨国家级自然保护区捕捉的 226 只（雌性 96 只和雄性 130 只）大山雀的喙长、头喙长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长和体长这 6 项体征指标的两性差异及其季节变化。结果显示，大山雀上述 6 项身体大小指标均存在不同程度的性二态现象，且雄性个体仅喙长与雌性的差异不显著，其余 5 项指标均显著大于雌性。此外，身体大小指标的两性差异不随季节显著变化，但两性的跗跖长在秋季均显著短于冬季和繁殖季，尾长在繁殖季均显著长于秋季和冬季。上述结果表明，大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节性差异与欧亚大山雀并不完全相似。无论其身体大小存在性二态和季节变化的原因，还是其与欧亚大山雀在身体大小性二态模式上的差别，都有待今后进一步的研究。     

Sex differences in body size and body condition in breeding Temminck’s Stints Calidris temminckii

There have been very few reports of body size measurements of live Temminck’s Stints, but earlier studies have shown sex differences in body mass and tarsus length. Here we use molecular techniques to determine the sex of Temminck’s Stints from a Norwegian breeding population. In total, we report measurements of body weight, wing length, tarsus length, bill length, skull length and keel length from 17 males and 30 females. We found significant sex differences in all of these variables, with the exception of tarsus length. The differences in skull length disappeared after the bill lengths had been subtracted from the measurements. A discriminant function analysis based on wing length and bill length correctly classified 86% of the cases (12/16 males, 25/27 females). Female Temminck’s Stints are known to regularly lay more than one clutch of eggs per season and could therefore be expected to be physiologically deprived of bodily energy stores. Nevertheless, we found females to be in better body condition than males.     

Sex determination of Antarctic Petrels Thalassoica antarctica by discriminant analysis of morphometric characters

We present data on sexual dimorphism in some morphological measurements (wing length, head length, bill depth and bill length) in the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica. Males were on average larger than females for all measurements. Sexual dimorphism was on average largest for bill depths whereas wing lengths discriminated least between the sexes. A discriminant function including bill depth, head length and wing length correctly sexed 92% of the sample. Due to between-measurer variation it is recommended that morphometric measurements obtained by others on sexed birds are compared with ours before proceeding with the use of the discriminant function on unsexed individuals.Publication No. 116 of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expeditions (1991/92)     

Morphometrics of the pink-footed shearwater ( Puffinus creatopus): influence of sex and breeding site

We present morphometric data for the pink-footed shearwater (Puffinus creatopus) from both Chilean breeding colonies on Isla Mocha and Juan Fernández: weight, total length, wing length, tail length, head length, three bill and three tarsus size measurements and length of middle toe. Significant differences were found for most measurements between males and females as well as between birds from the two different breeding localities. In general, males were bigger than females, and birds from Juan Fernández were bigger than those from Isla Mocha. Geographic differences most likely reflect some kind of ecomorphological adaptation. Some variables, especially the total length of head, seem to be useful for sex determination in the field.     

Morphometric characterisation of treecreepers (genus Certhia )

Lengths of hind claw, tarsus, bill, wing and tail plus bill depth and width, wing tip and tail graduation were measured in nearly 2,000 specimens from all nine currently accepted Certhia species and most subspecies to provide morphometric characterisation. In a discriminant analysis for all species, only C. [discolor], C. nipalensis and C. tianquanensis were clearly separated from each other and from the remaining set of five species. Nevertheless, a cluster analysis produced dendrograms approximating the current molecular phylogeny of the genus. Thus, there is an overall relatively low morphometric diversity among Certhia treecreepers. Recently split allospecies can only partly be distinguished: the disjunct C. [discolor] taxa exhibit no clear affiliation to either allospecies, C. discolor or C. manipurensis, while in C. [familiaris] the species split is corroborated on one hand by a break in geographic trends and on the other by clear separability of neighbouring heterospecific populations. Also, in areas of sympatry, Certhia species differ markedly in body measurements related to the peculiar adaptations of treecreepers to their habitat (tree bark): i.e. bill, claw and tail measurements. The same applies to sexual dimorphism: males, on average larger in all body measurements, have, in particular, longer bills, possibly in order to better exploit the limited food and partition it between the two sexes. Results of the Himalaya Expeditions of J. Martens, No. 264. – For No. 260 see: Vertebrate Zoology 58(2):233–265, 2008.     

树麻雀表型的环境适应进化

树麻雀(Passer montanus)分布范围广、海拔梯度大,也是人类活动的伴随物种。对中国837个样本的10个形态特征与温度、日照、海拔和风速等4个主要环境因子进行相关分析,结果显示:树麻雀的体重、嘴裂、翅长、尾长、跗跖长、脑骨宽、眼间距与日照因子显著相关(P0.05),体重、体长、翅长、尾长、跗跖长与海拔因子显著相关(P0.05),体重、嘴峰、翅长、脑骨长与温度因子显著相关(P0.05),表明树麻雀的形态指标易随环境因子的变化而变化。通过控制经度和海拔两个变量,对形态指标与纬度的偏相关分析表明,体重、翅长、脑骨长和脑骨宽与纬度呈显著正相关(P0.05),体表突出部分嘴峰、嘴裂与纬度呈显著负相关(P0.05),即随着纬度的升高,树麻雀身体逐渐变大,符合贝格曼规律;体表突出部分嘴峰和嘴裂随纬度升高变短,符合阿伦规律。飞行能力与海拔因子呈极显著正相关(n=92,r=0.217,P=0.038),表明树麻雀在高海拔地区具有更强的飞行能力,这也许是它成为广布种的重要原因。     

Sexing greater flamingos by weight and linear measurements

The sex of 59 adult Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus L.) was determined by laparoscopic exam of the gonads. Concomitant body weight (kg) and linear measurements (mm) of the culmen (bill), tarsus, middle toe, and wing were taken and compared for males vs. females. Although an overlap between sexes existed in all measurements, males on average were larger than females. Student's t-test indicated significant sexual differences for all five measurements. Thus, weights and linear measurements—especially tarsus, middle toe, and wing length—appear to be a useful parameter in determining an individual's sex in lieu of laparoscopic, feather pulp, blood chromosome, or fecal steroid analysis.     

青藏高原褐背拟地鸦表型特征的性别差异与地理变异

将数值分类用于鸟类分类学研究时,对于雌雄的形态特征差异没有被重视,尤其是对于雌雄同形的鸟类。本文以雌雄同形的褐背拟地鸦Pseudopodoces humilis为材料,运用SPSSl0．0FORwINDOwS统计分析软件对108号褐背拟地鸦标本(51♀♀,57♂♂)的数量性状(体长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长、嘴宽、嘴高、上喙长、下喙长、嘴裂、第3趾爪长、第1趾爪长)的原始数据进行分析,结果表明雌、雄性状在翅长(n＝51,P＝0．012)和嘴高(n＝57,P＝0．043)上有明显差异,但在体长、跗跖长、尾长、嘴宽、上喙长、下喙长、嘴裂、第3趾爪长、第1趾爪长等数值特征上却没有明显的差异。所以在以后对于褐背拟地鸦的地理种群变异和亚种分化的研究中,翅长和嘴高两特征应该根据雌雄分别讨论。通过对不同性状量度和纬度的相关回归分析,发现在测量标本所涉及的采集地范围内,即主要在青藏高原东南部地区,褐背拟地鸦体长和雄乌的翅长在地理分布上随纬度的增加而变小,而其它性状特征没有明显的地理分布纬度上的变化。