北戴河湿地朱鹮野化训练

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是世界濒危物种,中国Ⅰ级重点保护动物。为了进一步扩大其种群分布范围,2018年7月将20只朱鹮从陕西洋县朱鹮救护饲养中心引入到北戴河国家湿地公园开展野化饲养。为了解朱鹮对该地模拟自然环境的野化适应效果,于2018年7-10月对朱鹮在大网笼中的行为和栖息地利用进行了观察。野化训练过程中,朱鹮在训练笼中快速获得良好的飞行技巧,飞行中能够避免碰撞野化网笼软网。持续飞行时间从观察初期的(106.8±93.4)s,增长至后期的(145.8±118.1)s。野化训练第1天,有70%个体在树上夜宿,其他个体在地面及栖杠上夜宿;30 d时间内,朱鹮全部获得树上夜宿能力。野化训练后期和前期相比,觅食时间从55.4%提高至58.3%,并显著提高了对浅水觅食地的利用率。后期显著提高了警戒行为的时间比例,并表现出对猛禽等天敌的防御反应。通过87d的野化训练,试验个体的行为和生境利用发生较大变化并趋于稳定,表明其已基本适应了当地的新环境。为了进一步适应放飞后的野外环境多样性,建议在今后的野化训练中改变朱鹮的投食策略,增加觅食难度,并开展当地特有食物的投喂试验。     

北戴河湿地朱鹮野化训练

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是世界濒危物种,中国Ⅰ级重点保护动物。为了进一步扩大其种群分布范围,2018年7月将20只朱鹮从陕西洋县朱鹮救护饲养中心引入到北戴河国家湿地公园开展野化饲养。为了解朱鹮对该地模拟自然环境的野化适应效果,于2018年7—10月对朱鹮在大网笼中的行为和栖息地利用进行了观察。野化训练过程中,朱鹮在训练笼中快速获得良好的飞行技巧,飞行中能够避免碰撞野化网笼软网。持续飞行时间从观察初期的(106.8±93.4) s,增长至后期的(145.8±118.1) s。野化训练第1天,有70%个体在树上夜宿,其他个体在地面及栖杠上夜宿; 30 d时间内,朱鹮全部获得树上夜宿能力。野化训练后期和前期相比,觅食时间从55.4%提高至58.3%,并显著提高了对浅水觅食地的利用率。后期显著提高了警戒行为的时间比例,并表现出对猛禽等天敌的防御反应。通过87d的野化训练,试验个体的行为和生境利用发生较大变化并趋于稳定,表明其已基本适应了当地的新环境。为了进一步适应放飞后的野外环境多样性,建议在今后的野化训练中改变朱鹮的投食策略,增加觅食难度,并开展当地特有食物的投喂试验。     

河南董寨朱鹮再引入释放前的野化训练

2013年3—10月在河南董寨模拟野生环境的大网笼中对34只人工饲养朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)进行了再引入释放前的野化训练。野化朱鹮在一周内快速地将飞行能力提升到野生朱鹮的水平,在10 d内夜宿环境由地面至栖杠最后过渡到树上。在觅食方面,朱鹮在2个月内完成了对不同类型觅食地的适应,遵循由旱地到湿地、由浅水至深水的顺序。野化个体对猛禽有天敌防御本能,警戒距离和惊飞距离分别约300和50 m;但对饲养管理人员表现出警戒缺失。野化网笼中配对朱鹮的离婚率高达66.7%,但朱鹮的配对繁殖时间越长,配对关系越稳定。有无育雏经验对繁殖成功率无显著影响,过高的营巢密度和其他鸟类的干扰是导致野化训练期间繁殖失败的主要原因。研究表明,饲养朱鹮经过2~3个月的野化训练,能够满足再引入释放的要求。进一步完善栖杠的搭建方式、投食策略和野化管理模式,可以提高朱鹮野化训练的效率。开展释放后监测,掌握朱鹮在野外的适应能力、存活率和繁殖成功率,有助于评估野化训练的成效。     

朱鹮野化种群对冬季低温的行为响应

低温对鸟类的生长发育、新陈代谢和生活状态有显著的影响,鸟类往往通过改变行为模式来适应温度的变化。朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是东亚特有的濒危鸟类,2018年从秦岭南麓的陕西洋县引入到河北北戴河,建立了全球纬度最高的野化种群。本文以北戴河和洋县两个野化种群为研究对象,采用瞬时扫描法观察分析了季节和温度等因素对朱鹮休息行为的影响。结果表明,双腿站立露喙是朱鹮在游荡期最常见的休息行为(70.9%),但在越冬期显著降低(55.6%),而单腿站立和隐喙行为比例相应升高。温度对双腿站立隐喙、单腿站立露喙和单腿站立隐喙3种行为的比例有显著影响。可见,朱鹮在冬季通过增加保护裸露部位的行为比例来适应低温。在冬季,随着温度的下降,朱鹮趴卧在树干上的夜宿行为比例逐渐增加,而这一行为在白天没有记录到。温度对成鸟和幼鸟冬季的休息行为有显著影响。由此表明,趴卧行为很可能是朱鹮对极端耐受低温的一种应对,在保护监测过程中需警惕。朱鹮在北戴河越冬过程中没有使用网笼中的遮挡伞棚和庇护场所,表明其能够自主适应-20℃的低温。为了确保野化朱鹮顺利越冬,建议在野化网笼中增加一些松科等常绿树种,为朱鹮提供更加优良的夜宿环境,并用稻草搭建风挡,减少夜间大风的负面影响。     

北戴河朱鹮野化训练种群的繁殖和婚外配北大核心CSCD

为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。     

人工饲养朱鹮野化放飞后在野外繁殖成功

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是世界上最濒危的鸟类之一,目前全球只有一个约500只的野生种群,分布在我国陕西省洋县。鉴于朱鹮种群的现状,在其历史分布区(Historical range)进行再引入(Re-introduction),扩大野生个体的分布区,是拯救这一物种的根本性措施。为了探讨朱鹮人工饲养个体再引入的可行性和实施方法,我们于2004年和2005年在洋县华阳镇进行了两次野化放飞试验。试验的实施参考IUCN物种生存委员会(Species Survival Commission,SSC)制定的引入规程。在华阳镇的适宜地点搭建了一个面积约1800m2、高15m的六边形网笼,作为释放个体的野化…     

河南董寨野化放飞朱鹮的分布繁殖初报

2013—2014年,河南董寨国家级自然保护区分别对野化训练的60只朱鹮进行放飞。采用卫星定位、无线电遥测和持续跟踪法对释放后的朱鹮进行监测。共监测到释放的朱鹮个体23只,活动面积约320 hm~2,最远扩散距离为(16.5±3.2)km,并形成了较为集中的6个不同数量活动及夜宿群体。发现3~5岁朱鹮野外存活比例较高,占放飞数量42.3%,雌鸟存活情况高于雄鸟。2014年、2015年分别有1对和6对朱鹮在野外繁殖,共产卵21枚,受精卵17枚,受精率为80.9%,出雏17只,成活出飞幼鸟15只,出飞率达88.2%。表明经过野化训练的朱鹮在大别山地区可以生存且繁殖成功。     

北戴河朱鹮野化种群非繁殖期日间活动时间分配和行为节律

于2019年7月-2020年1月对北戴河朱鹮野化种群非繁殖期的日间活动时间分配和行为节律进行了分析。结果表明,休息（41.8%）、觅食（39.7%）和理羽（13.3%）是北戴河朱鹮非繁殖期的主要行为。在行为节律上,有3个觅食高峰、2个休息高峰和2个理羽高峰。成鸟和幼鸟行为分配相似,但成鸟的警戒和社群等其他行为比例显著较高。与野生种群相比,北戴河野化种群的觅食时间显著较少,主要原因是野生个体需要花费较多时间搜寻食物,且飞行等活动的能耗较高。朱鹮在冬季的休息和理羽行为比例高于夏秋季,觅食行为则相反,这样可以在低温和大风天气降低能耗,是对北戴河气候环境的有效适应。为了提高朱鹮对多种气候环境的适应能力,为今后北戴河朱鹮的再引入奠定基础,我们建议在冬季要确保朱鹮有充足的适宜觅食地,同时在野化网笼中进行必要的环境丰容,如在网笼内增加常绿树种和阔叶树种,部分侧网上安装防风板,或在网笼中设置防风避寒的伞棚等设施,以供朱鹮进行选择。     

野化放飞朱出现集群营巢现象

2007年3~7月,我们在陕西省洋县华阳镇对野化放飞朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)个体进行监测的过程中,发现3对朱鹮在同一棵树上集群营巢(communal breeding),并繁殖成功。这是自1981年野生朱鹮种群重新发现以来,首次记录到朱鹮集群营巢的现象。3对朱鹮营巢的地点位于洋县华阳镇中学附近,经纬度为107°54′204E,33°59′670N,海拔1113m。营巢树种为油松,树高25m,胸径82cm,据当地村民说已有近百年树龄。3巢的详细信息见表1。表1朱鹮集群繁殖信息巢编号亲鸟环号雄鸟♂雌鸟♀巢高(m)产卵数(枚)出壳数(只)出飞数(只)1红色09红色10162222红色06无环14222…     

陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮调查

2013年通过对陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮Nipponia nippon调查,发现在城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、佛坪和洋县,朱鹮筑巢25个,其中城固10个巢,繁殖12只雏鸟,西乡10个巢,繁殖21只雏鸟,留坝1个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟,洋县4个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟。游荡期发现朱鹮66只,分布于城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、汉台和洋县6县区。因此,建议建立保护区周边地区朱鹮保护点,林业部门提供朱鹮专项保护经费并积极开展朱鹮的保护宣传工作。     

野生朱鹮的种群数量和分布现状

2012年9-10月,我们对野生朱鹮（Nipponia nippon）的分布区和潜在分布区进行了调查,共发现其游荡期夜宿地23个,其中20个有朱鹮夜宿,分布在洋县（16个）、宁陕县（3个）和城固县（1个）。对这些夜宿地进行了的同步调查,共统计到野生朱鹮1 090只,其中97.2%分布在洋县境内。最大的夜宿集群数量为184只,集群数量超过40只的夜宿地共11个,累计停歇的朱鹮占总数的91.7%,表明野生朱鹮在游荡期有趋于集结较大群体夜宿的习性。朱鹮野生种群中当年出生的幼鸟占19.0%,据此估算,截至秋季朱鹮幼鸟的存活率约为67.2%。加强对保护区以外,尤其是野生朱鹮新扩散地区的的保护管理,将促进野生朱鹮种群的扩散,进一步增加这一濒危物种抵御风险的能力。     

基于人工巢试验分析黄腹角雉巢卵捕食者

2007年至今,我国在陕西宁陕、铜川和千阳,以及河南董寨和浙江德清初步建立了朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)野化放归种群。鸟类的繁殖行为是其生活史策略的重要组成部分,可以反映动物个体的营养状态、所处栖息地的质量,以及对栖息地的适应等。本文报道浙江德清朱鹮野化放归种群的繁殖行为,旨在了解其在我国南方的适应情况,为最终建立中国朱鹮南方种群提供科学支撑。本研究于2018年4和5月及2020年3至5月对浙江德清野化放归朱鹮的3个繁殖巢进行实时监测,记录孵卵期和育雏期繁殖行为,总记录时长为134 d,有效数据时长为2 958 h。利用线性混合模型探究朱鹮衔巢材频率、孵卵期以及育雏期行为的影响因子,采用Spearman相关分析检验朱鹮翻卵频率与孵卵进程的关系,建立Logistic回归模型探究朱鹮亲鸟暖雏时长随雏鸟日龄的变化情况,并利用one-way ANOVA分析德清朱鹮与陕西洋县野生种群和其他野化放归种群的换巢频率差异。结果表明,德清朱鹮平均窝卵数3.7 ± 0.3,孵化成功率90.9%,雏鸟出飞率100.0%;繁殖的不同时期、营巢条件和亲鸟性别均显著影响朱鹮的衔巢材频率;朱鹮的翻卵频率随孵卵进程显著下降;亲鸟的暖雏时长在雏鸟11日龄时下降率最大;育雏的不同时期对朱鹮的暖雏时长、换巢频率以及喂雏频率有极显著的影响;环境温度较高可能是导致德清朱鹮比洋县野生种群提前产卵的原因之一;较高的平均窝卵数与出飞成功率表明,朱鹮对我国南方的栖息地较为适应。鉴于本研究发现利用人工巢筐营巢的亲鸟花费更多时间补充巢材,表明人工巢筐的结构和大小有必要优化,建议在今后设计时加大筐壁仰角并减小深度、扩大外径,使人工巢筐更接近于自然巢的盘状结构,同时,应将巢筐底部设计成多孔透气、利于排水的结构,以适应我国长江中下游地区湿热多雨的气候。     

2016至2019年朱鹮野生种群收容救护现状分析

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)野生种群目前仅分布在陕西省洋县及邻近的城固、西乡、南郑、汉台、勉县、宁强、留坝、汉阴等9个县区,数量达到2 500余只,但对其野外伤病和收容救治状况报道较少.陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区在2016至2019年的巡护和监测过程中,共发现并收容救治野生朱鹮伤病个体362只.本文利用双因...     

Public attitudes and willingness to pay toward the conservation of Crested Ibis: Insights for management

In order to better design conservation programs to conserve threatened species, social, economic and political factors must be carefully considered. The wild population of the endangered Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) is currently only distributed in Yangxian County, Shaanxi province of China, and as the gradual dispersal of its population from the mountains to the plains, the possibility of human-wildlife interaction has increased, which poses certain challenges for conservation and management. Here, we used a questionnaire to investigate public attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) toward Crested Ibis conservation, and to evaluate relevant influencing factors, with a view to providing recommendations for its management. The results showed that local residents strongly support the conservation of ibis and factors like education level, income, residential area, perception for ibis and prior experiences significantly affected their support for conservation. Results also indicated that the annual WTP was US$18.28 per household, and the potential value of donations is about US$2.45 million per year for Crested Ibis conservation. Regression analysis indicated that income, perception for ibis, prior experience, support for conservation and environmental attitudes had a significant effect on WTP. The comparison between the original research value of the ibis and the predicted value from the Meta-regression analysis function indicated that the benefit transfer values are able to inform policy decisions. Our results can be applied not only to the design of tailored outreach programs and management policies for the Crested Ibis, but also to facilitate conservation and management of other endangered species by encouraging decision makers to use benefit transfer models for the rapid valuation in the absence of species economic information.     

Reduced Dependence of Crested Ibis on Winter-Flooded Rice Fields: Implications for Their Conservation

The Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon was once thought to be extinct in the wild until seven birds were discovered in a remote mountain village in China in 1981. Studies suggested that winter-flooded rice fields play an essential role in nest site selection by the Crested Ibis and hence in their survival. Considerable efforts were therefore made to conserve the winter-flooded rice fields, but these have caused conflicts between the agricultural and conservation communities. The population and geographical range of the wild Crested Ibis has expanded greatly since 1981, but there is no spatial information on the winter-flooded rice fields, nor on the current association of nest sites and winter-flooded rice fields. We mapped winter-flooded rice fields across the entire current range of Crested Ibis using innovative remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) techniques. The spatial relationships between the nest site clusters and winter-flooded rice fields were quantified using Ward''s hierarchical clustering method and Ripley''s K-function. We show that both have significantly clumped distribution patterns and that they are positively associated. However, the dependence of Crested Ibis on the winter-flooded rice fields varied significantly among the nest site clusters and has decreased over the years, indicating the absence of winter-flooded rice fields is not constraining their recovery and population expansion. We therefore recommend that efforts should be made to protect the existing winter-flooded rice fields and to restore the functionality of natural and semi-natural wetlands, to encourage both in-situ conservation and the re-introduction of the Crested Ibis. In addition, we recommend that caution should be exercised when interpreting the habitat requirements of species with a narrow distribution, particularly when that interpretation is based only on their current habitat.     

Lack of Structural Variation but Extensive Length Polymorphisms and Heteroplasmic Length Variations in the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of Highly Inbred Crested Ibis,Nipponia nippon

The animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) length polymorphism and heteroplasmy are accepted to be universal. Here we report the lack of structural variation but the presence of length polymorphism as well as heteroplasmy in mtDNA control region of an endangered avian species – the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). The complete control region was directly sequenced while the distribution pattern and inheritance of the length variations were examined using both direct sequencing and genotyping of the PCR fragments from captive birds with pedigrees, wild birds and a historical specimen. Our results demonstrated that there was no structural variation in the control region, however, different numbers of short tandem repeats with an identical motif of CA₃CA₂CA₃ at the 3′-end of the control region determined the length polymorphisms among and heteroplasmy within individual birds. There were one to three predominant fragments in every bird; nevertheless multiple minor fragments coexist in all birds. These extremely high polymorphisms were suggested to have derived from the ‘replication slippage’ of a perfect microsatellite evolution following the step-wise mutational model. The patterns of heteroplasmy were found to be shifted between generations and among siblings but rather stable between blood and feather samples. This study provides the first evidence of a very extensive mtDNA length polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the highly inbred Crested Ibis which carries an mtDNA genome lack of structural genetic diversity. The analysis of pedigreed samples also sheds light on the transmission of mtDNA length heteroplasmy in birds following the genetic bottleneck theory. Further research focusing on the generation and transmission of particular mtDNA heteroplasmy patterns in single germ line of Crested Ibis is encouraged by this study.